• Aegle marmelos
• Aegle marmelos fruit
• DSS-induced animal model
• functional foods
• probiotic-fermented juice
• ulcerative colitis

• Nrf2 signaling pathway
• deer oil
• gut microbiota
• intestinal barrier
• short‐chain fatty acids
• ulcerative colitis

• Animals
• Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced
• Colitis, Ulcerative/microbiology
• Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism
• Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
• Mice
• NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism
• NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics
• Dextran Sulfate/adverse effects
• NF-kappa B/metabolism
• NF-kappa B/genetics
• Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism
• Signal Transduction/drug effects
• Male
• Deer
• Humans
• Bacteria/classification
• Bacteria/isolation & purification
• Bacteria/genetics
• Bacteria/metabolism
• Bacteria/drug effects
• Oxidative Stress/drug effects
• Colon/microbiology
• Colon/metabolism
• Oils/chemistry
• Oils/administration & dosage
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Disease Models, Animal

• Study on key technology and industrialization of deer heart peptide product, a special diet that can increase exercise endurance
• Major Science and Technology Special Project of Sika Deer Industry Science and Technology Innovation - Research on the modern pharmacological connotation, biological mechanism of action and pharmacodynamic substance basis of the traditional core efficacy of various medicinal parts of sika deer
• the Academic Research Projects of the Jilin Province Major Science and Technology Special Project
• Demonstration and Promotion of Sika Deer Breeding and Reproduction, Disease Prevention and Control, Product Processing Industry Technology

• Inflammatory bowel disease
• NFƙB pathway
• NLRP3 inflammasome pathway
• Nodakenin
• TNBS-model
• Ulcerative colitis

• Animals
• NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism
• NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics
• Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy
• Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced
• Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism
• Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
• Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid
• Inflammasomes/metabolism
• NF-kappa B/metabolism
• Male
• Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
• Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
• Mice
• Colon/drug effects
• Colon/pathology
• Colon/metabolism
• Coumarins/pharmacology
• Coumarins/therapeutic use
• Signal Transduction/drug effects
• Nitric Oxide/metabolism
• Peroxidase/metabolism
• Disease Models, Animal
• Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
• Glucosides

• RP3/22 Charotar University of Science and Technology

• macrophage
• phytochemical
• polarization
• ulcerative colitis

• Animals
• Mice
• Colitis/chemically induced
• Colitis/drug therapy
• Colitis/genetics
• Colon/metabolism
• Dextran Sulfate
• Disease Models, Animal
• Ellagic Acid/pharmacology
• Ellagic Acid/metabolism
• Epithelial Cells/metabolism
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Gene Expression
• Inflammation/drug therapy
• Inflammation/genetics
• Inflammation/metabolism
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Phylogeny

• DSS
• Phyllanthus emblica L. extract
• colonic inflammation
• gut microbiome
• transcriptome analysis

• Animals
• Mice
• Dextrans
• Phyllanthus emblica
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Colitis/chemically induced
• Colitis/drug therapy
• Colitis/genetics
• Inflammation
• Cytokines/genetics
• Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
• Receptors, Cytokine
• Gene Expression
• Sulfates
• Plant Extracts
• Sodium
• Hominidae

• Café. Polifenoles. Ácidos fenólicos. Hallazgos mamográficos. Mujeres.

• Humans
• Female
• Polyphenols
• Coffee
• Brazil
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Diet

Phyllanthi Fructus (PF), the edible fruits of Phyllanthus emblica L., serves as an important resource for some health products, foods and drugs due to its high safety and sufficient nutritional value. In recent years, in vivo and in vitro experiments have been conducted to reveal the active components of PF. More than 180 compounds have been isolated and identified from the PF so far, primarily including tannins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, polysaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), PF is used to cure several diseases such as bronchitis, asthma, diabetes, peptic ulcer, hepatopathy, leprosy, and jaundice. Consistent with ethnopharmacology, numerous modern studies have demonstrated that the extracts or monomeric compounds derived from PF exhibit various pharmacological effects including anti-oxidation, anti-bacteria, anti-inflammation, anti-tumour, anti-virus, immunity improvement, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, and multiple organ protective protection. Toxicological studies on PF indicated the absence of any adverse effects even at a high dose after oral administration. Due to strict quality control, these pharmacological activities and the safety of PF greatly improve the development and utilization of products. Our comprehensive review aims to summarize the phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, toxicology, and product development of PF to provide theoretical guidance and new insights for further research on PF in the future.

