Effects of Hemp seed soft capsule on colonic ion transport in rats

Figure 1 Effect of Hemp seed soft capsule on fecal index in constipation rats. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 8). ^aP < 0.01 vs normal group; ^bP < 0.01 vs constipation group.

Figure 2 Effect of Hemp seed soft capsule on colonic mucosa secretion. A: In constipation rats (mean ± SEM, n = 8). ^bP < 0.01 vs normal group; ^cP < 0.05, ^dP < 0.01 vs constipation group; B: In normal isolated colonic mucosa (mean ± SEM, n = 6); C: Representative Isc trace in experimental group and control group. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs control group.

Figure 3 Effect of Cl^- and HCO₃^- on the secretagogue role of Hemp seed soft capsule. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6). A: When Cl^- was removed from the Krebs solution. The effect of Hemp seed soft capsule on colonic mucosa secretion was determined; B: When HCO₃^- was removed from the Krebs solution. The effect of Hemp seed soft capsule on colonic mucosa secretion was determined. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs +Cl^- group or +HCO₃^- group.

Figure 4 Effect of Cl^- channel on the secretagogue role of Hemp seed soft capsule. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6). A: Pretreated with nonselective Cl^- channel blocker DPC; B: Pretreated with cAMP-dependent Cl^- channel blocker glibenclamide; C: Pretreated with Ca²⁺-dependent Cl^- channel blocker DIDS. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs -DPC group, -glibenclamide group or -apical DIDS group.

Figure 5 Effect of Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl^- cotransporter on the secretagogue role of Hemp seed soft capsule. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6). ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs -bumetanide group.

Figure 6 Effect of Na⁺-HCO3^- cotransporter or Cl^-/HCO3^- exchanger on the secretagogue role of Hemp seed soft capsule. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6). ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs -basolateral DIDS group.

Figure 7 Effects of neural pathway on the secretagogue role of Hemp seed soft capsule. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6). A: Pretreated with neural inhibitor tetrodotoxin; B: Pretreated with muscarinic receptor inhibitor atropine; C: Pretreated with nicotinic receptor antagonist hexamethonium.