Synergistic growth inhibitory effects of Phyllanthus emblica and Terminalia bellerica extracts with conventional cytotoxic agents: Doxorubicin and cisplatin against human hepatocellular carcinoma and lung cancer cells

Abstract

AIM: To examine the growth inhibitory effects of Phyllanthus emblica (P. emblica) and Terminalia bellerica (T. bellerica) extracts on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), and lung carcinoma (A549) cells and their synergistic effect with doxorubicin or cisplatin.

METHODS: HepG2 and A549 cells were treated with P. emblica and T. bellerica extracts either alone or in combination with doxorubicin or cisplatin and effects on cell growth were determined using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. The isobologram and combination index (CI) method of Chou-Talalay were used to evaluate interactions between plant extracts and drugs.

RESULTS: P. emblica and T. bellerica extracts demonstrated growth inhibitory activity, with a certain degree of selectivity against the two cancer cell lines tested. Synergistic effects (CI < 1) for P. emblica/doxorubicin or cisplatin at different dose levels were demonstrated in A549 and HepG2 cells. The T. bellerica/cisplatin or doxorubicin also showed synergistic effects in A549 and HepG2 cells. In some instances, the combinations resulted in antagonistic effects. The dose reduction level was different and specific to each combination and cell line.

CONCLUSION: The growth inhibitory activity of doxorubicin or cisplatin, as a single agent, may be modified by combinations of P. emblica or T. bellerica extracts and be synergistically enhanced in some cases. Depending on the combination ratio, the doses for each drug for a given degree of effect in the combination may be reduced. The mechanisms involved in this interaction between chemotherapeutic drugs and plant extracts remain unclear and should be further evaluated.

Key Words: Cisplatin; Doxorubicin; Liver cancer; Phyllanthus emblica; Synergistic effect; Terminalia bellerica

INTRODUCTION

Cancer is the third leading cause of death worldwide, preceded by cardiovascular and infectious diseases. Doxorubicin and cisplatin represent the current standard chemotherapeutic drugs for treatment of cancers. Although there are many therapeutic strategies including chemotherapy to treat cancer, high systemic toxicity and drug resistance limit the successful outcomes in most cases. Accordingly, several new strategies are being developed to control and treat cancer. One such approach could be a combination of an effective phytochemicals with chemotherapeutic agents, which when combined, would enhance efficacy while reducing toxicity to normal tissues.

The notion has evolved that natural products frequently exert a valuable role in broadening the scope of disease intervention strategies used by drug designers. Several herbs and plants with diversified pharmacological properties are known to be rich sources of chemical constituents that may have potential for the prevention and/or treatment of several human cancers[1–4].

P. emblica L. (Euphorbiaceae) known as emblic myrobalan, a shrub or tree, is widely used in folk medicine in Southeast Asia. This plant exhibits a variety of pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-mutagenic effects[5–7]. The active principles or extracts of P. emblica have demonstrated anti-proliferative effects in several cancer cell lines both in vitro and in vivo[78]. The anti-tumor activity of P. emblica extract was attributed to its ability to interfere with cell cycle regulation via the inhibition of cdc 25 phosphatase and partial inhibition of cdc 2 kinase activity[8].

T. bellerica (Combretaceae), known as belleric myrobalan, is a large deciduous tree, common to the plains and lower hills of Southeast Asia. This plant exhibits several pharmacological effects including anti-bacterial, anti-malarial, anti-fungal, anti-HIV, anti-oxidant, and anti-mutagenic effects[9–12]. T. bellerica extract exhibited anti-proliferative effects in several cancer cell lines including Shiongi 115, breast cancer MCF-7, prostate cancer PC-3 and DU-145 cells[13]. Phytochemical studies have shown that T. bellerica contains a variety of chemical components, including gallic acid[1415]. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated the cytotoxic activity of gallic acid in human leukemia HK-63, HOS-1 cell, HSC-2, and HL-60 cell lines[16–19]. Gallic acid has also been shown to induce apoptotic cell death in HSC-2 and HL-60 cells[1618].

