Comparison of modified percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization and endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection for gastric variceal rebleeding

Figure 1 Illustrations of the two types of percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization. A: Cyanoacrylate was directly injected into the gastric varices by percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization (PTVE) alone in patients without large gastrorenal shunts; B: Cyanoacrylate injection with PTVE combined with a balloon catheter inserted into the left renal vein (LRV) in patients with large gastrorenal shunt.

Figure 2 Flow diagram of rebleeding and death after procedures. EVO: Endoscopic variceal obturation; PTVE: Percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Figure 3 Cumulative survival. A: The cumulative rebleeding free rate was higher in the percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization (PTVE) group than in the endoscopic variceal obturation (EVO) group, P = 0.011, log-rank test; B: The cumulative free gastric varix (GV) rebleeding rate was higher in the PTVE group than in the EVO group, P = 0.012, log-rank test; C: The cumulative survival rate was not different between the two groups. P = 0.432, Log-rank test.