Haghighat M, Dehghani SM, Alborzi A, Imanieh MH, Pourabbas B, Kalani M. Organisms causing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in children with liver disease and ascites in Southern Iran. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12(36): 5890-5892 [PMID: 17007059 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i36.5890]
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Seyed Mohsen Dehghani, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran. dehghanism@sums.ac.ir
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Haghighat M, Dehghani SM, Alborzi A, Imanieh MH, Pourabbas B, Kalani M. Organisms causing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in children with liver disease and ascites in Southern Iran. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12(36): 5890-5892 [PMID: 17007059 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i36.5890]
Mahmood Haghighat, Seyed Mohsen Dehghani, Mohammad Hadi Imanieh, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
Abdolvahab Alborzi, Bahman Pourabbas, Mehdi Kalani, Department of Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
ORCID number: $[AuthorORCIDs]
Author contributions: All authors contributed equally to the work.
Correspondence to: Seyed Mohsen Dehghani, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran. dehghanism@sums.ac.ir
Telephone: +98-711-6242534 Fax: +98-711-6265024
Received: July 12, 2006 Revised: August 15, 2006 Accepted: August 23, 2006 Published online: September 28, 2006
Abstract
AIM: To determine the causative agents of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in children with liver disease and ascites in our center.
METHODS: During a 2.5 year period, from September 2003 to March 2006, 12 patients with 13 episodes of SBP were studied. In all cases at the time of admission serum albumin and glucose, urinalysis and urine culture was performed. Analysis [white blood cell (WBC) count with differential, albumin, glucose], gram stain, culture by BACTEC method and antibiogram was done on ascitic fluids. Abdominal paracentesis was repeated after 48 h of antibiotic therapy for bacteriologic assay. The patients were followed for at least three months in a gastroenterology clinic.
RESULTS: There were 7 girls (58%) and 5 boys (42%) with a median age of 5.2 years (range, 6 mo to 16 years). All cases had positive ascitic fluid culture. Gram stain was positive in 5 (38.5%) of them. The isolated organisms were S. pneumoniae in 5 (38.5%), E. coli in 2 (15.3%), S. viridans in 2 (15.3%), and K. pneumoniae, H. influenza, Enterococci, and nontypable Streptococcus each in one (7.7%). All of them except Enterococci were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. All ascitic fluid cultures were negative after 48 h of antibiotic therapy.
CONCLUSION: S. pneumoniae is the most common cause of SBP in the pediatric age group and we recommend a third generation cephalosporine (e.g., Ceftriaxione or Cefotaxime) for empirical therapy in children with SBP.
Citation: Haghighat M, Dehghani SM, Alborzi A, Imanieh MH, Pourabbas B, Kalani M. Organisms causing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in children with liver disease and ascites in Southern Iran. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12(36): 5890-5892
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is defined as an ascitic fluid infection without a demonstrable intra-abdominal cause[1]. It is a well known complication of cirrhosis in adults, occurring in 8% to 13% of patients[2-5]. The diagnosis is established by a positive ascitic fluid bacterial culture and an elevated ascitic fluid absolute polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) count (≥ 2.5 × 105/L). In adults, the organisms of SBP are usually gram-negative bacteria[2-4,6], but they may differ in children[5,7]. The aim of the present study was to determine the causative agents of SBP in children with liver disease and ascites in our center.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
During a period of 2.5 years, from September 2003 to March 2006, 63 children with liver disease and ascites were prospectively studied in the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology in Nemazee Hospital affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, the major referral center in Southern Iran. Written consent was obtained from all parents after informing them about this study which was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University.
Of the children involved in this study 12 had met the criteria for SBP (polymorphonuclear leukocyte count greater than 2.5 × 105/L and positive ascitic fluid culture). In total 13 episodes of SBP were documented, of which two occurred with one patient, 4 mo apart. The patients and their parents answered a structured questionnaire, which included name, age, sex, clinical history, underlying liver diseases, history of antibiotic and diuretic use, history of previous variceal bleeding and episodes of SBP. All children had undergone a thorough physical examination.
Serum albumin and glucose, urinalysis and urine culture were done in all patients. Paracentesis was performed on all patients under sterile conditions and analysis of fluid (Albumin, glucose, WBC count and differential) and gram stain was done. Ten milliliter of ascitic fluid was inoculated at the bedside in a blood culture bottle (BACTEC, PEDS PLUS/F medium, Becton, Dickinson Co. USA) using the BACTEC 9240 system (Becton, Dickinson Co. USA). Antibiogram was performed with the disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer method) for ciprofloxacin (5), cefotaxime (30), ceftriaxone (30), gentamicin (10) and cotrimoxazole (1.25-23.15) (MAST Co. UK). Intravenous ceftriaxone (100 mg per kilogram body weight) was started empirically for all patients after paracentesis, as recommended in adult series[8,9]. After 48 h of antibiotic therapy ascites were resolved in 4 patients. We could not obtain ascitic fluid despite sonographic guidance. One patient expired. Abdominal paracentesis was repeated in 8 cases for analysis and culture. The patients were followed for at least three months in our gastroenterology clinic.
