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Worldwide prevalence, genotype distribution and management of hepatitis C. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2021; 84:637-656. [PMID: 34965046 DOI: 10.51821/84.4.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, resulting in major global public health concerns. The HCV infection is unevenly distributed worldwide, with variations in prevalence across and within countries. The studies on molecular epidemiology conducted in several countries provide an essential supplement for a comprehensive knowledge of HCV epidemiology, genotypes, and subtypes, along with providing information on the impact of current and earlier migratory flows. HCV is phylogenetically classified into 8 major genotypes and 57 subtypes. HCV genotype and subtype distribution differ according to geographic origin and transmission risk category. Unless people with HCV infection are detected and treated appropriately, the number of deaths due to the disease will continue to increase. In 2015, 1.75 million new viral infections were mostly due to unsafe healthcare procedures and drug use injections. In the same year, access to direct-acting antivirals was challenging and varied in developing and developed countries, affecting HCV cure rates based on their availability. The World Health Assembly, in 2016, approved a global strategy to achieve the elimination of the HCV public health threat by 2030 (by reducing new infections by 90% and deaths by 65%). Globally, countries are implementing policies and measures to eliminate HCV risk based on their distribution of genotypes and prevalence.
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'Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus genotypes in northern Greece in the last decade: descriptive analysis and clinical correlations'. GLOBAL HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENOMICS 2019; 4:e5. [PMID: 31516719 PMCID: PMC6719250 DOI: 10.1017/gheg.2019.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) represents a major public health problem, while the identification of a HCV genotype is clinically very important for therapy prescription. The aim of the present study was to determine the HCV genotype distribution patients from northern Greece with HCV RNA positive viral load and to identify whether there is a shift in this distribution, during 2009–2017. The study was performed on 915 HCV positive patients and according to the results, genotype 3 was the most prevalent genotype (Ν = 395, 43.2%) followed by genotype 1 (Ν = 361, 39.5%). Regarding the gender of the patients, genotype 1 was mostly detected in women. Moreover, genotype 1 was associated with higher viral loads, while genotype 3 was most frequently detected in patients with a history of intravenous drug use. In conclusion, our results show that genotype 3 is the most prevalent genotype in Greece during the last decade as opposed to older epidemiological studies, likely due to intravenous drug use becoming the major source of infection.
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Moosavy SH, Davoodian P, Nazarnezhad MA, Nejatizaheh A, Eftekhar E, Mahboobi H. Epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, and outcome of Hepatitis C virus infection. Electron Physician 2017; 9:5646-5656. [PMID: 29238510 PMCID: PMC5718874 DOI: 10.19082/5646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C infection is one of the main causes of chronic liver disorders worldwide. Nearly three percent (3%) of the world population has an HCV infection. Prevalence of HCV infection was higher in some groups such as injected drug users (IDUs) and HIV positive populations. Acute hepatitis has proven asymptomatic in most cases, and delay of diagnosis might lead to late onset of hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis. Some host characteristics such as age, gender, body mass index, and viral properties are associated with HCV outcome hepatitis. Although disease progression is typically slow, some risk factors such as alcohol abuse and coinfection of patients with HBV and HIV can worsen the disease. On the other hand, viral overload is one of the main causes of prediction of HCV infection outcome. Prevalence of HCV infection will increase if we do not consider means of transmission, virus behaviors, and immunologic responses. Rapid diagnostic tests can help us to create preventive strategies among undeveloped villages and prisoners. Screening and training of the high-risk population such as IV drug users, dialysis patients, and hemophiliacs must be one of main HCV preventive programs. The present review is intended to help health policymakers to design suitable preventive and management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hamid Moosavy
- M.D., Gastroenterologist and Hepatologist, Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
| | - Parivash Davoodian
- M.D., Infectionist, Associate Professor, Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
| | - Mirza Ali Nazarnezhad
- M.D., Ph.D. Candidate of Infectious and Tropical Disease, Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
| | - Abdolazim Nejatizaheh
- Ph.D. of Genetics, Associate Professor, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Eftekhar
- Ph.D. of Clinical Biochemistry, Assistant Professor, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mahboobi
- M.D., Resident of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
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Abdel-Wahab R, Shehata S, Hassan MM, Xiao L, Lee JS, Cheung S, Essa HH, Hassabo HM, Shalaby AS, Mosad E, Raghav K, Rashid A, Wolff RA, Morris JS, Amin HM, Kaseb AO. Validation of an IGF-CTP scoring system for assessing hepatic reserve in Egyptian patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21193-207. [PMID: 26098859 PMCID: PMC4673259 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Child-Turcotte-Pugh score (CTP) is the standard tool for hepatic reserve assessment in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, we reported that integrating plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) level into the CTP score was associated with better patient risk stratification in two U.S. independent cohorts. Our current study aimed to validate the IGF-CTP score in patients who have different demographics and risk factors. Patients and Methods We prospectively recruited 100 Egyptian patients and calculated their IGF-CTP score compared to CTP score. C-index was used to compare the prognostic significance of the two scoring systems. Finally, we compared our results with our U.S. cohorts published data. Results IGF-CTP score showed significant better patient stratification compared to CTP score in the international validation cohort. Among CTP class A patients, who usually considered for active treatment and clinical trial enrollment, 32.5% were reclassified as IGF-CTP class B with significantly shorter OS than patients reclassified as class A with hazard ratio [HR] = 6.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.18-17.37. Conclusion IGF-CTP score showed significantly better patient stratification and survival prediction not only in the U.S. population but also in international validation population, who had different demographics and HCC risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Samir Shehata
