Evaluating large language models in Helicobacter pylori-related question answering: From knowledge tests to patient queries

Figure 1 Overall study design and workflow of the three-phase evaluation framework. MCQ: Multiple-choice question; LLM: Large language model; LDU-TGP: Ludong University Text Grading Platform.

Figure 2 Performance comparison of large language models on multiple-choice questions. H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; MCQ: Multiple-choice question.

Figure 3 Evaluation results of large language models on clinical questions. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001, and ^dP < 0.00001.

Figure 4  Multidimensional assessment of large language models on patient-generated questions.

Figure 5 Radar chart summarizing the performance of different models across multiple evaluation dimensions. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01.