These findings prompted us to test the anti-proliferative activity of P. emblica and T. bellerica extracts on human lung carcinoma A549, and human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell lines, and to investigate whether it can synergize the inhibitory action of doxorubicin and cisplatin, the standard chemotherapeutic drugs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant extracts and chemotherapeutic drugs

The dried fruits of T. bellerica and P. emblica were collected from Srakeaw and Nan Provinces in northeastern and northern Thailand, respectively. The voucher specimens were identified and kept by Associate Professor Dr. Noppamas Soonthornchareon, Department of Pharma-cognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University. The dried fruits of medicinal plant were obtained and extracted with boiling water. Then, the aqueous solution was separated from the plant residues by filtration. After that, the aqueous solution was spray-dried. For testing, the extracts were dissolved in media and diluted to the desired concentrations.

Doxorubicin and Cisplatin (Platinol) were purchased from Ebewe (Austria) and Bristol-Myers Squibb (USA), respectively. The drugs were dissolved in water for injection at a concentration of 2 mg/mL. Both drugs were kept in aliquots at 4°C. Serial dilutions of these drugs were performed in culture media, immediately before each experiment, in order to obtain the required final concentrations.

Cell culture

The human lung carcinoma (A549) cell was kindly provided by the Chulabhorn Research Institute. The human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell (ATCC HB-8065) was obtained from the National Cancer Institute, Bangkok, Thailand. The HepG2, and A549 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Hyclone, Logan, UT, USA). Both cell lines were supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (Hyclone), 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 &mgr;g/mL streptomycin (Gibco BRL, Grand Island, NY). All cell lines were maintained at 37°C in a 5% CO₂ incubator and the media were changed twice weekly.

In vitro cytotoxicity assay

The sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay was performed to assess growth inhibition using a colorimetric assay, which estimates cell number indirectly by staining total cellular protein with the dye SRB[20].

Briefly, 100 &mgr;L/well of cell suspensions (0.5-2.0 × 10⁵ cells/mL) were seeded in 96-well microtiter plates and incubated at 37°C to allow for cell attachment. After 24 h, the cells were treated with the extract by adding 100 &mgr;L/well of each concentration in triplicate to obtain a final concentration of 0.8, 4, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 1000 &mgr;g/well for the extracts; 0.029, 0.058, 0.116, 0.174, and 0.348 &mgr;g/mL for the doxorubicin; and, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 &mgr;g/mL for the cisplatin.

The plates were incubated for 1 h (d 0) and 72 h (d 3) at 37°C. At the end of each exposure time, the medium was removed. The cells were fixed with 20% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid (TCA, Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland) at 4°C for 1 h, stained for 30 min with 0.4% (w/v) SRB (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) dissolved in 1% acetic acid (Sigma) for 30 min, and washed four times with 1% acetic acid. The protein-bound dye was solubilized with 10 mmol/L Tris base, pH 10 (Sigma).

The absorbance (OD) of each well was read on an ELISA plate reader (Amersham, Buckinghamshire, UK) at 492 nm. Percentage of cell survival was calculated using the formula: Percentage cell survival = [(OD test sample at d 3 - OD d 0)/(OD control at d 3 - OD d 0)] × 100.

Dose-response curves were plotted, and 50% growth inhibitory concentrations of extracts or drugs (IC₅₀) were calculated through computation with the CalcuSyn software program (Biosoft, Cambridge, UK). By comparing the growth inhibitory effect with normal cells, the selectivity of the extract was expressed as the extract shown to be toxic to specific types of cancer cell lines.

Evaluation of drug interaction

Combination assays were performed using appropriate concentrations of P. emblica and T. bellerica extracts (4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 &mgr;g/mL for A549 cells, and 25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 &mgr;g/mL for HepG2 cells) with appropriate concentrations of doxorubicin (0.029, 0.058, 0.116, 0.174, and 0.348 &mgr;g/mL) or cisplatin (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.8 &mgr;g/mL). Cells treated with the same final concentrations of the extracts or chemotherapeutic drugs alone were also examined. Cell growth inhibition was determined using the SRB assay, as previously described. In the assessment of synergism, the combination index (CI) method (i.e., additivity or antagonism) according to Chou and Talalay was used[21].

