PPARγ pathway activation results in apoptosis and COX-2 inhibition in HepG2 cells

Figure 1 Effect of TGZ on growth of HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were incubated with various concentrations of TGZ for 48 h: (A) MTT assay; (B) [³H] thymidine uptake assay. The value was represented as mean ± SEM (n = 3). ^bP < 0.01 versus corresponding control group.

Figure 2 DNA ladder pattern formation in HepG2 cells after treatment with TGZ. Cells were treated with TGZ for 48 h and the formation of oligonucleosomal fragments was determined by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis: M) DNA markers; 1) control; 2) 10 μM TGZ; 3) 30 μM TGZ.

Figure 3 DNA fragmentation by ELISA assay, as measured by absorbance (OD 450 values). HepG2 cells cultured for 48 h in the presence of TGZ resulted in dose dependent DNA fragmentation. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 compared to respective control.

Figure 4 Effect of TGZ on the expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein in human liver cancer cell line HepG2 cells: (A) RT-PCR; (B) Northern blot; (C): Western blot.

Figure 5 Effects of TGZ on the levels of bcl-2, bcl-x_L, bax and bak proteins in HepG2 cells at indicated time.

Figure 6 Effect of TGZ on the production of PGE₂. The value was represented as mean ± SEM (n = 3). ^bP < 0.01 compared to respective control.

Figure 7 Effect of TGZ on the activity of caspase-3. The value was represented as mean ± SEM (n = 3).