Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disorder characterized by a cluster of metabolic risk factors. Recent research highlights the gut microbiome's role in metabolic regulation, suggesting that modulation through probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics may provide a novel approach to managing MetS. This umbrella review aims to integrate insights from existing meta-analyses to explore how changes in gut microbiota influence key body measurement indicators in individuals with MetS.

A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases identified meta-analyses that assessed the impact of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics on anthropometric indices in MetS patients.

The results indicated that microbial therapy leads to a significant reduction in body mass index (BMI) (SMD: -0.22; 95% CI: -0.35 to -0.09; P < 0.01) and waist circumference (WC) (SMD: -0.47; 95% CI: -0.80 to -0.15; P < 0.01). However, microbial therapy did not significantly affect body fat mass (SMD: -0.30; 95% CI: -0.64 to 0.02; P = 0.06), body fat percentage (SMD: -0.29; 95% CI: -0.62 to 0.03; P = 0.07), waist-to-hip ratio (SMD: -0.09; 95% CI: -0.46 to 0.28; P = 0.63), and weight (SMD: -0.06; 95% CI: -0.21 to 0.08; P = 0.37).

Gut microbial modulation, mainly through probiotics and synbiotics, shows promise in reducing BMI and WC in MetS patients. However, its effects on other anthropometric indices remain uncertain, warranting further high-quality research to fully understand microbial interventions' therapeutic potential.

Probiotic strains with health-promoting activities have emerged as a promising strategy to prevent or treat different metabolic syndrome-related disturbances, including obesity or type 2 diabetes. In this work, we characterize the probiotic properties of a novel strain of Latilactobacillus sakei (L. sakei) CNTA 173, and we demonstrate its anti-obesity properties using the in vivo model Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). This new strain exhibited sensitivity to the entire spectrum of antibiotics analysed, gastric and intestinal in vitro resistance, β-galactosidase activity, and the ability to form biofilm and to produce acetic acid in vitro. Cell culture analyses demonstrated that L. sakei CNTA 173 was able to reduce the adhesion to Caco-2 cells of the pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 and to exert immunomodulatory capacity in RAW 264.7 and HT-29 in vitro models. Furthermore, supplementation with L. sakei CNTA 173 counteracted the deleterious effects of glucose in C. elegans by significantly reducing fat accumulation, enhancing the oxidative stress response, and extending lifespan by directly regulating the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism-related genes acox-1, maoc-1, and daf-16. Our results unveil new strain-specific mechanisms of action by which L. sakei CNTA 173 exerts beneficial effects in vitro and in C. elegans, and suggest potential application of this novel probiotic strain in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome-related disturbances.

High doses of bisphenol AF (BPAF), a widely used chemical in many products, has been reported to exert adverse effects on lipid or glucose metabolism, but whether low-dose exposure, especially in combination with a high-sugar, high-fat diet (Western diet, WD), has unacceptable effects remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the effects of postnatal exposure to 50 μg/kg/d (low) BPAF on glycolipid homeostasis in mice receiving administration through drinking water under the WD stress after weaning or not, in comparison with the effects 5000 (high) BPAF without stress. After approximately 8-week exposure, blood tests of glucose metabolism revealed that high-dose BPAF caused insulin resistance and elevated insulin levels in a normal diet (ND)-fed mice; low-dose BPAF exerted slight effects in ND-fed mice but caused significant glucose metabolic impairment under the WD stress. Also, low-dose BPAF exerted limited effects on pancreas islets as well as hepatic histology and metabolic homeostasis in ND-fed mice, but aggravated pancreatic and hepatic impairments caused by the WD stress. We also conducted cell culture experiments using β-TC-6 and HepG2 cells to explore whether BPAF could directly interfere with pancreatic cells and hepatocytes. In vitro assays showed that BPAF affected insulin secretion of pancreatic β-TC-6 cells in a glucose-dependent manner and glucose sensitivity of HepG2 cells, with slight effects on lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells. All results collectively demonstrate that low-dose BPAF caused metabolic disorders under the WD stress, highlighting its health risks. Besides, in vitro data suggest that BPAF may directly affect glucose metabolism rather than lipid metabolism.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the primary polyphenol in green tea, is renowned for its potent antioxidant properties. EGCG interacts with various cellular targets, inhibiting cancer cell proliferation through apoptosis and cell cycle arrest induction, while also modulating metabolic pathways. Studies have demonstrated its potential in addressing cancer development, obesity, and diabetes. Given the rising prevalence of metabolic diseases and cancers, EGCG is increasingly recognized as a promising therapeutic agent. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest findings on the effects of both free and nano-encapsulated EGCG on mechanisms involved in the management and prevention of hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. The review highlights EGCG role in modulating key signaling pathways, enhancing bioavailability through nano-formulations, and its potential applications in clinical settings.

