• gut microbiota
• metabolic dysfunction
• pediatric obesity
• small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
• systemic inflammation

• Humans
• Pediatric Obesity/microbiology
• Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology
• Pediatric Obesity/complications
• Intestine, Small/microbiology
• Child
• Dysbiosis
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Inflammation/microbiology
• Probiotics/therapeutic use
• Blind Loop Syndrome/epidemiology
• Blind Loop Syndrome/microbiology
• Biomarkers/blood
• Bacteria/growth & development
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use

• SIBO
• intestinal dysbiosis
• low fermentation diet
• small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
• small intestine

• Humans
• Intestine, Small/microbiology
• Blind Loop Syndrome/diet therapy
• Blind Loop Syndrome/microbiology
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome/microbiology
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diet therapy
• Dietary Supplements
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome

• extra-oral
• halitosis
• lactulose breath test
• probiotics
• small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

• Humans
• Probiotics/therapeutic use
• Probiotics/administration & dosage
• Halitosis/therapy
• Halitosis/diagnosis
• Halitosis/microbiology
• Halitosis/etiology
• Retrospective Studies
• Male
• Female
• Adult
• Breath Tests/methods
• Middle Aged
• Treatment Outcome
• Intestine, Small/microbiology

• potassium-competitive acid blocker
• proton pump inhibitor
• small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)

• chronic pancreatitis
• gut microbiota
• prebiotics
• probiotics

• 32170788 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• 7232123 Beijing Natural Science Foundation
• 7244390 Beijing Natural Science Foundation
• 2022- PUMCH-B-023 the National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding
• ZK108000 the National Key Clinical Specialty Construction Project

• children
• constipation
• functional gastrointestinal disorders
• irritable bowel syndrome
• small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)

• Humans
• Constipation/microbiology
• Constipation/drug therapy
• Child
• Intestine, Small/microbiology
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Bacteria/growth & development
• Bacteria/classification
• Bacteria/isolation & purification
• Bacteria/drug effects
• Breath Tests
• Methane/metabolism
• Blind Loop Syndrome/diagnosis
• Blind Loop Syndrome/drug therapy

• SIBO
• diet
• dysbiosis
• gut microbiota
• microbial ecology
• small intestinal bacteria overgrowth

• constipation
• diarrhea
• dietary supplements
• gut microbiome
• inflammatory bowel disease
• irritable bowel syndrome
• prebiotics
• probiotics
• short-chain fatty acids

• Humans
• Prebiotics
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome/therapy
• Probiotics/therapeutic use
• Dietary Supplements
• Gastrointestinal Diseases/therapy

• Proton-pump inhibitor
• adverse effects
• amyloid-beta
• amyloid-beta (Aβ)
• dementia
• neurodegeneration
• peptides.

• Humans
• Proton Pump Inhibitors/adverse effects
• Proton Pump Inhibitors/therapeutic use
• Dementia/epidemiology
• Comorbidity
• Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology

• CRG/2021/001009 Department of Science and Technology, Science and Engineering Board, DSTSERB, CRG

• Cirrhosis
• Fragility
• Liver
• Microbiome
• Microbiota
• Muscle

• Animals
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
• Dysbiosis/microbiology
• Sarcopenia/etiology
• Sarcopenia/therapy
• Liver Cirrhosis/complications
• Liver Cirrhosis/therapy
• Liver Cirrhosis/microbiology

• Clostridioides difficile infection
• Gut microbiota
• Immunomodulation
• PPI
• Probiotics
• Proton pump inhibitors
• SIBO
• Salmonella infection

• N43/DBS/000190 Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki

• Children
• Gastroesophageal reflux
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease
• Impedance study
• Infant
• Lower esophageal sphincter

• Humans
• Immunonutrition Diet
• Probiotics/therapeutic use
• Colonic Neoplasms/prevention & control
• Gastrointestinal Diseases

• Antimicrobial resistance
• Chemoresistance
• Colorectal cancer
• Dysbiosis
• Gut bacteria

• Gastrointestinal cancer
• Gut microbiota

• Bacteriology
• Colorectal cancer
• Gastrointestinal
• Microbiome
• Vaccine

Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH) in the small intestine is a rare benign lesion characterized by multiple small nodules on the intestinal surface. Patients with terminal ileal NLH may experience long-term abdominal pain, diarrhea, and abdominal distension, among other symptoms. Supplementation with probiotics could mitigate these symptoms. NLH is linked to the immune system, and it may result from accumulation of plasma-cell precursors due to a maturational defect during the development of B lymphocytes. The intestinal microbiome plays an essential role in the immune system. Thus, we speculate that the gut flora plays a key role in terminal ileal NLH.

