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Hatefi A, Siavoshi F, Khalili-Samani S. Yeast's vacuole a privileged niche that protects intracellular bacteria against antibiotics. Arch Microbiol 2025; 207:82. [PMID: 40063265 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-025-04281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2025] [Revised: 02/19/2025] [Accepted: 02/20/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025]
Abstract
Detection of Helicobacter pylori, Staphylococcus, Nocardia and Cyanobacteria inside the yeast Candida tropicalis raised the question whether treating yeast with antibiotics mix (ABM) eliminates intracellular bacteria. Live/Dead staining showed occurrence of viable bacteria inside the vacuole of C. tropicalis. Amplification of bacterial 16S rRNA genes from yeast DNA with the size of 521, 750, 606 and 450 bp were similar to those from control H. pylori, Staphylococcus, Nocardia and Cyanobacteria, respectively. To eliminate intracellular bacteria yeast cultures in yeast-glucose (YG) broth were treated with 32-1024 μg/mL of ABM (amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, rifampin and metronidazole) for up to 24 h. Viability of treated yeast cells and their intracellular bacteria was assessed by colony count, Live/Dead staining and detection of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Colony count of C. tropicalis exposed to 32-256 μg/mL of ABM (4.39-9.63) or 512-1024 μg/mL (9.67-9.77) were similar to their respected controls (p > 0.05). Amplification of similar bacterial genes from treated yeasts and controls confirmed persistent occurrence of intracellular bacteria. Micrographs of yeasts treated with 32-256 μg/mL of ABM showed intact yeasts and intracellular bacteria, however those treated with 512 and 1024 μg/mL showed occurrence of < 10% and > 10% yellow damaged yeasts, respectively that accumulated yellow rifampin. Fluorescence microscopy showed that both intact and damaged yeasts carried live bacteria inside their vacuole. Culture of treated yeasts on YG agar produced colonies with totally intact yeasts and intracellular bacteria. Yeast extruded antibiotics and reduced their effective concentration for killing intracellular bacteria. Establishment of bacteria inside the fungal vacuole cannot be disrupted with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atousa Hatefi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saman Khalili-Samani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Fan Y, Chen X, Shan T, Wang N, Han Q, Ren B, Cheng L. Polymicrobial interactions of Helicobacter pylori and its role in the process of oral diseases. J Oral Microbiol 2025; 17:2469896. [PMID: 40013013 PMCID: PMC11864007 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2025.2469896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2024] [Revised: 01/12/2025] [Accepted: 02/14/2025] [Indexed: 02/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Objective Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection affects approximately 50% of the global population. The predominant route of H. pylori transmission is through the oral pathway, making the oral cavity highly significant in its infection. This review focuses on the relationship between H. pylori and oral diseases, the influence of H. pylori infection on the oral microbiota, and the potential mechanisms involving certain oral pathogens. Method To identify relevant studies, we conducted searches in PubMed, Google Scholar using keywords such as "Helicobacter pylori," "oral diseases, " "oral microorganisms, " without any date restrictions. The retrieved publications were subject to a review. Results H. pylori infection is positively correlated with the occurrence of various oral diseases, such as dental caries, periodontitis, and oral lichen planus. H. pylori may affect the oral microbiota through various mechanisms, and there exists an interactive relationship between H. pylori and oral bacteria, including Streptococcus, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), and Candida albicans (C. albicans). Conclusions H. pylori infection has a close relationship with certain oral diseases. H. pylori modulates oral microflora diversity and structure, while eradication therapy and medications have varying impacts on oral microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tiantian Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nanxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Kadkhodaei S, Hatefi A, Pedramnia S, Godini E, Khalili-Samani S, Saniee P, Sarrafnejad A, Salmanian AH, Sotoudeh M, Graham DY, Malekzadeh R, Siavoshi F. Role of Oral Yeast in Replenishing Gastric Mucosa with Yeast and Helicobacter pylori. Yeast 2024; 41:645-657. [PMID: 39548684 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/30/2024] [Indexed: 11/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationship between oral and gastric yeasts and their role in the colonization of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach was studied. Four groups of 221, 7, 44, and 10 patients were used for the isolation of H. pylori and oral and gastric yeasts. In Group 1, gastric biopsies were used for the isolation of H. pylori and yeast, rapid urease test (RUT), staining with Gram's and hematoxylin & eosin (H&E), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods. In the other three groups, DNAs extracted from H. pylori and yeasts were used for the amplification of H. pylori-specific genes. Wet mounts of yeasts in Group 2 were examined to observe intracellular bacteria and released EVs. Among 221 patients, 65 (29.3%) had oral yeast, 35 (15.8%) H. pylori, and 31 (14%) gastric yeast. Culture of oral yeasts showed a significant correlation with the detection of H. pylori by IHC (10.3%), Gram stain (9%), RUT (6.3%), H&E (4.9%), and culture (4%) (p < 0.05). Gram-stained biopsies showed the occurrence of yeast and H. pylori, and the release of EVs from yeast. Detection of similar H. pylori genes in oral and gastric yeasts from patients in Group 2 showed their common source. Oral yeasts in Groups 3 and 4 also carried H. pylori genes. Wet mount preparations of yeasts showed intracellular bacteria inside the yeast vacuole and the release of EVs that could carry H. pylori. Oral yeast protects its intracellular H. pylori and releases it inside EVs to safely reach gastric mucosa. Yeast, as the environmental reservoir of H. pylori, plays a crucial role in bacterial reinfection after successful eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kadkhodaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atousa Hatefi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Pedramnia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Godini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Khalili-Samani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Saniee
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolfattah Sarrafnejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali-Hatef Salmanian
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Sotoudeh
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - David Y Graham
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Chen ZH, Sun JC, Yang TX, Cui GZ. Ability of Helicobacter pylori to internalize into Candida. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:2281-2284. [PMID: 38690016 PMCID: PMC11056920 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i16.2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The following are our views regarding the "letter to the editor" (Helicobacter is preserved in yeast vacuoles! Does Koch's postulates confirm it?) by Alipour and Gaeini, and the response "letter to the editor" (Candida accommodates non-culturable Helicobacter pylori in its vacuole-Koch's postulates aren't applicable) by Siavoshi and Saniee. Alipour and Gaeini rejected the methods, results, discussion, and conclusions summarized in a review article by Siavoshi and Saniee. The present article reviews and discusses evidence on the evolutionary adaptation of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) to thrive in Candida cell vacuoles and concludes that Candida could act as a Trojan horse, transporting potentially infectious H. pylori into the stomach of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, Guizhou Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, Guizhou Province, China
- Joint Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori and Intestinal Microecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550009, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jian-Chao Sun
- Department of Quality Control, Guizhou Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratory, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ting-Xiu Yang
- Department of Hospital Infection and Management, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Gu-Zhen Cui
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, Guizhou Province, China
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Yang T, Li J, Zhang Y, Deng Z, Cui G, Yuan J, Sun J, Wu X, Hua D, Xiang S, Chen Z. Intracellular presence of Helicobacter pylori antigen and genes within gastric and vaginal Candida. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298442. [PMID: 38329956 PMCID: PMC10852334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori infections are generally acquired during childhood and affect half of the global population, but its transmission route remains unclear. It is reported that H. pylori can be internalized into Candida, but more evidence is needed for the internalization of H. pylori in human gastrointestinal Candida and vaginal Candida. METHODS Candida was isolated from vaginal discharge and gastric mucosa biopsies. We PCR-amplified and sequenced H. pylori-specific genes from Candida genomic DNA. Using optical and immunofluorescence microscopy, we identified and observed bacteria-like bodies (BLBs) in Candida isolates and subcultures. Intracellular H. pylori antigen were detected by immunofluorescence using Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled anti-H. pylori IgG antibodies. Urease activity in H. pylori internalized by Candida was detected by inoculating with urea-based Sabouraud dextrose agar, which changed the agar color from yellow to pink, indicating urease activity. RESULTS A total of 59 vaginal Candida and two gastric Candida strains were isolated from vaginal discharge and gastric mucosa. Twenty-three isolates were positive for H. pylori 16S rDNA, 12 were positive for cagA and 21 were positive for ureA. The BLBs could be observed in Candida cells, which were positive for H. pylori 16S rDNA, and were viable determined by the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability kit. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated antibodies could be reacted specifically with H. pylori antigen inside Candida cells by immunofluorescence. Finally, H. pylori-positive Candida remained positive for H. pylori 16S rDNA even after ten subcultures. Urease activity of H. pylori internalized by Candida was positive. CONCLUSION In the form of BLBs, H. pylori can internalize into gastric Candida and even vaginal Candida, which might have great significance in its transmission and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxiu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Science/Joint Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori and Intestinal Microecology of Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Hospital Infection and Management, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Research Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Science/Joint Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori and Intestinal Microecology of Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinyang Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Science/Joint Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori and Intestinal Microecology of Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, People’s Hospital of Qiannan Prefecture, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhaohui Deng
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Science/Joint Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori and Intestinal Microecology of Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guzhen Cui
