Nervous mechanisms of restraint water-immersion stress-induced gastric mucosal lesion

Figure 1 Effects of restraint water-immersion stress on gastric mucosal lesions in rats. A: The animal model of restraint water-immersion stress (RWIS). B: Gastric mucosal damage induced by RWIS (B1: control; B2: 1-h RWIS; B3: 2-h RWIS; B4: 4-h RWIS). C: Effects of RWIS on the rates of gastric erosion. n = 5; mean ± SE; ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01. RWIS: Restraint water-immersion stress.

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the central nervous pathways of restraint water-immersion stress-regulated gastrointestinal function. Solid line: The pathways that have been determined; Dashed line: The pathways that remain to be further verified; Blue line segment: Upward; Green line segment: Downward. mPFC: Medial prefrontal cortex; CEA: Central nucleus of the amygdala; MD: Mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus; DMV: Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus; NA: Nucleus ambiguous; NTS: Nucleus of the solitary tract; VIP: Vasoactive intestinal peptide; 5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine; NO: Nitric oxide; ACh: Acetylcholine; NE: Norepinephrine; GABA: γ-aminiobutyric acid; Glu: Glutamate; PVN: Paraventricular nucleus; SON: Supraoptic nucleus; OT: Oxytocin; AVP: Arginine vasopressin.