The circular economy approach offers innovative solutions for valorizing apple by-products through biofortification strategies transforming waste into high-value products and reducing environmental impact. This study evaluates innovative solutions for valorizing Granny Smith apple peel (RM) through biofortification in phenolic compounds using individual or combined abiotic stresses, like wounding stress and ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation. The effects of cutting type (Ct) [whole (C1), 5 mm (C2), 1.5 mm (C3)], storage temperature (ST) [20, 15, 10, 5 °C], and storage time (TM) [0, 12, 24, 48, 72 h] on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and phenolic profiles were studied first. The results show that higher stress intensity (C3, 15 °C, 48 h) significantly enhanced secondary metabolism, leading to notable increases in PAL activity (1201%), PPO activity (308%), TPC levels (108-118%), and Procyanidin B2 (PACB2, 22%), the predominant phenolic compound. These changes were critical for improving the bioactive properties and antioxidant potential of RM. The second assay combined wounding stress (same levels of Ct and ST of previous assay, TM: 56 h) with UVA radiation (UVA-D) [0, 86.4 KJ m-2, 172.8 KJ m-2], determining the optimal conditions (C3, UVA-D 66 KJ m-2, 17 °C) for maximizing PAL activity (0.12-0.20 ΔA h⁻1 mg⁻1), and TPC (3.3 g GAE kg⁻1). This study demonstrates the potential of combined abiotic stresses as cost-effective scalable tools to biofortify RM, promoting the sustainable and value-added utilization of agro-industrial by-products.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that include insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and abdominal obesity. Coffee production generates large quantities of waste products, which pose a serious threat to the environment. However, coffee by-products, such as coffee pulp (CP), possess an undeniable wealth of bioactive components. Based on this, we investigated whether a 10-week dietary intervention with 250 mg/kg/d of CP could prevent or ameliorate MetS in high-fructose-fed rats. Consumption of CP by rats fed a high-fructose diet reduced body weight gain, lowered systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels, and improved insulin resistance compared to rats fed a high-fructose diet alone. At the hepatic level, CP attenuated the increase in lipid storage, reduced lipid peroxidation, and improved glutathione levels when combined with a high-fructose diet. CP also affected the expression of key genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism in hepatic and adipose tissues, in rats fed a fructose-rich diet. This study demonstrates that CP ameliorates several consequences of high-fructose-induced MetS in the rat (weight gain, hypertension, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, changes in liver, and adipose tissue function). Hence, our data provide evidence that CP consumption in the context of a high-fructose diet can be used to improve MetS management.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are interconnected conditions sharing common pathological pathways, such as inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to the concept of "metabolic-cognitive syndrome." This highlights their mutual influence and potential overlapping therapeutic strategies. Although lifestyle modifications remain essential, nutraceutical supplementation has emerged as a promising adjunct for the prevention and management of these preclinical conditions. This review examines clinical and translational evidence on commonly used nutraceuticals targeting shared pathophysiological mechanisms of MetS and MCI. By addressing inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysfunction, these supplements may offer a valuable approach to mitigating the progression and consequences of both conditions. Understanding their efficacy could provide practical tools to complement lifestyle changes, offering a more comprehensive strategy for managing metabolic-cognitive syndrome.

Long COVID has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk and chronic low-grade inflammation, raising concerns about its long-term metabolic consequences. Given that the Mediterranean diet (MD) has shown beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation in various populations, it is important to explore its potential impact on individuals with Long COVID. Therefore, the aim is to determine the association of the MD with cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Caucasian subjects diagnosed with Long COVID.

Cross-sectional study, 305 subjects diagnosed with Long COVID were included following the WHO criteria. Adherence to MD was evaluated with the MEDAS (Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener) with 14 items used in Prevention with Mediterranean Diet study (PREDIMED study). The criteria considered to diagnose MetS were blood pressure, glycemia, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and waist circumference. Other CVRFs considered were tobacco consumption, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, body mass index, and baseline uric acid levels. The association between MD with CVRF and the number and components of MetS was analyzed using multiple regression models and multinomial regression.