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Science/Joint Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori and Intestinal Microecology of Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jianchao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Science/Joint Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori and Intestinal Microecology of Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Science/Joint Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori and Intestinal Microecology of Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Research Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Dengxiong Hua
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Science/Joint Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori and Intestinal Microecology of Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Song Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Science/Joint Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori and Intestinal Microecology of Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhenghong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Science/Joint Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori and Intestinal Microecology of Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Research Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University Guiyang, Guiyang, China
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Khan F, Jeong GJ, Javaid A, Thuy Nguyen Pham D, Tabassum N, Kim YM. Surface adherence and vacuolar internalization of bacterial pathogens to the Candida spp. cells: Mechanism of persistence and propagation. J Adv Res 2023; 53:115-136. [PMID: 36572338 PMCID: PMC10658324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The co-existence of Candida albicans with the bacteria in the host tissues and organs displays interactions at competitive, antagonistic, and synergistic levels. Several pathogenic bacteria take advantage of such types of interaction for their survival and proliferation. The chemical interaction involves the signaling molecules produced by the bacteria or Candida spp., whereas the physical attachment occurs by involving the surface proteins of the bacteria and Candida. In addition, bacterial pathogens have emerged to internalize inside the C. albicans vacuole, which is one of the inherent properties of the endosymbiotic relationship between the bacteria and the eukaryotic host. AIM OF REVIEW The interaction occurring by the involvement of surface protein from diverse bacterial species with Candida species has been discussed in detail in this paper. An in silico molecular docking study was performed between the surface proteins of different bacterial species and Als3P of C. albicans to explain the molecular mechanism involved in the Als3P-dependent interaction. Furthermore, in order to understand the specificity of C. albicans interaction with Als3P, the evolutionary relatedness of several bacterial surface proteins has been investigated. Furthermore, the environmental factors that influence bacterial pathogen internalization into the Candida vacuole have been addressed. Moreover, the review presented future perspectives for disrupting the cross-kingdom interaction and eradicating the endosymbiotic bacterial pathogens. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW With the involvement of cross-kingdom interactions and endosymbiotic relationships, the bacterial pathogens escape from the environmental stresses and the antimicrobial activity of the host immune system. Thus, the study of interactions between Candida and bacterial pathogens is of high clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Aqib Javaid
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, India
| | - Dung Thuy Nguyen Pham
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Wang F, Wang Z, Tang J. The interactions of Candida albicans with gut bacteria: a new strategy to prevent and treat invasive intestinal candidiasis. Gut Pathog 2023; 15:30. [PMID: 37370138 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota plays an important role in human health, as it can affect host immunity and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Invasive intestinal candidiasis is strongly associated with gut microbiota homeostasis. However, the nature of the interaction between Candida albicans and gut bacteria remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to determine the nature of interaction and the effects of gut bacteria on C. albicans so as to comprehend an approach to reducing intestinal invasive infection by C. albicans. METHODS This review examined 11 common gut bacteria's interactions with C. albicans, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Helicobacter pylori, Lactobacillus spp., Bacteroides spp., Clostridium difficile, and Streptococcus spp. RESULTS Most of the studied bacteria demonstrated both synergistic and antagonistic effects with C. albicans, and just a few bacteria such as P. aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., and Lactobacillus spp. demonstrated only antagonism against C. albicans. CONCLUSIONS Based on the nature of interactions reported so far by the literature between gut bacteria and C. albicans, it is expected to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of invasive intestinal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, 128 Ruili Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zetian Wang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, 128 Ruili Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, 128 Ruili Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Cappelli A, Damiani C, Capone A, Bozic J, Mensah P, Clementi E, Spaccapelo R, Favia G, Ricci I. Tripartite interactions comprising yeast-endobacteria systems in the gut of vector mosquitoes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1157299. [PMID: 37396392 PMCID: PMC10311912 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1157299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is shown that bacteria use yeast as a niche for survival in stressful conditions, therefore yeasts may act as temporary or permanent bacterial reservoirs. Endobacteria colonise the fungal vacuole of various osmotolerant yeasts which survive and multiply in sugar-rich sources such as plant nectars. Nectar-associated yeasts are present even in the digestive system of insects and often establish mutualistic symbioses with both hosts. Research on insect microbial symbioses is increasing but bacterial-fungal interactions are yet unexplored. Here, we have focused on the endobacteria of Wickerhamomyces anomalus (formerly Pichia anomala and Candida pelliculosa), an osmotolerant yeast associated with sugar sources and the insect gut. Symbiotic strains of W. anomalus influence larval development and contribute digestive processes in adults, in addition to exerting wide antimicrobial properties for host defence in diverse insects including mosquitoes. Antiplasmodial effects of W. anomalus have been shown in the gut of the female malaria vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi. This discovery highlights the potential of utilizing yeast as a promising tool for symbiotic control of mosquito-borne diseases. In the present study, we have carried out a large Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) metagenomics analysis including W. anomalus strains associated with vector mosquitoes Anopheles, Aedes and Culex, which has highlighted wide and heterogeneous EB communities in yeast. Furthermore, we have disclosed a Matryoshka-like association in the gut of A stephensi that comprises different EB in the strain of W. anomalus WaF17.12. Our investigations started with the localization of fast-moving bacteria-like bodies within the yeast vacuole of WaF17.12. Additional microscopy analyses have validated the presence of alive intravacuolar bacteria and 16S rDNA libraries from WaF17.12 have identified a few bacterial targets. Some of these EB have been isolated and tested for lytic properties and capability to re-infect the yeast cell. Moreover, a selective competence to enter yeast cell has been shown comparing different bacteria. We suggested possible tripartite interactions among EB, W. anomalus and the host, opening new knowledge on the vector biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cappelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Camerino, Italy
| | - Claudia Damiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Camerino, Italy
| | - Aida Capone
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Camerino, Italy
| | - Jovana Bozic
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Priscilla Mensah
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Camerino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Clementi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberta Spaccapelo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Functional Genomic Center (C.U.R.Ge.F), Perugia, Italy
| | - Guido Favia
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Camerino, Italy
| | - Irene Ricci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Camerino, Italy
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Hartmann P, Schnabl B. Fungal infections and the fungal microbiome in hepatobiliary disorders. J Hepatol 2023; 78:836-851. [PMID: 36565724 PMCID: PMC10033447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Liver and biliary diseases affect more than a billion people worldwide, with high associated morbidity and mortality. The impact of the intestinal bacterial microbiome on liver diseases has been well established. However, the fungal microbiome, or mycobiome, has been overlooked for a long time. Recently, several studies have shed light on the role of the mycobiome in the development and progression of hepatobiliary diseases. In particular, the fungal genus Candida has been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple hepatobiliary conditions. Herein, we compare colonisation and infection, describe mycobiome findings in the healthy state and across the various hepatobiliary conditions, and point toward communalities. We detail how quantitation of immune responses to fungal antigens can be employed to predict disease severity, e.g. using antibodies to Saccharomyces cerevisiae or specific anti-Candida albicans antibodies. We also show how fungal products (e.g. beta-glucans, candidalysin) activate the host's immune system to exacerbate liver and biliary diseases. Finally, we describe how the gut mycobiome can be modulated to ameliorate hepatobiliary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillipp Hartmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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10
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Bačić A, Milivojević V, Petković I, Kekić D, Gajić I, Medić Brkić B, Popadić D, Milosavljević T, Rajilić-Stojanović M. In Search for Reasons behind Helicobacter pylori Eradication Failure-Assessment of the Antibiotics Resistance Rate and Co-Existence of Helicobacter pylori with Candida Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:328. [PMID: 36983496 PMCID: PMC10056355 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori eradication is characterized by decreasing successful eradication rates. Although treatment failure is primarily associated with resistance to antibiotics, other unknown factors may influence the eradication outcome. This study aimed to assess the presence of the antibiotics resistance genes in H. pylori and the presence of Candida spp., which are proposed to be endosymbiotic hosts of H. pylori, in gastric biopsies of H. pylori-positive patients while simultaneously assessing their relationship. The detection and identification of Candida yeasts and the detection of mutations specific for clarithromycin and fluoroquinolones were performed by using the real-time PCR (RT-PCR) method on DNA extracted from 110 gastric biopsy samples of H. pylori-positive participants. Resistance rate to clarithromycin and fluoroquinolone was 52% and 47%, respectively. Antibiotic resistance was associated with more eradication attempts (p < 0.05). Candida species were detected in nine (8.18%) patients. Candida presence was associated with older age (p < 0.05). A high rate of antibiotic resistance was observed, while Candida presence was scarce, suggesting that endosymbiosis between H. pylori and Candida may not be a major contributing factor to the eradication failure. However, the older age favored Candida gastric mucosa colonization, which could contribute to gastric pathologies and microbiome dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bačić