The CIs were calculated by the Chou-Talalay equation[21], which takes into account both the potency (D_m or IC₅₀) and shape of the dose-effect curve. The general equation for the classic isobologram (CI = 1) is given by: CI = (D)₁/(D_x)₁ + (D)₂/(D_x)₂ (A) where (D_x)₁ and (D_x)₂ in the denominators are the doses (or concentrations) of D₁ (drug #1, for example, the extract) and D₂ (drug #2, for example, the doxorubicin) alone that gives x% inhibition, whereas (D)₁ and (D)₂ in the numerators are the doses of D₁ and D₂ in combination that also inhibits x% (i.e., isoeffective). The (D_x)₁ and (D_x)₂ can be readily calculated from the Median-effect equation of Chou et al[22]: D_x = D_m [f_a/(1 - f_a)]^1/m (B) where D_x is the median-effect dose obtained from the anti-log of the X-intercept of the median-effect plot, X-log (D) versus, Y = log [f_a/(1 - f_a)], or D_m = 10-^{(Y-intercept)/m}, f_a is the fraction affected by dose D (e.g., 0.5 if cell growth is inhibited by 50%) and m is the slope of the median-effect plot. From (D_m)₁, and (D_x)₂ and D₁ + D₂, an isobologram can be constructed based on Eq. A: as CI < 1 indicates synergism; CI = 1 indicates an additive effect; and CI > 1 indicates antagonism.

For conservative, mutually nonexclusive isobolograms of two agents, a third term, (D)₁(D)₂/(Dx)₁(Dx)₂, is added to Eq. A. For simplicity, the third term is usually omitted, and thus the mutually exclusive assumption or classic isobologram is indicated. In this study, the CI values obtained from classic (mutually exclusive) calculations are given.

The dose-reduction index (DRI) defines the extent (folds) of dose reduction possible in a combination, for a given degree of effect, compared with the dose of each drug alone: (DRI)₁ = (D_x)₁/(D)₁ and (DRI)₂ = (D_x)₂/(D)₂. The relationship between DRI and CI is, therefore, expressed as: CI = (D_x)₁/(D)₁ + (D_x)₂/(D)₂ = 1/(DRI)₁ + 1/(DRI)₂

Statistical analysis

The data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 11.0. The IC₅₀ of plants against cancer cells were compared with IC₅₀ of normal cells and calculated by the Student’s t-test. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.01.

RESULTS

Effect of herbal extracts on cell growth

The effects of P. emblica and T. bellerica extracts on the proliferation of two cancer cell lines and Vero cells were determined using the SRB assay. All cell lines were growth-inhibited in a dose-dependent manner after exposure to the plant extracts (Figure 1). The IC₅₀ values for P. emblica extract ranged from 12.18 ± 5.83 to 157.86 ± 14.90 &mgr;g/mL and for T. bellerica extract ranged from 27.07 ± 2.19 to 238.70 ± 8.45 &mgr;g/mL (Table 1).

Table 1 IC₅₀ values of individual herbal extracts in human cancer cells and normal cells.

Extract	IC50 value (&mgr;g/mL)
	A549b	HepG2b	Vero (Normal)
P. emblica	12.18 ± 5.83	30.47 ± 6.67	157.86 ± 14.90
T. bellerica	27.07 ± 2.19	82.39 ± 27.09	238.70 ± 8.45

Data are shown as mean ± SD from three separate experiments.

^bP < 0.01 represents the statistical significance between normal cell (Vero) and each cancer cell (A549 and HepG2).

Figure 1 Cytotoxic effects of different concentrations of P. emblica (A) and T. bellerica (B) extracts on cancer cell lines. The percentage of cell growth was measured using the SRB staining assay. Each value represents the mean ± SE of three independent experiments.

When the activities of P. emblica and T. bellerica extracts against the cancer cell lines were compared with that against Vero cells and expressed as the ratio of IC₅₀ values, the P. emblica extract had significantly different ratios of 13.0 and 5.2 against the A549 and HepG2 cells (P < 0.01), respectively. The T. bellerica extract also showed significantly different ratios of 8.8 and 2.9 against the A549 and HepG2 cells (P < 0.01), respectively (Table 1). It appears these two plant extracts were selectively toxic against the two cancer cell lines tested, motivating further work to determine the combination effect of these plant extracts with chemotherapeutic drugs.

Effect of chemotherapeutic drugs on cell growth

Using the SRB assay, the effects of doxorubicin and cisplatin on the proliferation of two cancer cell lines were determined. All cell lines were growth-inhibited in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 2). The IC₅₀ values for doxorubicin vs cisplatin ranged from 0.170 ± 0.006 to 0.511 ± 0.025 &mgr;g/mL vs 1.04 ± 0.21 to 1.05 ± 0.18 &mgr;g/mL, respectively (Table 2).