The mean age was 52.75 ± 11.94 years (men 55.74 ± 12.22 and women 51.33 ± 11.57; p = 0.002), (68% women). The mean of the MEDAS questionnaire was 7.76 ± 2.37. The presented MetS were 23.6% (39.8% men and 15.9% women p < 0.001). In the multiple regression analysis, after adjusting for age and average time from acute COVID-19 infection to the date of inclusion in this study, the mean MD score showed a negative association with uric acid (β = -0.295; 95% CI: -0.496 to -0.093), BMI (β = -0.049; 95% CI: -0.096 to -0.002), the number of MetS components (β = -0.210; 95% CI: -0.410 to -0.010), and waist circumference (WC) (β = -0.021; 95% CI: -0.037 to -0.003) and a positive association with HDL cholesterol (β = -0.018; 95% CI: 0.001 to -0.037).

The findings of this study suggest that higher Mediterranean diet scores are associated with lower levels of uric acid, fewer MetS components, smaller waist circumference, and higher HDL cholesterol levels in individuals with Long COVID.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a pathological condition that encompasses various cardiometabolic risk factors, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and elevated blood pressure levels. It is considered a multifactorial pathological condition. The aim of this study is to assess how variables such as age, sex, socioeconomic status, tobacco and alcohol consumption, physical activity, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and stress are associated with the prevalence of MS, determined using two different criteria.

This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted on 24,224 Spanish workers, evaluating the association between sociodemographic variables, health habits, and stress with MS, determined using two criteria: the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP-III), and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF).

All the variables analyzed showed an association with the presence of MS when applying both criteria. Among them, the variables with the strongest association were age: odds ratio 5.55 (95% CI: 4.80-6.30) for MS using the NCEP ATP-III criteria and 6.71 (95% CI: 5.30-8.13) for IDF criteria; and type of job: odds ratio 3.42 (95% CI: 2.95-3.90) for NCEP ATP-III and 3.57 (95% CI: 3.12-4.03) for IDF.

The profile of an individual at higher risk of developing MS under both criteria would be an older male, manual laborer, smoker, habitual alcohol consumer, sedentary, with low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and experiencing high levels of stress.

Background/Objectives: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a combination of conditions including central obesity, high blood pressure, high glucose levels, and abnormal triglycerides and cholesterol, which together increase the chances of heart disease, diabetes, and even death. The rates of MetS are different around the world, with 20-30% in Europe and 21.8-23.9% in Kazakhstan. Because MetS changes over time, it is important to study the dynamics of their components to improve prevention and treatments. This work aims to obtain the incidence of MetS and to evaluate the specific components associated with the emergence of new MetS cases in this population. Methods: This is a longitudinal study with a 10-year follow-up in Turkestan city between 2012 and 2024. Information was collected through physical exams, blood tests, and anthropometric measurements. Logistic regression and ROC curve analysis were used to find which factors increase the incidence of MetS. Results: Among 434 participants analyzed (78.8% women, and mean age 40.87, 66% < 2 MetS components, 20% had MetS blood pressure, and 65.9% had MetS waist circumference), the incidence of MetS at follow-up was 40%. The key risk factors for newly diagnosed MetS included elevated blood pressure and increased waist circumference. Multivariate analyses highlighted these components as the strongest predictors of MetS, with significant associations observed for participants with two or more MetS components at baseline. Conclusions: Elevated blood pressure and central obesity were identified as pivotal contributors to MetS progression. Given the rising prevalence of Mets and its implications, these results show the need to start treatment and check these risks early to prevent serious health problems.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients have impaired hypothalamic regulatory functions involved in food intake and energy expenditure and suffer from a state of meta-inflammation. Pre-clinical studies demonstrated that ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) acts both on the adipose tissue and the central nervous system, while hydroxytyrosol (HTyr) counteracts several types of dysmetabolism.

The aim of our randomized crossover double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study was to evaluate the potential effects of a food supplement (FS) containing a co-micronized formulation of PEA and rutin along with HTyr, combined with a tailored calorie-controlled Mediterranean diet, in patients with MetS.

Nineteen patients were enrolled and block-randomized to an eight-week MD together with the FS or placebo. After a two-week washout period, the treatments were reversed. Data on laboratory parameters and those detected by capillary sampling, anthropometry, body composition analysis, ultrasound examination, blood pressure monitoring, the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey questionnaire, handgrip strength test, and physical performance tests were collected at each time point (protocol code R.S. 262.22, registered on 20 December 2022).

