Ethnic divergence in human leukocyte antigen-linked immunogenicity in inflammatory bowel disease

Figure 1 Ethnic-specific human leukocyte antigen risk alleles and anti-drug antibody formation in inflammatory bowel disease. This infographic illustrates how anti-drug antibody formation differs by ethnicity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. While human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQA1*05 is a known risk allele in European populations, Weng et al[19] identified HLA-C*03:04:01 and HLA-B*15:18:01 as novel predictors of anti-drug antibody development in Taiwanese patients treated with infliximab and adalimumab, respectively. The graphic emphasizes the role of high-resolution human leukocyte antigen genotyping and therapeutic drug monitoring in guiding personalized biologic therapy. ADAs: Anti-drug antibodies; HLA: Human leukocyte antigen; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.