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Milivojević
- Clinic for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Isidora Petković
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Kekić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute for Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ina Gajić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute for Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branislava Medić Brkić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute for Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Popadić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute for Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Mirjana Rajilić-Stojanović
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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11
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Ebrahimi H, Siavoshi F, Jazayeri MH, Sarrafnejad A, Saniee P, Mobini M. Physicochemical properties of intact fungal cell wall determine vesicles release and nanoparticles internalization. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13834. [PMID: 36873462 PMCID: PMC9981904 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous microscopic observations on the wet mount of cultured Candida yeast showed release of large extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contained intracellular bacteria (∼500-5000 nm). We used Candida tropicalis, to examine the internalization of nanoparticles (NPs) with different properties to find out whether the size and flexibility of both EVs and cell wall pores play role in transport of large particles across the cell wall. Candida tropicalis was cultured in N-acetylglucoseamine-yeast extract broth (NYB) and examined for release of EVs every 12 h by the light microscope. The yeast was also cultured in NYB supplemented with of 0.1%, 0.01% of Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled NPs; gold (0.508 mM/L and 0.051 mM/L) (45, 70 and 100 nm), albumin (0.0015 mM/L and 0.015 mM/L) (100 nm) and Fluospheres (0.2 and 0.02%) (1000 and 2000 nm). Internalization of NPs was recorded with fluorescence microscope after 30 s to 120 min. Release of EVs mostly occurred at 36 h and concentration of 0.1% was the best for internalization of NPs that occurred at 30 s after treatment. Positively charged 45 nm NPs internalized into >90% of yeasts but 100 nm gold NPs destroyed them. However, 70 nm gold and 100 nm negatively-charged albumin were internalized into <10% of yeasts without destroying them. Inert Fluospheres either remained intact on the surface of yeasts or became degraded and internalized into ∼100% of yeasts. Release of large EVs from the yeast but internalization of 45 nm NPs indicated that flexibility of EVs and cell wall pores as well as physicochemical properties of NPs determine transport across the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Ebrahimi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Hadi Jazayeri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolfattah Sarrafnejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Saniee
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mobini
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Duan M, Li Y, Liu J, Zhang W, Dong Y, Han Z, Wan M, Lin M, Lin B, Kong Q, Ding Y, Yang X, Zuo X, Li Y. Transmission routes and patterns of helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2023; 28:e12945. [PMID: 36645421 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the stomach, can cause chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers, as well as gastric cancer as a Class I carcinogen. However, the modes of H. pylori transmission are not clear. This review aims to clarify the transmission routes and patterns of H. pylori and identify efficacious prevention measures. METHODS Studies of H. pylori transmission were identified using PubMed, the Web of Science, and Cochrane Central; the retrieval deadline was October 2022. RESULTS The transmission routes of H. pylori are discussed, focusing on the five primary transmission routes, namely fecal-oral, oral-oral, gastric-oral, anal-oral, and genital-oral. We propose that H. pylori is contracted through multiple transmission routes. Additionally, we summarize the key transmission patterns of H. pylori, including person-to-person and animal-to-human transmission, as well as foodborne and occupational exposure. CONCLUSION Fecal-oral appears to be the most common H. pylori transmission routes. Although the oral-oral pathway is also important, the evidence does not support that this route of transmission is universal. The gastric-oral route occurs primarily in children and patients who are prone to vomiting. Meanwhile, the anal-oral and genital-oral routes remain hypothetical. Person-to-person and foodborne infections represent the predominant transmission patterns of H. pylori, whereas strong environmental and occupational limitations are associated with animal-to-human and occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumor, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yueyue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumor, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumor, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenlin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumor, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhongxue Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumor, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumor, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Minjuan Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumor, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Boshen Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumor, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qingzhou Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumor, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuming Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumor, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiuli Zuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumor, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanqing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumor, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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13
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Jaswal K, Todd OA, Behnsen J. Neglected gut microbiome: interactions of the non-bacterial gut microbiota with enteric pathogens. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2226916. [PMID: 37365731 PMCID: PMC10305517 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2226916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A diverse array of commensal microorganisms inhabits the human intestinal tract. The most abundant and most studied members of this microbial community are undoubtedly bacteria. Their important role in gut physiology, defense against pathogens, and immune system education has been well documented over the last decades. However, the gut microbiome is not restricted to bacteria. It encompasses the entire breadth of microbial life: viruses, archaea, fungi, protists, and parasitic worms can also be found in the gut. While less studied than bacteria, their divergent but important roles during health and disease have become increasingly more appreciated. This review focuses on these understudied members of the gut microbiome. We will detail the composition and development of these microbial communities and will specifically highlight their functional interactions with enteric pathogens, such as species of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The interactions can be direct through physical interactions, or indirect through secreted metabolites or modulation of the immune response. We will present general concepts and specific examples of how non-bacterial gut communities modulate bacterial pathogenesis and present an outlook for future gut microbiome research that includes these communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Jaswal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Olivia A Todd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judith Behnsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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14
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Zhang L, Zhao M, Fu X. Gastric microbiota dysbiosis and Helicobacter pylori infection. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1153269. [PMID: 37065152 PMCID: PMC10098173 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1153269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is one of the most common causes of gastric disease. The persistent increase in antibiotic resistance worldwide has made H. pylori eradication challenging for clinicians. The stomach is unsterile and characterized by a unique niche. Communication among microorganisms in the stomach results in diverse microbial fitness, population dynamics, and functional capacities, which may be positive, negative, or neutral. Here, we review gastric microecology, its imbalance, and gastric diseases. Moreover, we summarize the relationship between H. pylori and gastric microecology, including non-H. pylori bacteria, fungi, and viruses and the possibility of facilitating H. pylori eradication by gastric microecology modulation, including probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, synbiotics, and microbiota transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiangsheng Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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15
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Grima P, Urciuoli C, Simone G, Palazzo AG, Nuzzo M, Quarta M, Carraturo I, Maci AM, Marinaci S, Portaccio G, Guido M, Zizza A, Romano A. Fatal Listeria monocytogenes septicemia and meningitis complicated by Candida glabrata fungemia: a case report. Curr Med Res Opin 2022; 38:2119-2121. [PMID: 36053118 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2022.2120689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacteria and etiological agent of listeriosis. It has the ability to colonize the intestinal lumen and cross the intestinal, blood-brain, and placental barriers, leading to invasive listeriosis responsible for septicemia and meningitis in subjects at risk such as patients with diabetes mellitus, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals and, for maternal-neonatal infection in pregnant women. We report a rare case of L. monocytogenes septicemia and meningitis complicated by Candida glabrata fungemia on a patient with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, hypertension, chronic kidney failure, chronic ischemic vascular encephalopathy, and atrial fibrillation. Although adequate therapy was rapidly started with an initial partial clinical improvement, the patient suddenly experienced clinical worsening concomitantly with Candida septicemia resulting in a fatal outcome. To our knowledge, this is the first described case of an invasive L. monocytogenes infection complicated by Candida sepsis. We hypothesize that concomitant Candida infection may play a significant role in the pathogenesis and virulence of L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caterina Urciuoli
- Operative Unit of Infectious Diseases, "V. Fazzi" Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Simone
- Operative Unit of Infectious Diseases, "V. Fazzi" Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Milva Nuzzo
- Operative Unit of Infectious Diseases, "V. Fazzi" Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | - Maurizio Quarta
- Operative Unit of Infectious Diseases, "V. Fazzi" Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Maci
- Operative Unit of Infectious Diseases, "V. Fazzi" Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | - Salvatore Marinaci
- Operative Unit of Infectious Diseases, "V. Fazzi" Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | - Gerolamo Portaccio
- Operative Unit of Infectious Diseases, "V. Fazzi" Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | - Marcello Guido
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Sciences, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonella Zizza