• National Natural Science Foundation of China

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic recurrent inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum that oxidative stress and severe inflammation are the main features of this disease. Previous studies have shown that separate consumption of basil and gum arabic can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. The aim of the study was evaluating the effect of treatment with basil seeds given together with gum arabic on healing, inflammation and oxidative stress in the course of experimental colitis in rats.

A total number of 50 male rats were used, randomly assigned to five groups of 10 rats each. Colitis was induced in rats by enemas with 4% solution od acetic acid. Four days after induction of colitis, rats were treated for next 4 days with saline or combination of basil seeds plus gum arabic (1 mg/kg) or sulfasalazine (100 mg/g) rectally. The experiment was terminated after last dose of treatment. Rats without induction of colitis were used as a sham group.

Acetic acid-induced colitis increased the macroscopic and histopathological damage scores of the colon as well as colon levels of MDA(Malondialdehyde), MPO(Myeloperoxidase), TNFα(Tissue necrosis factor α), IL6 (Interleukin 6)and IL17(Interleukin 17) and decreased SOD(Superoxide Dismutase), GPx (Glutathione Peroxidase) and IL10 (Interleukin 10) levels compared with the control group(P < 0.001). Treatment with basil and gum arabic reduced macroscopic and histopathological damage scores (P < 0.01) of the colon, MDA, MPO, TNFα, IL6(P < 0.001) and IL17 (P < 0.01) levels of the colon and increased SOD, GPx and IL10 levels compared to the colitis group (P < 0.01).

Rectal administration of combination of basil seeds plus gum arabic after induction of colitis, exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and accelerates the healing of the colon in experimental colitis evoked by acetic acid.

Chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) refers to a heterogeneous group of idiopathic diseases of the dog characterised by persistent gastrointestinal (GI) clinical signs. If conventional dietary treatment alone would be unsuccessful, management of CIE is traditionally attained by the use of pharmaceuticals, such as antibiotics and immunosuppressive drugs. While being rather effective, however, these drugs are endowed with side effects, which may impact negatively on the animal’s quality of life. Therefore, novel, safe and effective therapies for CIE are highly sought after. As gut microbiota imbalances are often associated with GI disorders, a compelling rationale exists for the use of nonpharmacological methods of microbial manipulation in CIE, such as faecal microbiota transplantation and administration of pre-, pro-, syn- and postbiotics. In addition to providing direct health benefits to the host via a gentle modulation of the intestinal microbiota composition and function, these treatments may also possess immunomodulatory and epithelial barrier-enhancing actions. Likewise, intestinal barrier integrity, along with mucosal inflammation, are deemed to be two chief therapeutic targets of mesenchymal stem cells and selected vegetable-derived bioactive compounds. Although pioneering studies have revealed encouraging findings regarding the use of novel treatment agents in CIE, a larger body of research is needed to address fully their mode of action, efficacy and safety.

• curcumin
• inflammatory bowel disease
• naringenin
• nutraceuticals
• oleuropein
• ulcerative colitis

• ulcerative colitis
• clinical microbiology

• Abelmoschus/chemistry
• Akkermansia/growth & development
• Animals
• Colitis/drug therapy
• Colitis/microbiology
• Cytokines/biosynthesis
• Flavones/administration & dosage
• Flavones/isolation & purification
• Flavones/therapeutic use
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
• Male
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Prebiotics
• Prednisone/administration & dosage

• Graduate student scientific research innovation projects in Jiangsu province
• National Natural Science Foundation of China

• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Persian medicine
• Plantago major
• Ulcerative colitis

• Alternative therapy
• Anti-inflammatory
• Antioxidant
• Bioactive compounds
• Food waste
• Inflammatory bowel diseases
• Latin America
• Phenolic compounds

• Inflammatory bowel disease
• dysbiosis
• faecal microbiota transplantation
• gut
• microbiome

• Glochidion ellipticum
• acute colitis
• inflammatory bowel disease
• intestinal permeability
• oxidative stress
• phytochemicals

• Turbinaria ornata
• brown algae
• dextran sulfate sodium-induced chronic colitis
• interleukin-10
• phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3
• regulatory T cell
• tumor necrosis factor-α
• ulcerative colitis

• Animals
• Colitis/chemically induced
• Colitis/drug therapy
• Colitis/genetics
• Colitis/immunology
• Colon/drug effects
• Colon/pathology
• Dextran Sulfate/toxicity
• Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
• Humans
• Interferon-gamma/genetics
• Interleukin-17/genetics
• Mice
• Phaeophyceae/chemistry
• STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics
• T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
• Th17 Cells/drug effects

