Frontiers in antibiotic alternatives for Clostridioides difficile infection

Figure 1 Alternative approaches for Clostridioides difficile infection treatment under development. Different approaches are aiming at the different pathological stages of Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infection. Small molecule and natural product derived have broad range activity from vegetative cell inhibition to biofilm and spore effects. Bacteriophage therapy affects mostly the vegetative stage of C. difficile. Fecal microbiota transplantation and pre- and pro-biotics aim to restore the balance of the gut microbiota mitigating the chance of C. difficile population and production of toxins. Vaccine and antitoxin antibody are targeting toxin neutralization.