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Manal M Hassan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lianchun Xiao
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sheree Cheung
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hoda H Essa
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hesham M Hassabo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ahmed S Shalaby
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Eman Mosad
- Department of Pathology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Kanwal Raghav
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Asif Rashid
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert A Wolff
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Morris
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hesham M Amin
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ahmed O Kaseb
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Li D, Zhu S, Wang T, An J, Wang L, Tao C. Comparison of Elecsys Anti-HCV II Assay With Other HCV Screening Assays. J Clin Lab Anal 2015; 30:451-6. [PMID: 26667603 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important step in preventing progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Serologic assays for anti-HCV antibody are valuable first-line tests in the screening and diagnosis of HCV infection. This study's aim was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of Elecsys Anti-HCV II assay for HCV screening. DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 1,044 routine sera, 20 known HCV-positive samples, plus 54 preselected weakly positive samples were tested for anti-HCV with Elecsys Anti-HCV II assay, Elecsys Anti-HCV assays, InTec HCV enzymoimmunoassay (EIA), and Livzon Anti-HCV EIA. Interference test was assessed with additional 423 specimens without clinical evidence of HCV infection: preselected HCV weak reactive samples; dialysis samples; anti-HBc (antibody to HBV core antigen) (+), anti-Treponema pallidum (+), and anti-HIV (+) sera; and samples form autoimmune/alcoholic hepatitis or systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE). Discrepant results were evaluated with recombinant immunoblot assay. The seroconversion panels were evaluated to assess how early each assay could detect HCV infection. RESULTS The specificity (99.81%) of the Elecsys Anti-HCV II assay was less than that with the two EIA comparison methods. However, false-negative results were easily seen in the EIA assays. When serial bleeds of HCV panels were compared with the above-mentioned methods, the assay detected acute HCV infection only 3.5 days after a positive HCV-RNA nucleic acid test and earlier than the comparator assays. CONCLUSION Sensitivities and specificities of the anti-HCV assays were sufficiently high for use in this study. The Elecsys Anti-HCV II assay is suitable for screening and reliable early detection of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Li
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Zhu
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jingna An
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Lanlan Wang
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Chuanmin Tao
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.
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Zhang S, Ouyang X, Jiang X, Gu D, Lin Y, Kong SK, Xie W. Dysregulated Serum MicroRNA Expression Profile and Potential Biomarkers in Hepatitis C Virus-infected Patients. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:590-8. [PMID: 26283876 PMCID: PMC4532963 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.11525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in pathogen-host interactions. Aberrant miRNA expression profiles might have specific characteristics for virus strains, and could serve as noninvasive biomarkers for screening and diagnosing infectious diseases. In this study, we aimed to find new potential miRNA biomarkers of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. METHODS Expression levels of broad-spectrum miRNAs in serum samples from 10 patients with HCV viremia and 10 healthy volunteers were analyzed using miRNA PCR arrays. Subsequently, the differential expression of four selected miRNAs (miR-122, miR-134, miR-424-3p, and miR-629-5p) was verified by qRT-PCR in the serum of 39 patients compared with that in 29 healthy controls. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate their potential for the diagnosis of HCV infection. RESULTS miRNA PCR array assays revealed differential expression of 106 miRNAs in sera of HCV patients compared with that in healthy controls. Serum hsa-miR-122, miR-134, miR-424-3p, and miR-629-5p were well identified. The ROC curves showed that miR-122, miR-134, miR-424-3p, and miR-629-5p could distinguish HCV patients with preferable sensitivity and specificity. In addition, Correlation analysis indicated serum miR-122 expression was positive correlation with ALT/AST levels. Functional analysis of target proteins of these miRNAs indicated the involvement of viral replication, inflammation, and cell proliferation. CONCLUSION HCV patients have a broad 'fingerprint' profile with dysregulated serum miRNAs compared with that in healthy controls. Among these, serum hsa-miR-122, miR-134, miR-424-3p, and miR-629-5p are identified as promising indication factors of the serum miRNA profile of HCV infection. Particularly, miR-122 could be one of serum biomarkers for early pathological process of HCV. However, more miRNA biomarkers and biological functions of these miRNAs require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Zhang
- 1. Shenzhen Key Lab of Health Science and Technology, Division of Life Science & Health, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China ; 2. Zhu Jiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Xiaoxi Ouyang