Table 2 IC₅₀ values of chemotherapeutic drugs in human cancer cells.

Drug	IC50 value (&mgr;g/mL ± SD)
	A549	HepG2
Doxorubicin	0.170 ± 0.006	0.511 ± 0.025
Cisplatin	1.04 ± 0.21	1.05 ± 0.18

Data are shown as mean ± SD from three separate experiments.

Figure 2 Cytotoxic effects of different concentrations of doxorubicin (A) and cisplatin (B) on cancer cell lines. The percentage of cell growth was measured using SRB staining assay. Each value represents the mean ± SE of three independent experiments.

Combination effects of herbal extracts with chemotherapeutic drugs on cell growth

The combination effects of P. emblica and T. bellerica extracts with doxorubicin and cisplatin in the A549 and HepG2 cell lines, as represented by the DRI, the CI and the dose-effect levels of cell growth inhibition (IC₅₀-IC₉₀), are summarized in Table 3.

Table 3 Dose-effect relationships of extracts and drug combinations in human cancer cell lines.

Cell line	Single extracts, drugs and combinations	Parameters			CI value at			DRI value at
		Dm (&mgr;g/mL)	m	r	IC50	IC75	IC90	IC50	IC75	IC90
A549	P. emblica	36.75	0.71	0.99				2.67	3.90	5.67
	Doxorubicin	0.164	0.78	0.99				1.64	2.07	2.60
	(D)1 + (D)2 (4:0.029)	13.75 + 0.100	0.93	0.99	0.98	0.74	0.56
	T. bellerica	17.78	1.57	0.86				1.26	0.85	0.57
	Doxorubicin	0.169	0.87	0.99				1.66	1.95	2.30
	(D)1 + (D)2 (4:0.029)	14.11 + 0.102	1.00	1.00	1.40	1.69	2.18
	P. emblica	18.75	0.75	0.95				1.65	2.63	4.19
	Cisplatin	0.596	0.99	0.96				2.09	2.33	2.59
	(D)1 + (D)2 (40:1)	11.38 + 0.285	1.09	0.98	1.08	0.81	0.62
	T. bellerica	30.36	0.95	0.97				1.76	1.87	1.99
	Cisplatin	1.228	1.36	1.00				2.85	2.15	1.62
	(D)1 + (D)2 (40:1)	17.26 + 0.431	1.00	1.00	0.92	1.00	1.12
HepG2	P. emblica	157.82	2.65	0.98				1.47	1.26	1.07
	Doxorubicin	0.584	1.04	0.96				4.69	7.58	12.23
	(D)1 + (D)2 (25:0.029)	107.23 + 0.124	1.92	0.94	0.89	0.93	1.02
	T. bellerica	150.34	3.11	0.95				1.37	1.07	0.84
	Doxorubicin	0.569	1.04	0.95				4.48	7.09	11.24
	(D)1 + (D)2 (25:0.029)	109.66 + 0.127	1.83	0.97	0.95	1.07	1.28
	P. emblica	111.59	2.18	0.99				1.24	1.08	0.94
	Cisplatin	0.839	0.91	0.95				2.32	4.08	7.19
	(D)1 + (D)2 (250:1)	90.395 + 0.362	1.72	0.96	1.24	1.17	1.20
	T. bellerica	111.02	2.26	1.00				1.19	1.01	0.85
	Cisplatin	0.881	1.13	0.98				2.36	3.26	4.49
	(D)1 + (D)2 (250:1)	93.30 + 0.373	1.68	0.99	1.26	1.30	1.40

Dose-effect relationships were calculated by the median-effect equation. D_m median-effect dose (concentration in &mgr;g/mL that inhibits cell growth by 50%), m shape of the dose-effect curve (where m = 1, m > 1, and m < 1 indicate hyperbolic, sigmoidal, and negative sigmoidal curves, respectively), r linear correlation coefficient of the median effect plot (indicates conformity of data). CI was calculated by Chou and Talalay’s CI equation. CI < 1, CI = 1, and CI > 1 indicate synergism, additive effect, and antagonism, respectively. D_m and m values for single drugs, extracts and their combinations were used in the equations Dx = Dm [f_a/(1) f_a)]^1/m and CI = (D)₁/(Dx)₁ + (D)₂/(Dx)₂. f_a fraction affected by D (e.g. 0.9 if cell growth is inhibited by 90%), (D)₁ and (D)₂ combined doses of extract 1 and drug 2 for x% inhibition, (Dx)₁ and (Dx)₂ doses of the single extract 1 and drug 2 for x% inhibition. DRI dose reduction index was measured by comparing the doses required to reach a given degree of inhibition when using the drug as a single agent and in combination.