• 20170488 Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries

In the last few years, literature data have reported that health status is related to the consumption of foods rich in polyphenols, bioactive compounds found in the plant world, in particular in vegetables and fruit. These pieces of scientific evidence have led to an increase in the demand for functional foods and drinks enriched in polyphenols, so that plant materials are more and more requested. The availability of food and agricultural wastes has adverse effects on the economy, environment, and human health. On the other hand, these materials are a precious source of bioactive compounds as polyphenols. Their recovery and reuse from wastes are according to the circular economy strategy, which has introduced the “zero waste concept.” However, the process is convenient from an economic and environmental point of view only if the final products are standardized and obtained using sustainable and industrial technologies. In this panorama, this paper describes an industrial and sustainable platform for the production of micronized powders and extracts enriched in polyphenols from Olea europaea L. and Vitis vinifera L. wastes that are useful for food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals sectors. The platform is based on drying plant materials, extraction of polyphenols through membrane technologies with water, and, when necessary, the concentration of the final fractions under vacuum evaporation. All powders and extracts were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector–mass spectrometry analysis to define the qualitative and quantitative content of bioactive compounds and insure their standardization and reproducibility. The chromatographic profiles evidenced the presence of secoiridoids, flavones, flavonols, anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, catechins, and condensed tannins. An overview of the biological activities of the main polyphenols present in Olea europaea L. and Vitis vinifera L. powders and extracts is reported because of biomedical applications.

• Olea europaea L.
• Vitis vinifera L.
• agro-industrial wastes
• biological activities
• circular economy
• micronized powders
• polyphenol-enriched extracts
• sustainable extraction

• Bioactive compounds
• Dextran sodium sulfate
• Functional foods
• Inflammation
• Inflammatory bowel diseases
• Microbiota
• Natural products
• Oxazolone
• Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid

• Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal
• Inflamación
• Inflammation
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Intestino grueso
• Large intestine

• PPARγ
• colitis
• inflammatory bowel disease
• phytochemicals

• Inflammatory bowel disease
• diet
• environment
• microbiome
• smoking

• Atractylodes macrocephala
• Inflammation
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Regeneration
• Taraxacum herba

• Child
• Colitis, Ulcerative/diet therapy
• Colitis, Ulcerative/therapy
• Crohn Disease/therapy
• Dietary Supplements
• Enteral Nutrition
• Humans

Emerging evidence shows that dietary agents and phytochemicals contribute to the prevention and treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). We first reported the effects of dietary caffeic acid (CaA) on murine experimental colitis and on fecal microbiota. Colitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by administration of 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Mice were fed a control diet or diet with CaA (1 mM). Our results showed that dietary CaA exerted anti-inflammatory effects in DSS colitis mice. Moreover, CaA could significantly suppress the secretion of IL-6, TNFα, and IFNγ and the colonic infiltration of CD3⁺ T cells, CD177⁺ neutrophils and F4/80⁺ macrophages via inhibition of the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Analysis of fecal microbiota showed that CaA could restore the reduction of richness and inhibit the increase of the ratio of Firmicute to Bacteroidetes in DSS colitis mice. And CaA could dramatically increase the proportion of the mucin-degrading bacterium Akkermansia in DSS colitis mice. Thus, CaA could ameliorate colonic pathology and inflammation in DSS colitis mice, and it might be associated with a proportional increase in Akkermansia.

• Immune response
• Immunity
• Immunology and Microbiology Section
• NF-κB pathway
• caffeic acid
• dextran sulfate sodium
• fecal microbiota
• ulcerative colitis

• bioavailability
• inflammatory bowel disease
• mechanism
• metabolites
• resveratrol

• Animals
• Chronic Disease
• Claudin-1/metabolism
• Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced
• Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy
• Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism
• Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
• Colon/metabolism
• Colon/pathology
• Cytokines/metabolism
• Dextran Sulfate/toxicity
• Isothiocyanates/chemistry
• Isothiocyanates/pharmacology
• Lipocalin-2/metabolism
• Male
• Mice
• Moringa/chemistry
• NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism
• Nitric Oxide/metabolism
• Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
• Peroxidase/metabolism
• Plant Extracts/chemistry
• Plant Extracts/pharmacology
• Seeds/chemistry
• Spleen/metabolism
• Spleen/pathology
• Tight Junctions/metabolism
• Tight Junctions/pathology
• Zonula Occludens-1 Protein/metabolism

