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Opinion Review
Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026.
World J Gastroenterol. Oct 14, 2026; 32(38): 119677
Published online Oct 14, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.119677
Figure 1
Figure 1 Proposed multi-kingdom model of pediatric celiac disease and the role of at-risk siblings. A: Genetic susceptibility interacts with bacterial, fungal, and viral components to modulate immune homeostasis and promote loss of gluten tolerance; B: Unaffected siblings may represent a preclinical window characterized by early microbial and immunological signatures relevant for risk stratification. HLA: Human leukocyte antigen; IL: Interleukin; TGF: Transforming growth factor.


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