Metabolomic changes in fatty liver can be modified by dietary protein and calcium during energy restriction

Figure 1 A: The body weight of C57Bl/6J mice at the end of the study; B: The body fat content of C57Bl/6J mice measured by DEXA at the end of the study; C: The blood glucose of C57Bl/6J mice at the end of the study; D: The serum insulin of C57Bl/6J mice at the end of the study. Data is presented as mean ± SE. The letters denote a significant difference between the groups (^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001; n = 10/group).

Figure 2 A: The Oil Red O positive area of paraffin embedded liver samples of C57Bl/6J mice at the end of the study; B: The mean fat droplet area (arbitrary units) of paraffin embedded liver samples of C57Bl/6J mice at the end of the study. Data is presented as mean ± SE. The letters denote the significant difference between the groups (^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001; n = 10/group).

Figure 3 A: Cumulative food intake over 7 d analyzed by LabMaster system. The cumulative total food intake was similar between the groups; B: LabMaster analysis of respiratory exchange rate (RER); C: Heat production measured by LabMaster; D: Total ambulatory movement did not differ between the groups. In all figures data is presented as mean ± SE, n = 4 in casein group (red) and n = 3 in whey group (green).

Figure 4 Mean fold changes in lipid classes in lean (white), ER control (black) and ER whey + Ca (grey) groups in relation to the obese group (n = 10/group). The letters denote a significant difference in comparison with the obese group (^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001).

Figure 5 A: The liver TAG/Phospholipid ratio; B: The liver DAG/Phospholipid ratio; C: The liver Ceramide/Sphingomyelin ratio. Lipids measured by UPLC/MS. Data is presented as mean ± SE. The letters denote a significant difference between the groups (^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001; n = 10/group).

Figure 6 Twenty most significantly up- and down-regulated lipids between obese and lean group. Fold change for each individual mouse within each group as a log2 ratio between the lipid concentration in individual sample and the median lipid concentration in the obese group. Hierarchical clustering using Ward linkage was applied.

Figure 7 Primary metabolite profiles for each individual mouse as a log2 ratio between the metabolite concentration in individual samples and the median metabolite concentration in the obese group. Hierarchical clustering using Ward linkage was applied.