To explore the correlation between intestinal flora and terminal ileal NLH.

We collected mucosal biopsy samples that were obtained via colonoscopy from 15 patients with terminal ileal NLH (the test group) and 15 normal subjects (the control group). We subsequently performed 16S-rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of these samples, and the results were evaluated using alpha diversity, beta diversity and microbial composition analyses. The Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States was used to predict the metabolic pathways and orthologous groups according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database.

Compared with the control group, the terminal ileal NLH group showed an increased alpha diversity (P < 0.05). The overall intestinal microbiota in the NLH group was significantly different from that of the control group (P < 0.05), implying that there was the dysbiosis in the terminal ileal NLH patients. The relative abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes was significantly lower in the NLH group, while that of Patescibacteria and Campilobacterota was significantly higher. The genus Bacteroides was the dominant gut microbiota in both groups, but its abundance was significantly lower in the test group than it was in the control group. Conversely, the relative abundances of Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Actinomyces, TM7X, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas, Granulicatella, Helicobacter, and the [Eubacterium] nodatum group were significantly higher in the test group than they were in the control group. In addition, several altered metabolic pathways, orthologous groups, and modules were found. For example, the Peptidoglycan biosynthesis and Aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis were both increased in the test group.

Maintaining the microbial balance and supplementing targeted protective bacteria could improve symptoms and potentially reduce the risk of lymphoma transformation in patients with terminal ileal NLH.

• Hyperplasia
• Bacteroides
• Small intestine
• Microbiome
• Helicobacter pylori
• Colonoscopy

• Bacteria/genetics
• Dysbiosis
• Humans
• Hyperplasia
• Ileum
• Phylogeny

• cancer
• gastrointestinal disorders
• pathology
• probiotic
• therapy

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Europe, and accounts for over 10% of all cancer-related deaths worldwide. These indicate an urgent need for novel therapeutic options in CRC. Here, we analysed if genetically modified non-pathogenic Lactococcus lactis bacteria can be used for local delivery of human recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) and induction of tumor cells death in vitro and in vivo in CRC mouse model. We showed that modified L. lactis bacteria were able to secrete biologically active human soluble TRAIL (L. lactis(hsTRAIL+)), which selectively eliminated human CRC cells in vitro, and was further strengthened by metformin (MetF). Our results from in vitro studies were confirmed in vivo using subcutaneous NOD-SCID mouse model of human CRC. The data showed a significant reduction of the tumor growth by intratumor injection of L. lactis(hsTRAIL+) bacteria producing hsTRAIL. This effect could be further enhanced by oral administration of MetF.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis of many cancer cells, including CRC cells, being non-harmful for normal ones. However, recombinant form of human TRAIL failed in clinical trial when administered intravenously. To assess the importance of TRAIL in CRC patients, new form of TRAIL delivery would be required. Here we used genetically modified, non-pathogenic Lactococcus lactis bacteria as a vehicle for local delivery of human soluble TRAIL (hsTRAIL) in CRC. Operating under the Nisin Controlled Gene Expression System (NICE), the modified bacteria (L. lactis(hsTRAIL+)) were able to induce cell death of HCT116 and SW480 human cancer cells and reduce the growth of HCT116-tumor spheres in vitro. This effect was cancer cell specific as the cells of normal colon epithelium (FHC cells) were not affected by hsTRAIL-producing bacteria. Metformin (MetF), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and irinotecan (CPT-11) enhanced the anti-tumor actions of hsTRAIL in vitro. In the NOD-SCID mouse model, treatment of subcutaneous HCT116-tumors with L. lactis(hsTRAIL+) bacteria given intratumorally, significantly reduced the tumor growth. This anti-tumor activity of hsTRAIL in vivo was further enhanced by oral administration of MetF. These findings indicate that L. lactis bacteria could be suitable for local delivery of biologically active human proteins. At the same time, we documented that anti-tumor activity of hsTRAIL in experimental therapy of CRC can be further enhanced by MetF given orally, opening a venue for alternative CRC-treatment strategies.

• Lactococcus lactis
• TRAIL
• colorectal cancer

• RCT
• colorectal cancer
• gut microbiota
• probiotics
• randomized controlled trials

• Cancer
• edible mushroom polysaccharides
• gut microbiota
• health improvement
• inflammatory bowel disease
• obesity

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is characterized by the condition that bacteria overgrowth in the small intestine. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been applied as an effective tool for reestablishing the structure of gut microbiota. However, whether FMT could be applied as a routine SIBO treatment has not been investigated.

