Remote ischemic postconditioning protects against gastric mucosal lesions in rats

Figure 1 Surgery protocols. Ischemia-reperfusion (IR, n = 36) was elicited by 3 h ischemia (I). For animals in the remote ischemic postconditioning group (RIP, n = 36), this was followed by three cycles of 30 s of reperfusion (R) followed by 30 s of I. There was no intervention in the sham group (n = 36). All groups were examined after 0, 1, 3, 6, 12 or 24 h of R.

Figure 2 Serum levels after ischemia reperfusion. Serum levels of A: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); B: Creatine kinase (CK); C: tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; D: Interleukin (IL)-10 immediately after 3 h ischemia (0 h) and 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h reperfusion in sham, ischemia reperfusion (IR) and remote ischemic postconditioning (RIP) groups (n = 6 per group at each timepoint). ^aP < 0.05 vs sham group, ^bP < 0.01 vs sham group; ^dP < 0.01 vs IR group.

Figure 3 Gastric oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation after ischemia reperfusion. A: The gastric content of malondialdehyde (MDA); The activity levels of B: Superoxide dismutase (SOD); C: Xanthine oxidase (XOD); D: Myeloperoxidase (MPO), immediately after 3 h ischemia (0 h) and 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h reperfusion in sham, ischemia reperfusion (IR) and remote ischemic postconditioning (RIP) groups (n = 6 per group at each timepoint). ^aP < 0.05 vs sham group, ^bP < 0.01 vs sham group; ^cP < 0.05 vs IR group, ^dP < 0.01 vs IR group.

Figure 4 Histologic evaluation of gastric tissue. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of gastric sections obtained from A: Sham surgery; B: Ischemia reperfusion (IR); C: Remote ischemic postconditioning (RIP) after 6 h (magnification × 200); D: Quantitative scores for acute gastric lesions from sham, IR and RIP groups (mean ± SD; n = 6); ^bP < 0.01 vs sham group; ^dP < 0.01 vs IR group.