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Lecce, Italy
| | - Anacleto Romano
- Operative Unit of Infectious Diseases, "V. Fazzi" Hospital, Lecce, Italy
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16
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Hiengrach P, Panpetch W, Chindamporn A, Leelahavanichkul A. Helicobacter pylori, Protected from Antibiotics and Stresses Inside Candida albicans Vacuoles, Cause Gastritis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8568. [PMID: 35955701 PMCID: PMC9368807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to (i) the simultaneous presence of Helicobacter pylori (ulcer-induced bacteria) and Candida albicans in the stomach and (ii) the possibility of prokaryotic-eukaryotic endosymbiosis (intravacuolar H. pylori in the yeast cells) under stresses, we tested this symbiosis in vitro and in vivo. To that end, intravacuolar H. pylori were induced by the co-incubation of C. albicans with H. pylori under several stresses (acidic pH, non-H. pylori-enrichment media, and aerobic environments); the results were detectable by direct microscopy (wet mount) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Indeed, intravacuolar H. pylori were predominant under all stresses, especially the lower pH level (pH 2-3). Interestingly, the H. pylori (an amoxicillin-sensitive strain) inside C. albicans were protected from the antibiotic (amoxicillin), while extracellular H. pylori were neutralizable, as indicated by the culture. In parallel, the oral administration of intravacuolar H. pylori in mice caused H. pylori colonization in the stomach resulting in gastritis, as indicated by gastric histopathology and tissue cytokines, similar to the administration of free H. pylori (extra-Candida bacteria). In conclusion, Candida protected H. pylori from stresses and antibiotics, and the intravacuolar H. pylori were able to be released from the yeast cells, causing gastric inflammation with neutrophil accumulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratsanee Hiengrach
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (W.P.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wimonrat Panpetch
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (W.P.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ariya Chindamporn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (W.P.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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17
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Heydari S, Malekzadeh R, Jazayeri MH, Sarrafnejad A, Siavoshi F. Detection of peptidoglycan in yeast as a marker for the presence or abundance of intracellular Helicobacter pylori and Staphylococcus. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:407. [PMID: 35726098 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) was targeted as the marker for bacterial occurrence inside yeast. Detection of only few bacteria in old and new generations of yeast raised the question of how yeast controls the abundance of its intracellular bacteria. One gastric C. tropicalis that showed concurrence of H. pylori and Staphylococcus 16S rDNA was stained for assessing the viability of intracellular bacteria. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled anti-PG monoclonal antibody (APGMAb) was used for detection of PG inside yeast by direct immunofluorescence. APGMAb-coated magnetic beads were used for separation of bacteria from disrupted yeasts. Bead-bound bacteria were separated, fixed, stained, and examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Bead-bound bacteria were cultured and identified by amplification and sequencing of 16S rDNA. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated occurrence of few live bacteria inside yeast cells. FITC- APGMAb interacted with PG of intracellular bacteria, appearing as few green spots in mother and daughter yeast cells. Interestingly, PG fragments were also detected in the exterior of yeast cells. SEM observations showed separated bead-bound bacilli and cocci. Culture of Staphylococcus was positive. Sequencing results confirmed identity of separated bacteria as H. pylori and Staphylococcus. PG detected inside yeast may have belonged to H. pylori, Staphylococcus or any other intracellular bacteria that coexisted in yeast as its microbiome. Detection of only few intracellular bacteria in old and new generations of yeast as well as PG fragments in their exterior suggested that yeast controls the abundance of its intracellular bacteria at low rate by hydrolysis and exporting of PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Heydari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Hadi Jazayeri
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolfattah Sarrafnejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Wani AK, Akhtar N, Sher F, Navarrete AA, Américo-Pinheiro JHP. Microbial adaptation to different environmental conditions: molecular perspective of evolved genetic and cellular systems. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:144. [PMID: 35044532 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02757-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms are ubiquitous on Earth and can inhabit almost every environment. In a complex heterogeneous environment or in face of ecological disturbance, the microbes adjust to fluctuating environmental conditions through a cascade of cellular and molecular systems. Their habitats differ from cold microcosms of Antarctica to the geothermal volcanic areas, terrestrial to marine, highly alkaline zones to the extremely acidic areas and freshwater to brackish water sources. The diverse ecological microbial niches are attributed to the versatile, adaptable nature under fluctuating temperature, nutrient availability and pH of the microorganisms. These organisms have developed a series of mechanisms to face the environmental changes and thereby keep their role in mediate important ecosystem functions. The underlying mechanisms of adaptable microbial nature are thoroughly investigated at the cellular, genetic and molecular levels. The adaptation is mediated by a spectrum of processes like natural selection, genetic recombination, horizontal gene transfer, DNA damage repair and pleiotropy-like events. This review paper provides the fundamentals insight into the microbial adaptability besides highlighting the molecular network of microbial adaptation under different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Khurshid Wani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Nahid Akhtar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Farooq Sher
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
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19
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Multiple surface interaction mechanisms direct the anchoring, co-aggregation and formation of dual-species biofilm between Candida albicans and Helicobacter pylori. J Adv Res 2022; 35:169-185. [PMID: 35024198 PMCID: PMC8721356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Polymicrobial biofilms have a significant impact on pathogenesis of infectious microorganisms. Many human diseases are affected by colonization of multi-species communities affecting negatively the treatments and increase the risks for the health. In particular, in the epithelium of the stomach co-existence between C. albicans and H. pylori has been described, which has been associated to a synergistic effect on ulcer pathogenesis. Objective The objective of this work was to advance in the understanding of surface interaction between H. pylori and C. albicans for the formation of polymicrobial biofilms. Methods Studies of microbial surfaces both bacterium, yeast and co-cultures of them were carried out by infrared spectroscopy, deconvolution analysis, transmission and scanning electron microscopies, and optic microscopy. Additional methods were used to contrast the results as dynamic light scattering, contact angle, agarose gel electrophoresis and gene amplification. Results Several surface interaction mechanisms promote the anchoring of H. pylori on C. albicans, cell co-aggregation, and polymicrobial biofilm formation, main identified interactions were: (i) hydrophobic interactions between non-polar peptide chains and lipid structures, characterized by θw among 84.9 ± 1.6 (γ = 22.78 mJ/m2 with 95.3 of dispersive contribution) and 76.6 ± 3.8 (γ = 17.34 mJ/m2, 40.2 of dispersive contribution) for C. albicans and H. pylori, respectively, (ii) hydrogen bonds between surface components of yeast and bacterium (e.g., -S-H⋅⋅⋅NH2- or -S-H⋅⋅⋅O[bond, double bond]CO-) and (iii) thiol-mediated surface interactions identified by displacements to lower wavenumbers (Δv = 5 cm-1). Evidence of internalization and electrostatic interactions were not evidenced. All observations were congruent with the biofilm formation, including the identification of small-size biostructures (i.e., 122-459 nm) associated with extracellular proteins, extracellular DNA, or outer membrane vesicles were observed characteristic of biofilm formation. Conclusion It is concluded that biofilm is formed by co-aggregation after anchoring of H. pylori on C. albicans. Several surface interactions were associated with the prevalence of H. pylori, the possibility to find C. albicans in the stomach epithelium infected by H. pylori, but also, strength interactions could be interfering in experimental observations associated with bacterial-DNA detection in culture mixtures.
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Sánchez-Alonzo K, Silva-Mieres F, Arellano-Arriagada L, Parra-Sepúlveda C, Bernasconi H, Smith CT, Campos VL, García-Cancino A. Nutrient Deficiency Promotes the Entry of Helicobacter pylori Cells into Candida Yeast Cells. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:426. [PMID: 34065788 PMCID: PMC8151769 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, a Gram-negative bacterium, has as a natural niche the human gastric epithelium. This pathogen has been reported to enter into Candida yeast cells; however, factors triggering this endosymbiotic relationship remain unknown. The aim of this work was to evaluate in vitro if variations in nutrient concentration in the cultured medium trigger the internalization of H. pylori within Candida cells. We used H. pylori-Candida co-cultures in Brucella broth supplemented with 1%, 5% or 20% fetal bovine serum or in saline solution. Intra-yeast bacteria-like bodies (BLBs) were observed using optical microscopy, while intra-yeast BLBs were identified as H. pylori using FISH and PCR techniques. Intra-yeast H. pylori (BLBs) viability was confirmed using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability kit. Intra-yeast H. pylori was present in all combinations of bacteria-yeast strains co-cultured. However, the percentages of yeast cells harboring bacteria (Y-BLBs) varied according to nutrient concentrations and also were strain-dependent. In conclusion, reduced nutrients stresses H. pylori, promoting its entry into Candida cells. The starvation of both H. pylori and Candida strains reduced the percentages of Y-BLBs, suggesting that starving yeast cells may be less capable of harboring stressed H. pylori cells. Moreover, the endosymbiotic relationship between H. pylori and Candida is dependent on the strains co-cultured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Sánchez-Alonzo
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (K.S.-A.); (F.S.-M.); (L.A.-A.); (C.P.-S.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Fabiola Silva-Mieres
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (K.S.-A.); (F.S.-M.); (L.A.-A.); (C.P.-S.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Luciano Arellano-Arriagada
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (K.S.-A.); (F.S.-M.); (L.A.-A.); (C.P.-S.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Cristian Parra-Sepúlveda
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (K.S.-A.); (F.S.-M.); (L.A.-A.); (C.P.-S.); (C.T.S.)
| | | | - Carlos T. Smith
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (K.S.-A.); (F.S.-M.); (L.A.-A.); (C.P.-S.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Víctor L. Campos
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
| | - Apolinaria García-Cancino
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (K.S.-A.); (F.S.-M.); (L.A.-A.); (C.P.-S.); (C.T.S.)