In this trial, 55 SIBO patients were enrolled. All participants were randomized in two groups, and were given FMT capsule or placebo capsules once a week for 4 consecutive weeks. Measurements including the lactulose hydrogen breath test gastrointestinal symptoms, as well as fecal microbiota diversity were assessed before and after FMT therapy.

Gastrointestinal symptoms significantly improved in SIBO patients after treatment with FMT compared to participants in placebo group. The gut microbiota diversity of FMT group had a significant increase, while placebo group showed none.

This study suggests that applying FMT for patients with SIBO can alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms, indicating that FMT may be a promising and novel therapeutic regimen for SIBO.

Trial registry

This study was retrospectively registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial registry on 2019.7.10 (ID: ChiCTR1900024409, http://www.chictr.org.cn).

• Fecal microbiota transplantation
• Lactulose breath test
• Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
• Therapeutic efficacy

• carcinogenesis
• dysbiosis
• gastrointestinal microbiome
• probiotics

• diet
• herbal therapy
• probiotics
• small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
• treatment

Probiotic–host interaction can be cell-to-cell or through metabolite production. Dead (inactive) organisms could interact with the host, leading to local effects and possible health benefits. This research examined the effects of live and heat-inactivated Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, BB-12 (BB-12) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) on cultured Caco-2 cells focusing on epithelial integrity and production of inflammatory mediators. Live organisms increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), a barrier-integrity marker, with LGG having a greater effect than BB-12. When mildly heat-treated, both organisms had a more modest effect on TEER than when alive. When they were heat-inactivated, both organisms had only a limited effect on TEER. Neither live nor heat-inactivated organisms affected production of six inflammatory mediators produced by Caco-2 cells compared to control conditions. Pre-treatment with heat-inactivated LGG or BB-12 did not alter the decline in TEER caused by exposure to an inflammatory cocktail of cytokines. However, pre-treatment of Caco-2 cells with heat-inactivated organisms alone or their combination decreased the production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, and vascular endothelial growth factor. To conclude, while the live organisms improve the epithelial barrier using this model, neither live nor heat-inactivated organisms directly elicit an inflammatory response by the epithelium. Pre-treatment with heat-inactivated BB-12 or LGG can reduce some components of the response induced by an inflammatory stimulus.

• B. animalis subsp. lactis, BB-12
• L. rhamnosus GG
• gut epithelium
• heat-inactivation
• inflammation
• probiotic

• Bifidobacterium animalis
• Caco-2 Cells
• Cytokines/metabolism
• Electric Impedance
• Epithelium/metabolism
• Hot Temperature
• Humans
• Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
• Interleukin-18/metabolism
• Interleukin-6/metabolism
• Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus
• Probiotics/pharmacology
• Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota can alter CRC susceptibility and progression by modulating mechanisms such as inflammation and DNA damage, and by producing metabolites involved in tumor progression or suppression. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota has been observed in patients with CRC, with a decrease in commensal bacterial species (butyrate-producing bacteria) and an enrichment of detrimental bacterial populations (pro-inflammatory opportunistic pathogens). CRC is characterized by altered production of bacterial metabolites directly involved in cancer metabolism including short-chain fatty acids and polyamines. Emerging evidence suggests that diet has an important impact on the risk of CRC development. The intake of high-fiber diets and the supplementation of diet with polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols and probiotics, which are known to regulate gut microbiota, could be not only a potential mechanism for the reduction of CRC risk in a primary prevention setting, but may also be important to enhance the response to cancer therapy when used as adjuvant to conventional treatment for CRC. Therefore, a personalized modulation of the pattern of gut microbiome by diet may be a promising approach to prevent the development and progression of CRC and to improve the efficacy of antitumoral therapy.

• colorectal cancer
• dietary fiber
• dysbiosis
• gut microbiota
• inflammation
• polyamines
• polyphenols
• polyunsaturated fatty acids
• probiotics
• short-chain fatty acids

• Microbiome
• colorectal adenomas
• colorectal cancer

• Bifidobacterium bifidum
• Cervical cancer
• Human papillomavirus
• IL-6
• Immune response
• Probiotics

• Dumping syndrome
• Gastroparesis
• Motility disorders in malignancy
• Opioid-induced constipation
• Paraneoplastic syndrome
• Pseudoachalasia

• dysbiosis
• intestinal failure
• liver disease
• parenteral nutrition
• probiotics
• short bowel syndrome

• community population
• dietary intervention
• gut microbiota
• high-fat diet
• probiotics

• Cancer
• Dysbiosis
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Gastrointestinal tract
• Gut microbiota
• Helicobacter pylori
• Hypochloridria
• Proton pump inhibitors

