Preoperative prediction of macrotrabecular-massive hepatocellular carcinoma through dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging-based radiomics

Figure 1 The patient recruitment process. MTM-HCC: Macrotrabecular-massive hepatocellular carcinoma; nMTM-HCC: Non-macrotrabecular-massive hepatocellular carcinoma; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging.

Figure 2 The radiomics workflow. LR: Logistic regression; KNN: K-nearest neighbour; SVM: Support vector machine; ROC: Receiver operating characteristic; MTM-HCC: Macrotrabecular-massive hepatocellular carcinoma; nMTM-HCC: Non-macrotrabecular-massive hepatocellular carcinoma.

Figure 3 Radiomics signature development. A: Of 27 selected radiomics features and their coefficients; B: Density distribution of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the radiomics signatures constructed by the five machine learning algorithms; C: Box-scatter plots show that rad-score of macrotrabecular-massive hepatocellular carcinoma is substantially higher than that of non-macrotrabecular-massive hepatocellular carcinoma in both the training and test sets. MTM-HCC: Macrotrabecular-massive hepatocellular carcinoma; nMTM-HCC: Non-macrotrabecular-massive hepatocellular carcinoma.

Figure 4 Predictive performance of different models. A and B: Receiver operating characteristic curves of different models in the training and test sets; C and D: P value map of DeLong test between the different models in the training and test sets. ROC: Receiver operating characteristic.

Figure 5 Visual nomogram construction. ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein.

Figure 6 Risk prediction based on the nomogram. Patients were divided into high-risk and low-risk groups according to the nomogram. The probability of pathological macrotrabecular-massive hepatocellular carcinoma in the high-risk group was significantly higher than that in the low-risk group in the training set, test set, and all study populations. A: Training set; B: Test set; C: All study populations. MTM-HCC: Macrotrabecular-massive hepatocellular carcinoma; nMTM-HCC: Non-macrotrabecular-massive hepatocellular carcinoma.