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Antibiotics as a Stressing Factor Triggering the Harboring of Helicobacter pylori J99 within Candida albicans ATCC10231. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030382. [PMID: 33806815 PMCID: PMC8004595 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
First-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori includes amoxicillin and clarithromycin or metronidazole plus a proton pump inhibitor. Treatment failure is associated with antibiotic resistance and possibly also with internalization of H. pylori into eukaryotic cells, such as yeasts. Factors triggering the entry of H. pylori into yeast are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether clarithromycin or amoxicillin trigger the entry of H. pylori into C. albicans cells. METHODS H. pylori J99 and C. albicans ATCC 10231 were co-cultured in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of amoxicillin and clarithromycin as stressors. Bacterial-bearing yeasts were observed by fresh examination. The viability of bacteria within yeasts was evaluated, confirming the entry of bacteria into Candida, amplifying, by PCR, the H. pylori16S rRNA gene in total yeast DNA. RESULTS Amoxicillin significantly increased the entry of H. pylori into C. albicans compared to the control. CONCLUSION the internalization of H. pylori into C. albicans in the presence of antibiotics is dependent on the type of antibiotic used, and it suggests that a therapy including amoxicillin may stimulate the entry of the bacterium into Candida, thus negatively affecting the success of the treatment.
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Crossing Kingdoms: How the Mycobiota and Fungal-Bacterial Interactions Impact Host Health and Disease. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00648-20. [PMID: 33526565 PMCID: PMC8090948 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00648-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The term “microbiota” invokes images of mucosal surfaces densely populated with bacteria. These surfaces and the luminal compartments they form indeed predominantly harbor bacteria. The term “microbiota” invokes images of mucosal surfaces densely populated with bacteria. These surfaces and the luminal compartments they form indeed predominantly harbor bacteria. However, research from this past decade has started to complete the picture by focusing on important but largely neglected constituents of the microbiota: fungi, viruses, and archaea. The community of commensal fungi, also called the mycobiota, interacts with commensal bacteria and the host. It is thus not surprising that changes in the mycobiota have significant impact on host health and are associated with pathological conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this review we will give an overview of why the mycobiota is an important research area and different mycobiota research tools. We will specifically focus on distinguishing transient and actively colonizing fungi of the oral and gut mycobiota and their roles in health and disease. In addition to correlative and observational studies, we will discuss mechanistic studies on specific cross-kingdom interactions of fungi, bacteria, and the host.
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Castro-Seriche S, Jerez-Morales A, Smith CT, Sánchez-Alonzo K, García-Cancino A. Candida albicans, a reservoir of Listeria monocytogenes? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 90:104779. [PMID: 33639305 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogen causing serious or mortal infections in human risk populations. Its infectivity is in part due to its ability to infect diverse eukaryotic cells. Since several bacteria can enter into yeast cells, including Candida albicans, the aims of this work were to evaluate if L. monocytogenes was able to harbor, retaining its viability, within C. albicans cells and to evaluate the effect of temperature and an antibiotic as stressing factors in its rate of entry into yeast cells. Both microorganisms were co-incubated in BHI broth during 48 h and the entry of bacteria into yeast cells was evaluated at different times. Then, yeasts free of extracellular bacteria were obtained seeding samples of the co-culture on YGC agar, which contains chloramphenicol, to obtain extracellular bacteria-free yeasts. These extracellular bacteria free yeasts were used to search for bacterial DNA in total yeast DNA and to evaluate the viability of intra-yeast bacteria. Finally, the effect of temperature and of chloramphenicol as inducers of stress on the rate of bacterial entry into yeast cells were investigated. After co-culturing both microorganisms, wet mount optical microscopy showed the presence of moving bacteria within yeasts and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of intra-yeast bacteria. PCR allowed to amplify L. monocytogenes iap gene in C. albicans total DNA obtained from yeasts free of extracellular bacteria. Moreover, the SYTO 9 green fluorescence observed in bacterial cells within vacuoles of yeasts suggests that intra-yeast bacteria remain viable. Furthermore, the entry of L. monocytogenes into yeasts cells was favored by the presence of stressing factors (chloramphenicol and temperature). Therefore, yeasts may be reservoirs of viable L. monocytogenes and might spread them to the following generations of yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Castro-Seriche
- Bacterial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alonso Jerez-Morales
- Bacterial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos T Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Kimberly Sánchez-Alonzo
- Bacterial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Apolinaria García-Cancino
- Bacterial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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Intracellular Presence of Helicobacter pylori and Its Virulence-Associated Genotypes within the Vaginal Yeast of Term Pregnant Women. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010131. [PMID: 33430099 PMCID: PMC7827377 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Helicobacter pylori transmission routes are not entirely elucidated. Since yeasts are postulated to transmit this pathogen, this study aimed to detect and genotype intracellular H. pylori harbored within vaginal yeast cells. METHODS A questionnaire was used to determine risk factors of H. pylori infection. Samples were seeded on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and horse blood-supplemented Columbia agar. Isolated yeasts were identified using and observed by optical microscopy searching for intra-yeast H. pylori. Total yeast DNA, from one random sample, was extracted to search for H. pylori virulence genes by PCR and bacterial identification by sequencing. RESULTS 43% of samples contained yeasts, mainly Candida albicans (91%). Microscopy detected bacteria such as bodies and anti-H. pylori antibodies binding particles in 50% of the isolated yeasts. Total DNA extracted showed that 50% of the isolated yeasts were positive for H. pylori 16S rDNA and the sequence showed 99.8% similarity with H. pylori. In total, 32% of H. pylori DNA positive samples were cagA+ vacAs1a vacAm1 dupA-. No relationship was observed between possible H. pylori infection risk factors and vaginal yeasts harboring this bacterium. CONCLUSION
H. pylori having virulent genotypes were detected within vaginal yeasts constituting a risk for vertical transmission of this pathogen.