• Achlorhydria/chemically induced
• Achlorhydria/microbiology
• Bacteria/drug effects
• Dysbiosis/chemically induced
• Dysbiosis/microbiology
• Gastric Acid/metabolism
• Gastric Mucosa/drug effects
• Gastric Mucosa/metabolism
• Gastric Mucosa/microbiology
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
• Humans
• Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
• Proton Pump Inhibitors/adverse effects

The gastrointestinal tract harbors most of the microbiota associated with humans. In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in assessing the relationships between the gut microbiota and several gut alterations, including colorectal cancer. Changes in the gut microbiota in patients suffering colorectal cancer suggest a possible role of host-microbe interactions in the origin and development of this malignancy and, at the same time, open the door for novel ways of preventing, diagnosing, or treating this disease. In this review we survey current knowledge on the healthy microbiome of the gut and how it is altered in colorectal cancer and other related disease conditions. In describing past studies we will critically assess technical limitations of different approaches and point to existing challenges in microbiome research. We will have a special focus on host-microbiome interaction mechanisms that may be important to explain how dysbiosis can lead to chronic inflammation and drive processes that influence carcinogenesis and tumor progression in colon cancer. Finally, we will discuss the potential of recent developments of novel microbiota-based therapeutics and diagnostic tools for colorectal cancer.

• Colon
• Colorectal cancer
• Gut microbiome
• Microbiota

• 16S
• Helicobacter pylori
• NGS
• bacterial infections
• gastrointestinal cancer
• gastrointestinal tract
• stool microbiome
• whole genome sequencing

The human gut is home to a large and diverse microbial community, comprising about 1,000 bacterial species. The gut microbiota exists in a symbiotic relationship with its host, playing a decisive role in the host's nutrition, immunity and metabolism. Accumulating studies have revealed the associations between gut dysbiosis or some special bacteria and various cancers. Emerging data suggest that gut microbiota can modulate the effectiveness of cancer therapies, especially immunotherapy. Manipulating the microbial populations with therapeutic intent has become a hot topic of cancer research, and the most dramatic manipulation of gut microbiota refers to fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from healthy individuals to patients. FMT has demonstrated remarkable clinical efficacy against Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and it is highly recommended for the treatment of recurrent or refractory CDI. Lately, interest is growing in the therapeutic potential of FMT for other diseases, including cancers. We briefly reviewed the current researches about gut microbiota and its link to cancer, and then summarized the recent preclinical and clinical evidence to indicate the potential of FMT in cancer management as well as cancer‐treatment associated complications. We also presented the rationale of FMT for cancer management such as reconstruction of intestinal microbiota, amelioration of bile acid metabolism, and modulation of immunotherapy efficacy. This article would help to better understand this new therapeutic approach for cancer patients by targeting gut microbiota.

• cancer
• dysbiosis
• fecal microbiota transplantation
• gut microbiota
• therapy

• biotherapeutic
• colorectal cancer
• immune response
• intestinal microbiota

• Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs)
• Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs)
• Supportive therapy
• carcinoid syndrome (CS)
• hypersecretion syndromes

• Gastrinoma/therapy
• Glucagonoma/therapy
• Humans
• Insulinoma/therapy
• Intestinal Neoplasms/therapy
• Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome/therapy
• Neuroendocrine Tumors/therapy
• Palliative Care/methods
• Pancreatic Neoplasms/therapy
• Paraneoplastic Syndromes/therapy
• Stomach Neoplasms/therapy
• Vipoma/therapy

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a frequent condition diagnosed in children and treated with proton pump inhibitors (PPI). Long-term PPI administration can alter intestinal bacterial population by suppressing the gastric acid barrier and may cause diarrhea. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth assessed by glucose hydrogen breath test among children that received 12 weeks of PPI with or without probiotics (Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938) associated, compared to controls.

Glucose hydrogen breath test was performed before PPI treatment and after 12 weeks of PPI treatment to 128 consecutive children with GERD (1–18 years old) and a control group (120 healthy children). The children with GERD were randomized into 2 groups: placebo group (64 who received PPI and placebo for 12 weeks) and probiotics group (64 who received PPI and probiotics for 12 weeks).

After 12 weeks of treatment, dysbiosis was detected among 56.2% of children from placebo group (36/64), compared to 6.2% of children from the probiotics group (4/64, P < 0.001). Bacterial overgrowth was detected in 5% of controls (6/120). Probiotics group had a lower prevalence of dysbiosis, similar to controls (P = 0.740).

Probiotics administration decreased the rate of dysbiosis among children treated with PPI.

• Breath tests
• Child
• Dysbiosis
• Probiotics
• Proton pump inhibitors

• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Proton pump inhibitors
• Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth