Diabetic factors associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes

Figure 1 Differences in individual upper (A) and lower (B) gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms between diabetic patients and control groups. A: The diabetic patients had a higher frequency of globus, heartburn and dysmotility-like dyspepsia than the controls; B: There was no difference for any item of the lower GI symptoms between the two groups. DM: Diabetes mellitus; NCCP: Non-cardiac chest pain.

Figure 2 Differences in upper GI symptoms according to the HbA1c level. There was a significant increase in the prevalence of upper GI symptoms in subjects with 8% ≤ HbA1c < 9% and in subjects with HbA1c ≥ 9%; subjects with normal HbA1c (HbA1c < 6%) were used as the reference group. OR: Odds ratio.

Figure 3 Differences in individual upper GI symptoms according to the HbA1c Level. In subjects with an HbA1c ≥ 8%, all upper GI symptoms were more common than in subjects with an HbA1c < 8%.