Functional lipidomics in patients on home parenteral nutrition: Effect of lipid emulsions

Figure 1 The main biosynthetic pathway of saturated (SFAs) and monounsaturated (MUFAs) fatty acids.

Figure 2 The pathways of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids.

Figure 3 Fatty acid pattern of the red blood cell membrane. A: Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs); B: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The amount of each fatty acid was calculated as a percentage of the total fatty acid content (relative%). Data are expressed as medians. RBCs: Red blood cells; IVLE: Intravenous lipid emulsion; OO-IVLE group: Patients receiving a PN admixture containing Clinoleic 20%; SMOF-IVLE group: Patients receiving PN admixture containing SMOF-lipid ^®20%; No-IVLE group: Patients receiving PN without IVLE; HC group: Healthy controls; DGLA: Dihomo-γ-linoleic acid; EPA: Eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA: Docosahexaenoic acid.

Figure 4 Molecular biomarkers. Data are expressed as medians; IVLE: Intravenous lipid emulsion; OO-IVLE group: Patients receiving a PN admixture containing Clinoleic 20%; SMOF-IVLE group: Patients receiving aPN admixture containing SMOF lipid ^®20%; No-IVLE group: Patients receiving PN without IVLE; HC group: Healthy controls; SFAs: Saturated fatty acids; MUFAs: Monounsaturated fatty acids; n-3 Index: Sum of the percentages of EPA and DHA; %TRANS index: Sum of the percentages of trans isomers of oleic acid and arachidonic acid.

Figure 5 Enzyme activity estimate. The activity of delta-9-desaturase was estimated using the precursor/product ratio: the lower the value of ratio, the higher the enzyme activity. The delta-6-desaturase + Elongase activity was estimated using the precursor/product ratio: the lower the value of ratio, the higher the enzyme activity. The estimated activity of delta-5- desaturase was calculated as the product/precursor ratio due to the higher relative percentage of ARA: the lower the value of the ratio, the lower the enzyme activity. The amount of each fatty acid was calculated as a percentage of the total fatty acid content (relative%). Data are expressed as medians (ranges). IVLE: Intravenous lipid emulsion; OO-IVLE group: Patients receiving a PN admixture containing Clinoleic 20% ; SMOF-IVLE group: Patients receiving a PN admixture containing SMOF lipid ^®20% ; No-IVLE group: Of patients receiving PN without IVLE ; HC group: Healthy controls; ARA: Arachidonic acid; SFAs: Saturated fatty acids; MUFAs: Monounsaturated fatty acids.