- 1. Shenzhen Key Lab of Health Science and Technology, Division of Life Science & Health, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China ; 3. Department of health inspection and quarantine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- 1. Shenzhen Key Lab of Health Science and Technology, Division of Life Science & Health, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dayong Gu
- 4. Central Laboratory of Health Quarantine, International Travel Health Care Center, Shenzhen Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Yulong Lin
- 2. Zhu Jiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - S K Kong
- 5. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Life Sciences, Biochemistry Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room 609, Mong Man Wai Building, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weidong Xie
- 1. Shenzhen Key Lab of Health Science and Technology, Division of Life Science & Health, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Ye S, Pang L, Wang X, Liu Z. Epidemiological implications of HIV-hepatitis C co-infection in South and Southeast Asia. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2014; 11:128-33. [PMID: 24682917 PMCID: PMC4544471 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-014-0206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We sought to profile the epidemiological implication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection from South and Southeast Asia by reviewing original studies reporting prevalence of HIV-HCV co-infection and their risk factors. Thirteen papers cited in the PubMed database and published in 2012 and 2013 were reviewed. The overall HCV co-infection prevalence ranged broadly from 1.2 % to 98.5 % among HIV-positive people in South and Southeast Asia. Among HCV seropositive blood donors in Nepal, 5.75 % had HIV co-infection. Injecting drug use (IDU) was one of the key risk factors of co-infection, with HCV infection reaching 89.8 % and 98.5 % among HIV-positive injecting drug users in Vietnam. The most recent data from South and Southeast Asia suggest the urgency of implementation of comprehensive prevention and control strategies of HIV-HCV co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Ye
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China,
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Jamalidoust M, Namayandeh M, Asaei S, Aliabadi N, Ziyaeyan M. Determining hepatitis C virus genotype distribution among high-risk groups in Iran using real-time PCR. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:5897-5902. [PMID: 24914351 PMCID: PMC4024800 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i19.5897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype patterns among high-risk Iranian groups, using real-time RT-PCR.
METHODS: In this study, we evaluated the distribution of different HCV genotypes among injection drug users and other high-risk groups over a 4-year period (from 2009 to 2012) using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sera from 888 HCV-infected patients residing in southern and southwest Iran were genotyped using real-time PCR with common primers and specific probes. These patients were grouped into distinct exposure categories. Illicit drug users constituted the primary group and were further evaluated for HCV genotype distribution and parameters such as age range.
RESULTS: Of the examined HCV-infected patients, 62% were substance abusers, although the route of transmission could not be determined in approximately 30% of these patients. HCV genotyping revealed that Gt1 was the most prevalent genotype among the drug users as well as among patients with thalassemia, hemophilia, solid organ recipients and those on hemodialysis. Mixed infections were only seen in addict groups, where Gt2 genotype was also found. The highest frequencies in HCV-positive addict patients were observed in the 31-40 age group. Our research also showed that the addiction age has increased, whereas the addiction rate has dropped in this region. Most illicit drug users had more than one risk factor such as tattoo and/or a history of imprisonment.
CONCLUSION: This study revealed that the most common HCV-infection route and HCV-genotype in southern and southwest Iran was illicit drug abuse and Gt1, respectively.
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Molecular epidemiologic characterization of a clustering HCV infection caused by inappropriate medical care in Heyuan City of Guangdong, China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82304. [PMID: 24349252 PMCID: PMC3857772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background From November 2011 to January 2012, a number of clustering cases of HCV infection were reported in Zijin County, Heyuan City, Guangdong, China. Most patients in the clustering cases suspected that they could be infected due to inappropriate medical care in the clinic located at the Xiangshui road. However, the molecular epidemiology of the clustering cases remains unknown. Methodology The residents, living at Xiangshui Road, with HCV antibody positive reported from 2011 and 2012 were recruited. A survey of the HCV infected individuals from the clustering cases was conducted. Each participant underwent a questionnaire defining demographic characteristics and health care history. HCV serological test and viral load test were performed to confirm the infection status. Molecular phylogenetic analysis and Bayesian coalescence analysis were conducted to further confirm the HCV subtype distribution and to reconstruct the associated demographic history and time-scaled phylogeny among the clustering cases. Principal Findings The molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that only two HCV subtypes, 2a and 6a, were found among the clustering cases. There was no close HCV subtype evolutionary relation was observed among patients from the same family. The 6a cluster showed higher viral loads than the 2a cluster. In addition, the Bayesian skyline plot analysis showed that both the HCV 2a and 6a subtype infections among the Heyuan cases experienced an “expansion-diminishment-expansion” featured dissemination. The 2a clustering infection occurred in 2004, and the 6a clustering cases originated in 2006. Conclusions The molecular epidemiological characters imply that the inappropriate medical practices were possibly associated with the clustering HCV cases in Heyuan City during 2011, 2012. Latent HCV subtypes 2a and 6a infection may cause the prevalence and become a new public health issue in Guangdong, China.
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