Decaprenyl diphosphate synthase subunit 2 as a prognosis factor in hepatocellular carcinoma

Figure 1 Decaprenyl diphosphate synthase subunit 2 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis of decaprenyl diphosphate synthase subunit 2 (PDSS2) in A: Human normal liver tissue; B: Well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma tissue; and C: Poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma tissue; D: Normal liver tissue (N) can be seen to the left of the carcinoma (T) (×40 magnification).

Figure 2 Effect of decaprenyl diphosphate synthase subunit 2 on proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Levels of PDSS2 A: mRNA; and B: Protein in PDSS2-overexpressing cells; C: Effects of PDSS2 overexpression on cell growth; D,E: Effects of PDSS2 overexpression on colony formation. ^bP < 0.01 vs HepG2. PDSS2: Decaprenyl diphosphate synthase subunit 2.

Figure 3 Effect of decaprenyl diphosphate synthase subunit 2 on HepG2 cell cycle and apoptosis. A,B: PDSS2 induces cell cycle arrest at G1 phase; C: Expression of cell cycle-related genes in PDSS2-expressing cells; D,E: PDSS2 increases apoptosis. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs HepG2. PDSS2: Decaprenyl diphosphate synthase subunit 2.

Figure 4 Decaprenyl diphosphate synthase subunit 2 inhibits HepG2 cell migration and invasion by reversing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related A: mRNA; B: Protein in PDSS2-overexpressing cells; C, D: Effect of PDSS2 on cell migration and invasion using a Transwell assay (with or without matrigel); E: Effect of PDSS2 on cell migration by the scratch migration assay. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs HepG2. EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; PDSS2: Decaprenyl diphosphate synthase subunit 2.