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Sánchez-Alonzo K, Parra-Sepúlveda C, Vergara L, Bernasconi H, García-Cancino A. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in oral yeasts from students of a Chilean university. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 66:1509-1514. [PMID: 33295401 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.66.11.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nearly 73% of the Chilean population is infected with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a factor predisposing for gastric cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of this pathogen within yeasts, suggesting that this fact can directly influence the failure of a treatment, transmission, and reinfection. AIM To detect the presence of H. pylori inside oral yeasts isolated from students of the University of Concepción (Chile). METHODS 72 samples, obtained from the oral cavity using cotton swabs were incubated in YPD broth for 48h at 37°C and posteriorly seeded in Sabouraud Dextrose agar plus chloramphenicol at the same temperature and for the same time. Yeasts isolated were observed microscopically (wet mounting and Gram-stained) and identified using microbiological techniques. Intracellular H. pylori detection was performed by the amplification of 16S rDNA by PCR. RESULTS Oral yeasts were detected in 24 samples (33.3%), being C. albicans (79.2%) the most frequent species, followed by C. dubliniensis (12.4%), C. krusei (4.2%), and C. tropicalis (4.2%). When analyzed by PCR, 15 of the 24 oral yeasts 62.5 % were positive for H. pylori 16S rDNA. From the 15 individuals positive for yeast harboring H. pylori, 81% of them reported stomach discomfort, and the presence of the bacteria was diagnosed at some moment in 20% of them. CONCLUSION The intracellular presence of the H. pylori in oral yeasts suggests an endosymbiotic relationship of these microorganisms, which could favor H. pylori transmission and reinfection in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Sánchez-Alonzo
- Laboratorio de Patogenicidad Bacteriana, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, región del Biobío, Chile
| | - Cristian Parra-Sepúlveda
- Laboratorio de Patogenicidad Bacteriana, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, región del Biobío, Chile
| | - Lorena Vergara
- Departamento de Odontología Restauradora, Facultad de Odontología. Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Apolinaria García-Cancino
- Laboratorio de Patogenicidad Bacteriana, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, región del Biobío, Chile
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Heydari S, Siavoshi F, Jazayeri MH, Sarrafnejad A, Saniee P. Helicobacter pylori release from yeast as a vesicle-encased or free bacterium. Helicobacter 2020; 25:e12725. [PMID: 32666589 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yeast has been suggested as a potent reservoir of H. pylori that facilitates bacterial spread within human populations. What mechanism ensures effective H. pylori release from yeast? Here, H. pylori release from yeast as a vesicle-encased or free bacterium was studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Liquid culture of Candida yeast was examined by light, fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy methods to observe the released vesicles. Vesicles were isolated and examined by TEM. Immunogold labeling was used for detection of H. pylori-specific proteins in vesicles' membrane. Free bacterial cells, released from yeast, were separated by immunomagnetic separation and observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). DNA of bead-bound bacteria was used for amplification of H. pylori-16S rDNA. Viability of bead-bound bacteria was examined by live/dead stain and cultivation on Brucella blood agar. RESULTS Microscopic observations showed that vesicles contained bacterium-like structures. Thin sections showed release of vesicle-encased or free bacterium from yeast. Immunogold labeling revealed occurrence of H. pylori proteins in vesicles' membrane. FESEM showed attachment of H. pylori cells to magnetic beads. Sequencing of 521 bp PCR product confirmed the identity of bead-bound H. pylori. Live/dead staining showed viability of bead-bound H. pylori but the result of culture was negative. CONCLUSIONS Escape of intracellular H. pylori from yeast as a membrane-bound or free bacterium indicates that H. pylori uses safe exit mechanisms that do not damage the host which is the principle of symbiotic associations. In human stomach, certain conditions may stimulate yeast cells to release H. pylori as a vesicle-encased or free bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Heydari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Hadi Jazayeri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolfattah Sarrafnejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Saniee
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Siavoshi F, Sahraee M, Heydari S, Sarrafnejad A, Saniee P, Tavakolian A, Heidarian S. Sugar-Rich Foods Carry Osmotolerant Yeasts with Intracellular Helicobacter Pylori and Staphylococcus spp. Middle East J Dig Dis 2020; 12:182-193. [PMID: 33062224 PMCID: PMC7548095 DOI: 10.34172/mejdd.2020.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugar-rich foods are of the main components of daily human meals. These foods with high sugar and low water content kill bacteria. However, osmotolerant yeasts survive and multiply. The aim of this study was to examine the occurrence of intracellular Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and Staphylococcus spp. in yeast isolates from sugar-rich foods. METHODS Thirty-two yeast isolates from fresh fruits, dried fruits, commercial foods, and miscellaneous foods were identified by the sequencing of amplified products of 26S rDNA. Fluorescence microscopy and LIVE/DEAD bacterial viability kit were used to examine the occurrence of live bacteria inside the yeast's vacuole. Immunofluorescence assay was used to confirm the identity of intracellular bacteria as H. pylori and Staphylococcus . Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the detection of 16S rDNA of H. pylori and Staphylococcus in the total DNA of yeasts. RESULTS Yeasts were identified as members of seven genera; Candida, Saccharomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Pichia, Meyerozyma, Metschnikowia, and Wickerhamomyces. Intravacuolar bacteria were stained green with a bacterial viability kit, revealing that they were alive. Immunofluorescence assay confirmed the identity of intracellular H. pylori and Staphylococcus spp. PCR results revealed that among the 32 isolated yeasts, 53% were H. pylori -positive, 6% were Staphylococcus -positive, 18.7% were positive for both, and 21.8% were negative for both. CONCLUSION Detection of H. pylori - and Staphylococcus -16S rDNA in yeast isolates from dried fruits, and commercial foods showed the occurrence of more than one kind of endosymbiotic bacterium in yeasts' vacuoles. While the establishment of H. pylori and Staphylococcus in yeast is a sophisticated survival strategy, yeast serves as a potent bacterial reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Sahraee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Heydari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolfattah Sarrafnejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Saniee
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Tavakolian
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sheida Heidarian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Rajilic-Stojanovic M, Figueiredo C, Smet A, Hansen R, Kupcinskas J, Rokkas T, Andersen L, Machado JC, Ianiro G, Gasbarrini A, Leja M, Gisbert JP, Hold GL. Systematic review: gastric microbiota in health and disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 51:582-602. [PMID: 32056247 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori is the most infamous constituent of the gastric microbiota and its presence is the strongest risk factor for gastric cancer and other gastroduodenal diseases. Although historically the healthy stomach was considered a sterile organ, we now know it is colonised with a complex microbiota. However, its role in health and disease is not well understood. AIM To systematically explore the literature on the gastric microbiota in health and disease as well as the gut microbiota after bariatric surgery. METHODS A systematic search of online bibliographic databases MEDLINE/EMBASE was performed between 1966 and February 2019 with screening in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Randomised controlled trials, cohort studies and observational studies were included if they reported next-generation sequencing derived microbiota analysis on gastric aspirate/tissue or stool samples (bariatric surgical outcomes). RESULTS Sixty-five papers were eligible for inclusion. With the exception of H pylori-induced conditions, overarching gastric microbiota signatures of health or disease could not be determined. Gastric carcinogenesis induces a progressively altered microbiota with an enrichment of oral and intestinal taxa as well as significant changes in host gastric mucin expression. Proton pump inhibitors usage increases gastric microbiota richness. Bariatric surgery is associated with an increase in potentially pathogenic proteobacterial species in patient stool samples. CONCLUSION While H pylori remains the single most important risk factor for gastric disease, its capacity to shape the collective gastric microbiota remains to be fully elucidated. Further studies are needed to explore the intricate host/microbial and microbial/microbial interplay.
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B I, G K, N S, A S, Ch S, Ch V R. Chryseobacterium candidae sp. nov., isolated from a yeast ( Candida tropicalis). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:93-99. [PMID: 31535961 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-stain-negative, rod shaped, non-motile, aerobic bacterium (strain JC507T) was isolated from a yeast (Candida tropicalis JY101). Strain JC507T was oxidase- and catalase-positive. Complete 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison data indicated that strain JC507T was a member of the genus Chryseobacterium and was closely related to Chryseobacterium indologenes NBRC 14944T (98.7 %), followed by Chryseobacterium arthrosphaerae CC-VM-7T (98.6 %), Chryseobacterium gleum ATCC 35910T (98.5 %) and less than 98.5 % to other species of the genus Chryseobacterium.The genomic DNA G+C content of strain JC507T was 36.0 mol%. Strain JC507T had phosphatidylethanolamine, four unidentified amino lipids and four unidentified lipids. MK-6 was the only respiratory quinone. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were anteiso-C11 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 03OH. The average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain JC507T and C. indologenes NBRC 14944T, C. arthrosphaerae CC-VM-7T and C. gleum ATCC 35910T were 80.2, 83.0 and 87.0 % and 24, 26.7 and 32.7 %, respectively. The results of phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic analyses support the inclusion of strain JC507T as a representative of a new species of the genus Chryseobacterium, for which the name Chryseobacteriumcandidae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC507T (=KCTC 52928T=MCC 4072T=NBRC 113872T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu B
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Kumar G
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Smita N
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Shabbir A
- Bacterial Discovery Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Institute of Science and Technology, J. N. T. University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500085, India
| | - Sasikala Ch
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Ramana Ch V
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, India
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Heydari S, Siavoshi F, Ebrahimi H, Sarrafnejad A, Sharifi AH. Excision of endosymbiotic bacteria from yeast under aging and starvation stresses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 78:104141. [PMID: 31839588 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although infrequent in our laboratory, growth of bacterial colonies has been observed on top of the purified cultures of yeasts. In this study, the likelihood of bacterial excision from yeast under aging and starvation stresses was assessed using 10 gastric and 10 food-borne yeasts. Yeasts were identified as members of Candida or Saccharomyces genus by amplification and sequencing of D1/D2 region of 26S rDNA. For aging stress, yeasts were cultured on brain heart infusion agar supplemented with sheep blood and incubated at 30 °C for 3-4 weeks. For starvation stress, yeasts were inoculated into distilled water and incubated similarly. After seven days, starved yeasts were cultured on yeast extract glucose agar, incubated similarly and examined daily for appearance of bacterial colonies on top of the yeast's growth. Outgrowth of excised bacteria was observed on top of the cultures of 4 yeasts (Y1, Y3, Y13 and Y18) after 3-7 days. The excised bacteria (B1, B3, B13 and B18) were isolated and identified at the genus level according to their biochemical characteristics as well as amplification and sequencing of 16S rDNA. B1 (Arthrobacter) were excised from Y1 (Candida albicans) upon aging and B3 (Staphylococcus), B13 (Cellulomonas) and B18 (Staphylococcus) were excised from their respective yeasts; Y3 (Candida tropicalis), Y13 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and Y18 (Candida glabrata) upon starvation. DNA from yeasts was used for detection of 16S rDNA of their intracellular bacteria and sequencing. Amplified products from yeasts showed sequence similarity to those of excised bacteria. Under normal conditions, yeast exerts tight control on multiplication of its intracellular bacteria. However, upon aging and starvation the control is no longer effective and bacterial outgrowth occurs. Unlimited multiplication of excised bacteria might provide yeast with plenty of food in close vicinity. This could be an evolutionary dialogue between yeast and bacteria that ensures the survival of both partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Heydari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hoda Ebrahimi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolfattah Sarrafnejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Houshang Sharifi
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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The gut mycobiota: insights into analysis, environmental interactions and role in gastrointestinal diseases. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:331-345. [PMID: 30824884 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a dense and diverse ecosystem that is involved in many physiological functions as well as in disease pathogenesis. It is dominated by bacteria, which have been extensively studied in the past 15 years; however, other microorganisms, such as fungi, phages, archaea and protists, are also present in the gut microbiota. Exploration of the fungal component, namely, the mycobiota, is at an early stage, and several specific technical challenges are associated with mycobiota analysis. The number of fungi in the lower gastrointestinal tract is far lower than that of bacteria, but fungal cells are much larger and much more complex than bacterial cells. In addition, a role of the mycobiota in disease, notably in IBD, is indicated by both descriptive data in humans and mechanistic data in mice. Interactions between bacteria and fungi within the gut, their functional roles and their interplay with the host and its immune system are fascinating areas that researchers are just beginning to investigate. In this Review, we discuss the newest data on the gut mycobiota and explore both the technical aspects of its study and its role in health and gastrointestinal diseases.
