Application of indocyanine green-enhanced near-infrared fluorescence-guided imaging in laparoscopic lateral pelvic lymph node dissection for middle-low rectal cancer

Figure 1 Injection of indocyanine green dye to sites on the anal side of the tumour.

Figure 2 Determination of the direction of lateral lymph node drainage under the guidance of indocyanine green-enhanced near-infrared fluorescence-guided imaging. A: Normal imaging; B: Indocyanine green-enhanced near-infrared fluorescence-guided imaging.

Figure 3 Distinguishing between lymph nodes and non-lymphatic soft tissues. A: Normal imaging; B: Indocyanine green-enhanced near-infrared fluorescence-guided imaging.

Figure 4 Examination of blood vessels, nerves, and residual soft tissues. A: Normal imaging; B: Indocyanine green-enhanced near-infrared fluorescence-guided imaging.

Figure 5 Residual lymph nodes revealed by computed tomography imaging of two cases. A: Residual lymph nodes in the distal left internal iliac artery. B: Residual lymph nodes in the left obturator foramen region.