Carbon dioxide insufflation in esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection reduces mediastinal emphysema: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial

Figure 1 Grade of mediastinal emphysema on computed tomography[9].

Figure 2 Volume-rendering image of bowel gas immediately after endoscopic submucosal dissection with CO₂ insufflation (A) and that of the next day (B).

Figure 3 Volume-rendering image of bowel gas immediately after endoscopic submucosal dissection with air insufflation (A) and that of next day (B).

Figure 4 Patient flow chart.

Figure 5 Incidence and degree of mediastinal emphysema immediately after endoscopic submucosal dissection (A) and on the day after endoscopic submucosal dissection (B). P value for the incidence of ME. Grade-0 means negative for ME. ME: Mediastinal emphysema.

Figure 6 Mean pain score (A) and distension score (B) on the 100-mm visual analogue scale at different time points before and after endoscopic submucosal dissection in the CO₂ and Air groups. ESD: Endoscopic submucosal dissection.