Clinical assessment of malnutrition among patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis: A single-center study in Southern China

Figure 1 Flow chart showing study participant selection. ALD: Alcohol-related liver disease; ALC: Alcoholic liver cirrhosis; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCs: Healthy controls.

Figure 2 Principal component analysis and serum trace element profiles distinguish cirrhosis etiologies. A-C: Principal component analysis of serum trace elements showing metabolic separation between groups. Hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis (HBV-C) vs healthy controls (HCs) (A). Alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC) vs HCs (B). Among ALC, HBV-C, and HCs (C). Individual samples are shown as points with 95% confidence ellipses; principal components and explained variance (%) are labeled; D-H: Violin plots of serum trace elements. Iron (D); zinc (E); magnesium (F); copper (G); calcium (H). Horizontal lines indicate medians and interquartile ranges. ^aP < 0.05. NS: Not significant; ALC: Alcoholic liver cirrhosis; HBV-C: Hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis; HCs: Healthy controls; PC: Principal component; Fe: Iron; Zn: Zinc; Mg: Magnesium; Cu: Copper; Ca: Calcium.

Figure 3 Principal component analysis and serum vitamin profiles in healthy controls, hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis, and alcoholic liver cirrhosis groups. A-C: Principal component analysis of serum vitamins showing distribution between groups. Hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis (HBV-C) vs healthy controls (HCs) (A); alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC) vs HCs (B); among ALC, HBV-C, and HCs (C). Individual samples are shown as points with 95% confidence ellipses; principal components and explained variance (%) are labeled; D-L: Violin plots of serum vitamins. Vitamin A (D); vitamin B (VB) 1 (E); VB2 (F); VB6 (G); VB9 (H); vitamin C (I); vitamin E (J); VB12 (K); vitamin D (L). Horizontal lines indicate medians and interquartile ranges. ^aP < 0.05. NS: Not significant; ALC: Alcoholic liver cirrhosis; HBV-C: Hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis; HCs: Healthy controls; PC: Principal component; Vit: Vitamin.

Figure 4 Comparison of nutritional status among the healthy controls, hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis, and alcoholic liver cirrhosis groups. Percentage of patients with normal nutritional status and malnutrition assessed by anthropometric measurements and nutritional assessment tools according to standard cutoff values. A: Mid-arm circumference; B: Mid-arm muscular circumference; C: Triceps skinfold; D: Subjective global assessment (SGA) score; E: Nutritional risk screening 2002 (NRS-2002) score; F: Percentage of patients categorized as overweight, normal weight, and underweight based on body mass index (BMI) in healthy controls (HCs), hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis (HBV-C), and alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC) groups; G: Comparison of SGA scores, BMI, and NRS 2002 scores showing visual comparisons of nutritional status and BMI categories among HCs, HBV-C, and ALC groups. AC: Mid-arm circumference; AMC: Mid-arm muscular circumference; TSF: Triceps skinfold; ALC: Alcoholic liver cirrhosis; HBV-C: Hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis; HCs: Healthy controls; BMI: Body mass index; SGA: Subjective global assessment; NRS-2002: Nutritional risk screening 2002.

Figure 5 Kaplan-Meier survival curves for nutritional indicators in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. A: Serum albumin concentration; B: Child-Pugh classification; C: Subjective global assessment score; D: Nutritional risk screening 2002 score; E: Mid-arm circumference range. ALB: Albumin; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; AC: Mid-arm circumference; SGA: Subjective global assessment; NRS-2002: Nutritional risk screening 2002.