The data were also examined using median effect analysis to determine the type of interactions which occurred, i.e. antagonism (CI > 1), additivity (CI = 1) or synergism (CI < 1) (Figures 3 and 4). With A549 cells, the combinations were synergistic at medium and high dose levels (IC₇₅ and IC₉₀) for the P. emblica/doxorubicin and P. emblica/cisplatin combinations (Table 3, Figures 3 and 4). By contrast, the synergistic and additive effects were recorded at low and medium dose levels (IC₅₀ and IC₇₅) for the T. bellerica/cisplatin combination (Table 3, Figure 4). In HepG2 cells, combinations were synergistic at low and medium dose levels (IC₅₀ and IC₇₅) for the P. emblica/doxorubicin combination or at a low level (IC₅₀) for the T. bellerica/doxorubicin combination (Table 3, Figure 3). All other combinations had antagonistic effects.

Figure 3 Combination index (CI) vs fraction affected (f_a) plots obtained from the median-effect analysis program (CalcuSyn, Biosoft, Cambridge, UK). (A) and (B) A549; (C) and (D) HepG2. Curves with solid lines are computer simulated f_a-CI plots, based on the parameters (m and D_m values) for doxorubicin and herbal extract combinations. Circles are actual combination data points. CI < 1, = 1 and > 1 indicates synergism, additive effect and antagonism, respectively.

Figure 4 Combination index (CI) vs fraction affected (f_a) plots obtained from the median-effect analysis program (CalcuSyn, Biosoft, Cambri-dge, UK). (A) and (B) A549; (C) and (D) HepG2. Curves with solid lines are computer simulated f_a-CI plots, based on parameters (m and D_m values) for cisplatin and herbal extract combinations. Circles are actual combination data points. CI < 1, = 1 and > 1 indicates synergism, additive effect and antagonism, respectively.

The DRI showed a considerable dose reduction for herbal extracts and drugs used as a result of their synergism (Table 3). When using synergistic drug combinations at corresponding dose levels, the DRI indicated that the concentration of doxorubicin necessary to inhibit the growth of 50% of cancer cells (IC₅₀) could be decreased 1.64-fold (A549, P. emblica/doxorubicin) to 4.69-fold (HepG2, P. emblica/doxorubicin), and the IC₉₀ could be reduced 2.59-fold (A549, P. emblica/cisplatin) to 2.60-fold (A549, P. emblica/doxorubicin; Table 3). The dose reduction level was different and specific to each combination and cell line.

DISCUSSION

In this study, the growth inhibitory activity of the P. emblica and T. bellerica extracts and the chemotherapeutic drugs doxorubicin and cisplatin were investigated in A549, and HepG2 cells. Our results indicate that both plant extracts and chemotherapeutic drugs mediated significant growth inhibitory effects on both cell lines tested in a dose-dependent manner (Tables 1 and 2, Figure 1 and 2).

P. emblica extract combined with doxorubicin or cisplatin resulted in synergistically enhanced growth inhibitory activity at different dose levels in A549 and HepG2 cell lines. The synergistic effects were also demonstrated when T. bellerica extract was combined with doxorubicin or cispaltin in HepG2 and A549 cells. The significance of this finding lies in the fact that doxorubicin and cisplatin are well-known cancer therapeutic agents, but cause high toxicity to normal tissues during cancer therapy[2324].

Several studies have shown that doxorubicin has harmful effects on health (i.e., immunosuppression and secondary cardiomyopathy) and can lead to the development of primary and secondary drug resistance in tumor cells thereby limiting the clinical success of cancer chemotherapy[2526]. Recent reports show that combination (rather than single-agent) chemotherapy is a superior modality and that naturally occurring dietary supplements with known anti-cancer activity could be used in combination chemotherapy to reduce the systemic toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents[2728].

