Freeze-dried Si-Ni-San powder can ameliorate high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Figure 1 Effects of Si-Ni-San freeze-dried powder on body weight, liver index and visceral fat index. A: Body weight at 12 wk; B: Liver index (liver weight/body weight); C: Visceral fat index (visceral fat weight/body weight). ^aP < 0.05 vs CON group mice, ^bP < 0.05 vs FAT group mice.

Figure 2 Si-Ni-San freeze-dried powder ameliorates liver inflammation and injury. A: Portal lipopolysaccharide; B: Liver tumor necrosis factor-α; C: Serum alanine aminotransferase. ^aP < 0.05 vs CON group mice, ^bP < 0.05 vs FAT group mice. ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α.

Figure 3 Si-Ni-San freeze-dried powder ameliorates high fat diet-induced hepatic triglyceride accumulation. A: Representative Oil Red O staining (magnification 200 ×); B: Liver triglycerides. ^aP < 0.05 vs CON group mice, ^bP < 0.05 vs FAT group mice.

Figure 4 Intestinal microbiota composition in different group samples. A: Venn diagram of operational taxonomic units; B: Rarefaction curves; C: Unweighted Uni Frac PCo A. OUTs: Operational taxonomic units.

Figure 5 Bacterial biomarkers of different group samples. A: Bacterial biomarkers found by linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe); B: Taxonomic cladogram obtained from LEfSe. Taxa meeting an linear discriminant analysis significant threshold > 4 are shown. c: class level; f: family level; g: genus level; o: order level; p: phylum level. LDA: Linear discriminant analysis.

Figure 6 Intestinal microbiota functions in different group samples. A: Functional biomarkers found by linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe); B: Functional cladogram obtained from LEfSe. Functions meeting an linear discriminant analysis significant threshold > 3.1 are shown. LDA: Linear discriminant analysis.