• K01 TW009987 FIC NIH HHS
• P50 AT002776 NCCIH NIH HHS
• R43 AT008628 NCCIH NIH HHS
• T32 AT004094 NCCIH NIH HHS
• SBIR grant from the National Institute of Health National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NIH-NCCIH)
• Partially from the NIH-NCCIH and NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (NIH-ODS), funding the Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center (BDSRC) of Pennington Biomedical Research Center
• NIH training grant

Chlorogenic acid (ChA)—one of the most abundant polyphenol compounds in the human diet—exerts anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ChA on gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis (UC). Colitis was induced by 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in C57BL/6 mice, which were on a control diet or diet with ChA (1 mM). The histopathological changes and inflammation were evaluated. Fecal samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. ChA attenuated several effects of DSS-induced colitis, including weight loss, increased disease activity index, and improved mucosal damage. Moreover, ChA could significantly suppress the secretion of IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-6 and the colonic infiltration of F4/80⁺ macrophages, CD3⁺ T cells, and CD177⁺ neutrophils via inhibition of the active NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, ChA decreased the proportion of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. ChA also enhanced a reduction in fecal microbiota diversity in DSS treated mice. Interestingly, ChA treatment markedly increased the proportion of the mucin-degrading bacterium Akkermansia in colitis mice. ChA acted as the intestine-modifying gut microbial community structure, resulting in a lower intestinal and systemic inflammation and also improving the course of the DSS-induced colitis, which is associated with a proportional increase in Akkermansia.

• Akkermansia
• chlorogenic acid
• colitis
• gut microbiota
• inflammation

• Animals
• Chlorogenic Acid/pharmacology
• Colitis/chemically induced
• Colitis/drug therapy
• Colon/pathology
• Dextran Sulfate/toxicity
• Feces/microbiology
• Female
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Random Allocation
• Verrucomicrobia/drug effects
• Verrucomicrobia/growth & development

Conventional therapies for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) involve combinations of pharmacologic agents such as aminosalicylates, azathioprine, and corticosteroids. Recently, the therapeutic scenario has been heavily increased by the introduction of agents including monoclonal antibodies targeted to specific proinflammatory cytokines, to adhesion molecules, and the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines and T-cell activation. However, the use of these drugs is accompanied by a certain number of side effects, with some of them being quite severe, rising concerns about the safety profile. Furthermore, the cost of these emerging therapeutic strategies is significant , considering the increasing incidence and the chronic trend of IBD. Nutraceuticals is a broad term used to describe any product derived from food sources claiming extra health benefits beyond the intrinsic nutritional value found in foods. The beneficial effects of nutraceutical compounds in human health have been emerging in the last decades. Although few clinical trials have been performed in IBD patients, nutraceuticals, such as herbal products or vitamins, are generally accepted as safer alternative/supplementation to conventional therapy. In vitro and IBD-animal models studies have shown their involvement in several biological processes, including antioxidant defenses, cell proliferation, gene expression, which could account for a role in the maintenance of the mucosal barrier integrity, the control of the inflammatory pathways and the modulation of the immune response. These data suggest a wide spectrum of positive effects exerted by nutraceuticals, with a high potential for a therapeutic use in humans. In the present review, the beneficial effects of the most investigated nutraceutical compounds in the setting of human IBD are discussed.

• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Ulcerative colitis
• Crohn’s disease
• Nutraceuticals
• Probiotics
• Phytochemicals
• Herbals
• Functional foods

• Animals
• Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
• Dietary Supplements
• Disease Models, Animal
• Gastrointestinal Agents/therapeutic use
• Humans
• Inflammation Mediators/immunology
• Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/drug therapy
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/immunology
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/metabolism
• Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
• Intestines/drug effects
• Intestines/immunology