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Siavoshi F, Sahraee M, Ebrahimi H, Sarrafnejad A, Saniee P. Natural fruits, flowers, honey, and honeybees harbor Helicobacter pylori-positive yeasts. Helicobacter 2018; 23:e12471. [PMID: 29457310 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For controlling Helicobacter pylori infection in humans, its environmental reservoir should be determined. In this study, yeast isolates from an isolated village in Iran were studied for the intracellular occurrence of H. pylori. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, yeasts were isolated from 29 samples, including oral swabs from villagers (n = 7), flowers and fruits (n = 6), honey and honeybees (n = 12) and miscellaneous samples (4). Yeasts were classified into 12 RFLP groups and identified by amplification of 26S rDNA and sequencing. DNA extracted from the yeast cells was examined for the presence of H. pylori using PCR. RESULTS Of the 29 yeasts, 27 were members of different genera of Ascomycete. H. pylori was detected in 5 of 9 Candida (55.5%), 4 of 5 Komagataella (80%), 3 of 4 Pichia (100%), 2 of 2 Cytobasidia (100%), 2 of 2 Hansenia (100%), 1 of 1 Meyerozyma (100%) and 2 of 3 not sequenced (66.6%) yeasts. Distribution of 19 of 29 (65.5%) H. pylori-positive yeasts within 4 groups was as follows: 1 of 7(14.3%) in oral swabs, 5 of 6 (83.3%) in flowers and fruits, 10 of 12 (83.3%) in honey and the bee group and 3 of 4 (75%) in miscellaneous. CONCLUSIONS Different genera of osmotolerant yeasts from flowers, fruits, honey, and honeybees contained H. pylori in their vacuole. High frequency of H. pylori-positive yeasts in these samples might be related to their high sugar content. Insects such as honeybees that facilitate transfer and easy access of these yeasts to nectars serve as the main reservoirs of these yeasts, playing an important role in their protection and dispersal. Accordingly, H. pylori inside these yeasts can be carried by honeybees to different sugar- and nutrient-rich environments. Sugar-rich environments and honeybees play an important role in distribution of H. pylori-positive yeasts in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Sahraee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoda Ebrahimi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolfatah Sarrafnejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Saniee
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G. C, Tehran, Iran
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Siavoshi F, Saniee P. Candida accommodates non-culturable Helicobacter pylori in its vacuole - Koch's postulates aren't applicable. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:310-314. [PMID: 29375217 PMCID: PMC5768950 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i2.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The following are the responses to the "letter to the editor" ("Helicobacter is preserved in yeast vacuoles! Does Koch's postulates confirm it?") authored by Nader Alipour and Nasrin Gaeini that rejected the methods, results, discussions and conclusions summarized in the review article authored by Siavoshi F and Saniee P. In the article, 7 papers, published between 1998 and 2013, were reviewed. The 7 papers had been reviewed and judged very carefully by the assigned expertise of the journals involved, including the reviewers of the World Journal of Gastroenterology (WJG), before publication. In the review article, 121 references were used to verify the methods, results and discussions of these 7 papers. The review article was edited by the trustworthy British editor of the (WJG), and the final version was rechecked and finally accepted by the reviewers of (WJG). None of the reviewers made comments like those in this "letter to the editor", especially the humorous comments, which seem unprofessional and nonscientific. Above all, the authors' comments show a lack of understanding of basic and advanced microbiology, e.g. bacterial endosymbiosis in eukaryotic cells. Accordingly, their comments all through the letter contain misconceptions. The comments are mostly based on personal conclusions, without any scientific support. It would have been beneficial if the letter had been reviewed by the reviewers of the article by Siavoshi and Saniee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
| | - Parastoo Saniee
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Tehran 19839-4716, Iran
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Abstract
Candida species are the most common infectious fungal species in humans; out of the approximately 150 known species, Candida albicans is the leading pathogenic species, largely affecting immunocompromised individuals. Apart from its role as the primary etiology for various types of candidiasis, C. albicans is known to contribute to polymicrobial infections. Polymicrobial interactions, particularly between C. albicans and bacterial species, have gained recent interest in which polymicrobial biofilm virulence mechanisms have been studied including adhesion, invasion, quorum sensing, and development of antimicrobial resistance. These trans-kingdom interactions, either synergistic or antagonistic, may help modulate the virulence and pathogenicity of both Candida and bacteria while uniquely impacting the pathogen-host immune response. As antibiotic and antifungal resistance increases, there is a great need to explore the intermicrobial cross-talk with a focus on the treatment of Candida-associated polymicrobial infections. This article explores the current literature on the interactions between Candida and clinically important bacteria and evaluates these interactions in the context of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and disease management.
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Alipour N, Gaeini N. Helicobacter is preserved in yeast vacuoles! Does Koch's postulates confirm it? World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:2266-2268. [PMID: 28405156 PMCID: PMC5374140 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i12.2266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The manuscript titled “Vacuoles of Candida yeast behave as a specialized niche for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)” not only has not been prepared in a scientific manner but the methodology used was not adequate, and therefore the conclusion reached was not correct. First of all, “yeast” is a broad terminology covering a great number of genera and species of unicellular micro-organisms. The authors should have defined the organism with its binary scientific name. This measure would allow experiment reproduction by the scientific community. Moreover, the criteria established by Robert Koch to identify a specific microorganism or pathogen was not adopted in the methodology used. Regarding the methodology applied, use of the chicken egg-yolk (IgY) antibody and PCR of the apparently tainted yeast population to prove H. pylori existence in the yeast vacuoles might be main factors for their wrong conclusions. Bacterial tropism toward yeast extract is a known phenomenon, and yeast extract is one of the main ingredients in culture media. Their internalization through phagocytosis or similar pathways does not seem possible or practical because of the thick and cellulosic yeast wall. While the small size of yeast cells does not support their ability in harboring several H. pylori, other observations such as inefficiency of anti-fungal therapy as anti-Helicobacter therapy strongly reject the conclusion reached by the above-mentioned article.