Our study provides corroborative evidence as it showed that P. emblica and T. bellerica extracts were selectively toxic against two cancer cell lines and that, in combination with doxorubicin and cisplatin, produced an increased growth inhibitory effect in both A549 and HepG2 cells. Calculation of the DRI at the IC₅₀ demonstrated possible reductions in doxorubicin concentrations for the drug combinations ranging from 1.64-fold (P. emblica + doxorubicin in A549) to 4.69-fold (P. emblica + doxorubicin in HepG2). This finding supports our hypothesis that combinations of plant extracts and chemotherapeutic agents allow a reduction in the dosage of the latter (i.e., doxorubicin and cisplatin), yet retaining the benefits but minimizing the cytotoxic effects, thus enhancing therapeutic efficacy.

The mechanism of action is unclear and, possibly, multiple compounds in the herbal extracts are involved[29]. Plant derived polyphenols, including tannins and gallic acid, were reported to be the main constituents in P. emblica and T. bellerica[1330]. Marienfeld et al[31] reported that tannic acid (TA) could inhibit the malignant cholangiocyte growth both in vitro and in vivo and also enhance sensitivity of Mz-ChA-1 cholangiocarcinoma cells to camptothecin cytotoxicity which might involve an effect on xenobiotic metabolism. In addition, TA also acts as an inhibitor of the glutathione conjugate export pump. As a result, the sensitivity of tumor cells to anticancer drugs was increased[3233]. This study agreed with the study of Sandhya and Mishra[34] which showed the cytotoxic response of human breast cancer cell lines to Triphala, which contained T. bellerica, P. emblica and T. chebula extracts. It might be possible that T. bellerica and P. emblica extracts could induce ROS in the induction of apoptosis. Apart from the effect of tannic acid, the cytotoxic effect and apoptosis induction of gallic acid in several cancer cell lines have been reported[133435]. It was demonstrated that the effect of gallic acid on cancer cell line particularly lung cancer cells involved caspase activation and oxidative processes[35]. In addition, gallic acid, a major component of T. bellerica[1415] has the capacity to induce apoptosis[35] and increase the efficacy of cisplatin in combined treatment of mice transplanted with LL-2 lung cancer cells[36]. These findings suggest that in the synergistic activity of P. emblica or T. bellerica extracts and doxorubicin it seem to be possible that the extracts could induce cytotoxic to tumor cells by a ROS mediated mechanism in cancer cells but less in normal cell[37] as well as inhibit glutathione conjugate export pump as a result, the extracts would increase the sensitivity of A549 and HepG2 cells to doxorubicin and cisplatin.

In summary, our results demonstrate that combinations of P. emblica or T. bellerica extracts with doxorubicin or cisplatin in A549 and HepG2 cell lines have a better effect than either agent alone. Further studies are needed to assess the underlying mechanism(s), signal transduction pathways, leading to growth inhibition induced by single agents and combinations both in vitro and in vivo. A positive outcome of such studies would be increased efficacy of existing chemotherapies with reduced toxicity to the normal tissues in treatment of human lung carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma.

COMMENTS

Background

Belleric myrobalan (Terminalia bellerica) and emblic myrobalan (Phyllanthus emblica), are constituents of herbal formulation (Triphala) and is widely used in folk medicine in Southeast Asia. Both extracts have been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth.

Research frontiers

Currently, a variety of effective phytochemicals have been tested in cancer treatment, which are used alone, or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents of treatment. The combinations of P. emblica or T. bellerica extracts with doxorubicin or cisplatin have a synergistic growth effect against some cancer cell lines. Depending on the combination ratio, the doses for each drug for a given degree of effect in the combination may be reduced. The mechanism of this synergistic effect is unclear and, possibly, multiple compounds in the herbal extracts are involved.

Innovations and breakthroughs

In this report, we demonstrate that combinations of P. emblica or T. bellerica extracts with doxorubicin or cisplatin in A549 and HepG2 cell lines have a better effect than either agent alone.

Applications

P. emblica and T. bellerica extracts appear to be an effective against hepatocellular carcinoma and lung cancer cells and less toxic against normal cells. A combination of an effective P. emblica and T. bellerica extracts with chemotherapeutic agents which combined may be enhancing efficacy while reducing toxicity to normal tissues.

Peer review

This is a very nice experimental study about the interaction between drugs and plant extracts performed in vitro. In this study, the authors investigated the combination effects of P. emblica and T. bellerica extracts with conventional cytotoxic agents against human cancer cells. The paper shown a synergistic effect of P. emblica and T. bellerica extracts with doxorubicin and cisplatin against human hepatocellular carcinoma and lung cancer cells.