RESULTS
Of the patients involved in this study, 27 had normal ascitic fluid analysis and negative cultures. In 22 patients fluid analysis showed greater than 2.5 × 105 per liter, but fluid cultures were negative. These patients were treated as culture negative neutrocytic ascites and were excluded from this study. Two patients had normal ascitic fluid analysis, but ascitic fluid cultures were positive for staphylococcus coagulase positive and negative, which were considered as non-neutrocytic Bacterascites. These were excluded from this study.
Of the SBP patients, there were 7 girls (58.3%) and 5 boys (41.6%) with a mean age of 5.2 years (range, 6 mo to 16 years). The most common clinical manifestations were as follows: fever in 12 (92.3%), abdominal pain in 12 (92.3%), abdominal tenderness in 12 (92.3%), change in level of consciousness in 5 (38.5%) and decreased bowel sounds in 3 (23%). Urinalyses were normal and urine cultures were negative in all patients. Serum-ascitic fluid albumin gradient was greater than 11 g/L in all (100%) patients. Total protein concentration of ascitic fluid was less than 10 g/L in 11 (85%) patients. Ascitic fluid glucose was greater than 0.5 g/L in all but one. Gram stains of ascitic fluid were positive in five patients (38.5%), including four gram positive cocci and one gram negative bacilli. Results of BACTEC cultures are shown in Table 1. The most common organism of SBP in this study was Streptococcus pneumoniae (38.5%). All organisms except Enterococci and one case of E. coli were sensitive to cefotaxime, and all of them except Enterococci were sensitive to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin. All patients became asymptomatic after 72 h of antibiotic therapy, except one infant with diagnosis of neonatal hepatitis and cirrhosis, who expired after 48 h due to encephalopathy. Abdominal paracentesis repeated in 8 cases after 48 h of antibiotic therapy. The results are shown in Table 2. Total WBC declined to 30% of primary counts, and PMN count halved after 48 h. All ascitic fluid cultures were negative after 48 h of antibiotic therapy.
Table 1 Results of ascitic fluid cultures in 12 patients with SBP.
Since the first descriptions of SBP by Kerr et al in 1963[10] and Conn and Fessel in 1964[11], the clinical presentation, treatment and prognosis of this disease have been well established. However, other aspects are still subject to investigation such as its pathogenesis[12], diagnosis[13] and prevention[14].
Although most episodes of SBP occur in patients with advanced cirrhosis with ascites, occasionally it has been observed in non-cirrhotic patients such as fulminant hepatic failure[15], nephrotic syndrome[16] and congestive heart failure[17]. SBP is a serious infection in patients with ascites, and it is the largest abscess in humans[18]. To date, most studies of SBP have been done in adults with cirrhosis. The lack of reports focusing on pediatric patients is remarkable[19]. The prevalence of SBP in our patients was 20.6%, which is relatively similar to Vieira et al study (19.5%)[19]. The mean age of our cases was 5.2 years (6 mo to 16 years), which is relatively similar to the Larcher et al series (5.5 years) [7]. Fever and abdominal pain were the most common clinical presentations in our cases, which is also similar to previous reports[2-4,7]. In all cases in our study, urinalysis was normal and urine cultures were negative, so we conclude that there is no association between SBP and urinary tract infections. This result differs from the Hoefs et al study[20] which concluded that the urinary tract can be a source of infection in SBP patients. The high incidence of pneumococcal infection (38.5%) in our study, which was lower than that reported by Larcher et al (75%)[7], distinguishes our series from most adult series[2-4,6,21]. In our series there were 9 cases (69%) of gram positive and 4 cases (31%) of gram negative organisms, which is different from the adult series[2-4,6]. In this study all organisms except one Enterococci were sensitive to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin.
In summary, Gram positive organisms are a more common cause of SBP than gram negative organisms in cirrhotic children in our area and a third generation of cephalosporin such as ceftriaxone or cefotaxime can be a suitable antibiotic for empirical therapy of children with SBP. We suggest that pneumococcal vaccination may play a role in the prevention of SBP in children, but its efficacy can only be established by further studies.
