GW4064, a farnesoid X receptor agonist, upregulates adipokine expression in preadipocytes and HepG2 cells

Figure 1 GW4064 (5 μmol/L) stimulates farnesoid X receptor (A) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma 2 (B) mRNA expression during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. GW4064 was added on day 0. Total RNA was extracted and subjected to fluorescent real-time PCR as described in Section 2. FXR and PPAR-γ2 mRNA levels were determined according to normalized GAPDH expression and compared to untreated control cells (100%). Data represent mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ^aP < 0.05 vs the control group. Error bars = mean ± SD. FXR: Farnesoid X receptor; PPAR-γ2: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma 2.

Figure 2 GW4064 (5 μmol/L) stimulates adiponectin (A), leptin (B), adiponectin receptor 2 (E) mRNA expression, but did not change expression of resistin (C), adiponectin receptor 1 (D), or long form of the leptin receptor (F) during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. GW4064 was added on day 0. Total RNA was extracted and subjected to fluorescent real-time PCR as described in Section 2. The mRNA levels of target genes were normalized to GAPDH expression and compared with untreated control cells (100%). Data represent mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ^aP < 0.05 vs the control group. Error bars = mean ± SD. AdipoR1: Adiponectin receptor 1; AdipoR2: Adiponectin receptor 2; OB-Rb: Long form of the leptin receptor; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Figure 3 GW4064 (5 μmol/L) stimulates adiponectin receptor 2 (A) and long form of the leptin receptor (B) mRNA expression in HepG2 cells in a time-dependent manner. HepG2 cells were serum-deprived 24 h before GW4064 was added. Total RNA was extracted and subjected to fluorescent real-time PCR as described in Section 2. AdipoR2 and OB-Rb mRNA levels were normalized to GAPDH expression and compared to cells at 0 h (100%). Data represent mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ^aP < 0.05 vs the cells at 0 h. Error bars = mean ± SD. AdipoR2: Adiponectin receptor 2; OB-Rb: Long form of the leptin receptor; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.