This study was conducted to evaluate the biochemical effects of grape seed extract against dexamethasone-induced hepatic and renal dysfunction in a female albino rat. Twenty-eight adult female rats were divided randomly into four equal groups: Group 1: animals were injected subcutaneously with saline and consider as normal control one. Group 2: animals were injected subcutaneously with dexamethasone in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight. Group 3: animals were injected subcutaneously with 0.1 mg/kg body weight of dexamethasone, and then treated with a grape seed extract in a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage. Group 4: animals were injected subcutaneously with 0.1 mg/kg body weight of dexamethasone, and then treated with a grape seed extract in a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage. After 4 weeks, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, albumin, uric acid, creatinine, and glucose levels were assayed. Hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH), total protein content, and catalase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were also assayed. Dexamethasone administration caused elevation of serum levels of glucose, uric acid, creatinine, ALT, AST activities, and a decrease in other parameters such as hepatic glutathione, total protein levels, and catalase enzyme activity. Treatment with Vitis vinifera L. seed extract showed a significant increase in the body weight of rats in the group treated with Vitis vinifera L. seed extract orally compared with the dexamethasone control group. An increase in GSH and catalase activity in response to oral treatment with Vitis vinifera L. seed extract was observed after treatment. Grape seed extract positively affects glucocorticoid-induced hepatic and renal alteration in albino rats.

• GSH
• alteration
• catalase
• dexamethasone
• glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
• grape seed
• hepatic

• Acetic acid-induced colitis
• Ginger
• Interleukin-10
• Nuclear factor-κβ
• Serotonin
• Tumor necrosis factor-α

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal illness of autoimmune origin affecting millions across the globe. The most common subtypes include ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease. While many medical treatments for IBD exist, none come without the risk of significant immunosuppression and in general do not have benign side effect profiles. Surgical intervention exists only as radical resection for medically refractory UC. There exists a dire need for novel treatments that target the inherent pathophysiologic disturbances of IBD, rather than global immune suppression. One avenue of investigation that could provide such an agent is the interaction between certain dietary elements and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). The AHR is a cytosolic transcription factor with a rich history in environmental toxicant handling, however, recently a role has emerged for the AHR as a modulator of the gastrointestinal immune system. Studies have come to elucidate these effects to include the enhancement of T_h cell subset differentiation, interactions between enteric flora and the luminal wall, and modulation of inflammatory interleukin and cytokine signaling. This review highlights advancements in our understanding of AHR activity in the digestive tract and how this stimulation may be wrought by certain dietary “micronutriceuticals”, namely indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and its derivatives. Greater clarity surrounding these dynamics could lead to a novel diet-derived agonist of the AHR which is not only non-toxic, but also efficacious in the amelioration of clinical IBD.

• Inflammatory bowel diseases
• Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
• Mucosal immunity
• Dietary phytochemicals
• Autoimmune diseases

Numerous environmental factors have been linked with inflammatory bowel disease. These include smoking, diet, hygiene, drugs, geographical and psychosocial factors. These factors may either increase the risk of or protect against developing this condition and can also affect the course of illness in a positive or negative manner. A number of studies have examined the influence of environmental factors on inflammatory bowel diseases as a whole as well as on ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease separately. As there are differences in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, the effect of environmental factors on their onset and course is not always similar. Some factors have shown a consistent association, while reports on others have been conflicting. In this article we discuss the current evidence on the roles of these factors on inflammatory bowel disease, both as causative/protective agents and as modifiers of disease course.

• Environmental factors
• Crohn’s disease
• Ulcerative colitis
• Etiology
• Outcome

• Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis
• Colitis, Ulcerative/etiology
• Colitis, Ulcerative/therapy
• Crohn Disease/diagnosis
• Crohn Disease/etiology
• Crohn Disease/therapy
• Diet/adverse effects
• Environment
• Humans
• Hygiene
• Life Style
• Nutritional Status
• Prognosis
• Risk Assessment
• Risk Factors
• Smoking/adverse effects

Oxidative stress (OS) is considered as one of the etiologic factors involved in several signals and symptoms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that include diarrhea, toxic megacolon and abdominal pain. This systematic review discusses approaches, challenges and perspectives into the use of nontraditional antioxidant therapy on IBD, including natural and synthetic compounds in both human and animal models. One hundred and thirty four papers were identified, of which only four were evaluated in humans. Some of the challenges identified in this review can shed light on this fact: lack of standardization of OS biomarkers, absence of safety data and clinical trials for the chemicals and biological molecules, as well as the fact that most of the compounds were not repeatedly tested in several situations, including acute and chronic colitis. This review hopes to stimulate researchers to become more involved in this fruitful area, to warrant investigation of novel, alternative and efficacious antioxidant-based therapies.

•

Major biomarkers used for evaluation of antioxidant therapy were MPO, TBARS/MDA and glutathione levels.

• Antioxidant therapy
• Biomarkers
• Complementary and alternative medicine
• Crohn's disease
• Inflammatory bowel diseases
• Nutraceuticals
• Oxidative stress
• Ulcerative colitis

• Dairy allergy
• cow milk
• ulcerative colitis