Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Gastroenterol. Jul 14, 2025; 31(26): 106113
Published online Jul 14, 2025. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i26.106113
Figure 1
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Figure 1 Hepatocellular carcinoma and autophagy. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; mTOR: Mammalian target of the rapamycin; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt: Protein kinase B; JAK: Janus kinase; STAT: Signal transducer of activation; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase.
Figure 2
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Figure 2 Microautophagy, macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy. HSP90: Heat shock protein 90; HSP40: Heat shock protein 40; Hsc70: Heat shock cognate protein 70; LAMP2A: Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 isoform A.
Figure 3
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Figure 3 Mechanisms of autophagy. PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AMBRA1: Autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1; ULK: UNC-51-like kinase; FIP200: FAK family kinase-interacting protein of 200 kDa; ATG: Autophagy-related protein; DFCP1: Double FYVE domain containing protein 1; PI3P: Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PE: Phosphatidylethanolamine.
Figure 4
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Figure 4 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of the rapamycin signaling pathway and autophagy. PIP2: Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog; PIP3: Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate; PDK1: 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1; Akt: Protein kinase B; PRAS40: Proline-rich AKT substrate of 40-kDa; TSC: Tuberous sclerosis complex; mTOR: Mammalian target of the rapamycin; S6K1: S6 kinase beta 1; 4EBPS: 4E-binding proteins; ULK: UNC-51-like kinase; ATG: Autophagy-related protein.