Unraveling the role of flotillin-1 in driving hepatocellular carcinoma progression through transcription factor E3-mediated Golgi stress response

Figure 1 Flotillin-1 proposed mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma. Flotillin-1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through activation of the Golgi stress response. Flotillin-1 induces ubiquitination and inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin complexes 1 and 2, facilitating transcription factor E3 dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Once in the nucleus, transcription factor E3 activates the transcription of Golgi stress-associated genes, thereby enhancing hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. FLOT1: Flotillin-1; mTORC1/2: Mechanistic target of rapamycin complexes 1 and 2; TFE3: Transcription factor E3; Ub: Ubiquitin.