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Massarrat S, Saniee P, Siavoshi F, Mokhtari R, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Khalili-Samani S. The Effect of Helicobacter pylori Infection, Aging, and Consumption of Proton Pump Inhibitor on Fungal Colonization in the Stomach of Dyspeptic Patients. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:801. [PMID: 27252698 PMCID: PMC4879133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of coinfection of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) in the development of gastric diseases is not known. In this study, the frequency of concurrent infection of H. pylori and C. albicans in dyspeptic patients was assessed while considering age, gender, and PPI consumption of patients. METHODS Gastric biopsies were taken from 74 yeast-positive dyspeptic patients and gastric disease, age, gender, and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) consumption of subjects were recorded. One antral biopsy was used for rapid urease test (RUT) and one for H. pylori and yeast cultivation and smear preparation. Bacterial isolates were identified according to spiral morphology and the biochemical characteristics. Yeast isolates were identified on Chromagar and by the Nested-PCR amplification of C. albicans-specific topoisomerase II gene. Twenty-seven biopsy smears were Gram-stained and examined by the light microscope for observing H. pylori and yeast cells. RESULTS Fifty-four (73%) of patients were >40 year. Of 68 patients with PPI consumption record, 46 (67.6%) consumed PPI (p = 0). Comparison of patients in peptic ulcer group (12, 16.2%) with (6, 8.1%) or without (6, 8.1%) H. pylori or in gastritis group (62, 83.8%) with (25, 33.8%) or without (37, 50%) H. pylori showed no significant difference (p > 0.05). Of the 46 patients who consumed PPI, 13 (17.5%) were H. pylori-positive and 33 (44.6%) H. pylori-negative (p = 0). Ten out of twenty-seven smears showed the occurrence of H. pylori cells, including three with yeast cells. Of the 17 H. pylori-negative smears, three showed the occurrence of yeast cells only. Yeasts stained Gram-positive or Gram-negative and appeared as single or budding cells. CONCLUSION The older age and PPI consumption could favor fungal colonization in the human stomach. The occurrence of a considerable number of H. pylori-positive or H. pylori-negative patients with gastritis or peptic ulcer shows that co-infection of Candida and H. pylori or infection of yeast alone could be associated with dyspeptic diseases. The occurrence of yeast cells in gastric biopsies with different Gram's reactions indicates that fungi might change their cell wall components for establishing a persistent colonization in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Massarrat
- Endoscopy Department, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Saniee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of TehranTehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of TehranTehran, Iran
| | - Reyhane Mokhtari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of TehranTehran, Iran
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical SciencesRasht, Iran
| | - Saman Khalili-Samani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Sciences, University of TehranTehran, Iran
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Qi H, Gong YB, Huang ZQ, Liu Y, Zheng JL, Zhang XY, Che Y, Zhao TX, Zhang R. Multilocus sequence typing of Candida albicans isolates from oral and gastric mucosa of dyspeptic patients. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:5443-5451. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i34.5443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To detect the genetic profiles of Candida albicans (C. albicans) strains in the digestive tract of dyspeptic patients by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and to explore whether lesion of the gastric mucosa is closely related to the genotype of C. albicans.
METHODS: A total of 111 oral swab samples and 102 gastric mucosa samples were collected from patients with gastritis or gastric ulcer. In addition, 162 oral swab samples collected from healthy volunteers were used as a control group. Candida species isolates from separate samples were identified by amplifying the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region sequence. C. albicans isolates were characterized and analyzed by multilocus sequence typing, and submitted to the C. albicans MLST database. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by the method of unweighted-pair group method using average linkages (UPGMA) to analyze the relationship between the evolutionary clades and gastric mucosal inflammation lesion.
RESULTS: In the oral mucosa swab samples of the control group and patient group, the positive rates of Candida spp. were 29.6% vs 36.0%, and the constitute ratios of C. albicans were 64.6% vs 95%, respectively. In the gastric samples of the patient group, the positive rate of Candida spp. was 41.4%, and the constituent ratio of C. albicans was 97.8%. Both the positive rate and constituent ratio of C. albicans in the patient group were significantly higher than those in the control group (χ2 = 4.071, P < 0.01; χ2 = 7.650, P = 0.006). In C. albicans MLST detection, the positive rate of genotype ST1593 was significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (60% vs 14.8%; χ2 = 12.815, P < 0.001). The different evolutionary clades of C. albicans strains were closely related to the inflammatory lesion of the gastric mucosa (Kendall's tau-b r = 0.591, P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: C. albicans could be detected in the gastric mucosa of patients with dyspepsia, and its special genotype is closely related to the inflammatory lesion of the gastric mucosa.
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Alipour N, Gaeini N, Taner A, Yıldız F, Masseret S, Malfertheiner P. Retracted: Vacuoles ofAcanthamoeba castellaniiBehave as a Specialized Shelter (host) forHelicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/hel.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nader Alipour
- Department of Biotechnology; METU; Ankara Turkey
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Giresun university; Giresun Turkey
| | - Nasrin Gaeini
- Department of Radiology; Trakya University; Edirne Turkey
| | - Abbas Taner
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Yuksek ihtisas university; Ankara Turkey
| | - Fatih Yıldız
- Department of Biotechnology; METU; Ankara Turkey
| | - Sadegh Masseret
- Digestive Disease Research Center of Tehran Medical Science university; Shariati hospital; Tehran IRAN
| | - Peter Malfertheiner
- Digestive Disease Department; Otto von Guarig Clinical University; Magdeburg Germany
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Nobbs AH, Jenkinson HF. Interkingdom networking within the oral microbiome. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:484-92. [PMID: 25805401 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Different sites within the oropharynx harbour unique microbial communities. Co-evolution of microbes and host has resulted in complex interkingdom circuitries. Metabolic signalling is crucial to these processes, and novel microbial communication factors are progressively being discovered. Resolving interkingdom networks will lead to better understanding of oral health or disease aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela H Nobbs
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom
| | - Howard F Jenkinson
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom.
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Saniee P, Siavoshi F. Endocytotic uptake of FITC-labeled anti-H. pylori egg yolk immunoglobulin Y in Candida yeast for detection of intracellular H. pylori. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:113. [PMID: 25852651 PMCID: PMC4362214 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular life of Helicobacter pylori inside Candida yeast vacuole describes the establishment of H. pylori in yeast as a pre-adaptation to life in human epithelial cells. IgY-Hp conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) has been previously used for identification and localization of H. pylori inside the yeast vacuole. Here we examined whether FITC-IgY-Hp internalization into yeast follows the endocytosis pathway in yeast. Fluorescent microscopy was used to examine the entry of FITC-IgY-Hp into Candida yeast cells at different time intervals. The effect of low temperature, H2O2 or acetic acid on the internalization of labeled antibody was also examined. FITC-IgY-Hp internalization initiated within 0-5 min in 5-10% of yeast cells, increased to 20-40% after 30 min-1 h and reached >70% before 2 h. FITC-IgY-Hp traversed the pores of Candida yeast cell wall and reached the vacuole where it bound with H. pylori antigens. Internalization of FITC-IgY-Hp was inhibited by low temperature, H2O2 or acetic acid. It was concluded that internalization of FITC-IgY-Hp into yeast cell is a vital phenomenon and follows the endocytosis pathway. Furthermore, it was proposed that FITC-IgY-Hp internalization could be recruited for localization and identification of H. pylori inside the vacuole of Candida yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farideh Siavoshi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Siavoshi F, Saniee P, Khalili-Samani S, Hosseini F, Malakutikhah F, Mamivand M, Shahreza S, Sharifi AH. Evaluation of methods for H. pylori detection in PPI consumption using culture, rapid urease test and smear examination. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:11. [PMID: 25705643 PMCID: PMC4293475 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.11.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culture, rapid urease test (RUT) and smear examination have been used as reliable methods for diagnosis of H. pylori infection. Accurate performance of these tests requires good quality biopsies with considerable number of bacterial cells. However, consumption of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) affects growth and urease activity of H. pylori, leading to false negative results. In this study the efficacy of culture, RUT and smear examination was assessed and the effect of PPI consumption was evaluated. METHODS Two antral biopsies from 530 dyspeptic patients with and without PPI consumption were used for RUT, culture and smear examination. Statistical analysis was used to determine the association between results of culture, RUT or smear examination and PPI consumption. Sensitivity and specificity of three tests were calculated by standard methods. RESULTS H. pylori infection was detected in 40% of patients by culture, 48.3% by RUT and 21.1% by smear examination and the overall detection rate was 54%. A strong correlation was found between PPI consumption and negative results of culture and RUT (P<0.05) but not smear examination. The sensitivity of RUT was reduced as a result of PPI consumption. This reduction was more profound in 1-hr RUT (92.2% to 74.4%) compared with 24-hr RUT (93.9% to 81.6%). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of H. pylori was declined, compared with previous studies. This decrement could be due to false negative results of H. pylori diagnostic tests, among which culture and RUT are mostly affected by PPI. Accordingly, PPI consumption should be stopped before performance of endoscopy.
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