At the end of the study, patients supplemented with the FS showed a significant reduction in body weight, body mass index, fat mass, and inflammation biomarkers (CRP and ESR), compared to placebo-supplemented patients. In contrast, the fat-free mass, phase angle, and body cell mass were increased in FS compared to placebo patients.

Although preliminary, the results of our clinical study suggest that co-micronized PEA-rutin and HTyr may be of help against adiposopathy in patients with MetS.

In addition to conventional treatments, there is growing interest in preventive and complementary therapies. Proper nutrition can prevent the manifestation of several chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, and can attenuate the severity of these diseases. Edible mushrooms have been used as nutrition and medicine for thousands of years. The spectrum and quantity of their medicinal compounds made them a widely investigated target both in basic research and clinical trials. The most abundant and medically important components are polysaccharides, terpenoids, phenols, and heterocyclic amines, but bioactive proteins, vitamins, including vitamin D, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and essential minerals are also important ingredients with noteworthy health benefits. Mushroom extracts have anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective, anti-osteoporotic, and anti-tumor effects and are well tolerated, even by cancer patients. In our previous review we detailed the molecular aspects of the development of type 2 diabetes, discussing the role of physical activity and diet, but we did not detail the role of medicinal mushrooms as part of nutrition. In this review, we aimed to summarize the most important medical mushrooms, along with their natural habitats, growing conditions, and components, that are presumably sufficient for the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance.

The rising global prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), characterized by a constellation of cardiovascular risk factors, underscores the urgent need to identify reliable predictive biomarkers. We hypothesize that an elevated atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) predicts MetS risk through lipid imbalance, but population-specific variations in its predictive strength remain unexplored. Our study aimed to assess AIP), a ratio of triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as a predictor of MetS.

Between 2014 and 2018, our cross-sectional study collected and analyzed health examination data from 9,202 Northern Taiwan Medical Center employees without cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Our study classified AIP levels equally into three tertiles and evaluated their impact on MetS through a logistic regression model.

After adjusting for age, gender, BMI, SBP, FPG, and LDL in our models, the ORs for MetS in the second and third tertiles of the AIP were 3.81 (95% CI: 2.33 to 6.21; OR: 37.14, 95%: 23.22 to 59.39). In addition, women have a higher MetS risk associated with elevated AIP than men across all models.

Our research identified the AIP as a significant predictive marker for the prevalence of MetS, suggesting its potential utility in clinical risk assessment and indicating the need for further research to explore its application in preventive strategies and therapeutic interventions.

Metabolic syndrome is a metabolic disorder characterized by hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and abdominal obesity. Impaired insulin action or insulin resistance initiates metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of insulin resistance is increasing all over the world. Insulin resistance results in the defective metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, in addition to low-grade chronic inflammation. Insulin resistance is associated with metabolic syndrome, which is a risk factor for a number of pathological conditions, such as Type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Genome-wide association studies have increased our understanding of many loci linked to these diseases and others. In this review, we discuss insulin resistance and its contribution to metabolic syndrome and these diseases. We also discuss the genetic loci associated with them. Genetic testing is invaluable in the identification and stratification of susceptible populations and/or individuals. After susceptible individuals and/or populations have been identified via genetic testing or screening, lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise, weight loss, a healthy diet, and smoking cessation can reduce or prevent metabolic syndrome and its associated pathologies.

It is widely recognized that a strong correlation exists between metabolic diseases and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Based on bibliometric statistics, the overall number of Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis in relation to metabolic diseases and CKD has increased since 2005. In recent years, this topic has emerged as a significant area of research interest. In clinical studies, RCTs are often limited due to the intricate causal interplay between metabolic diseases and CKD, which makes it difficult to ascertain the precise etiology of these conditions definitively. In MR studies, genetic variation is incorporated as an instrumental variable (IV). They elucidate the possible causal relationships between associated risk factors and disease risks by including individual innate genetic markers. It is widely believed that MR avoids confounding and can reverse effects to the greatest extent possible. As an increasingly popular technology in the medical field, MR studies have become a popular technology in causal relationships investigation, particularly in epidemiological etiology studies. At present, MR has been widely used for the investigation of medical etiologies, drug development, and decision-making in public health. The article aims to offer insights into the causal relationship between metabolic diseases and CKD, as well as strategies for prevention and treatment, through a summary of MR-related research on these conditions.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, including abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Gastric cancer (GC) is a common malignancy with significant mortality rates. The relationship between MetS and GC risk remains controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the correlation between MetS and GC.

Case-control studies investigating the association between MetS and GC were obtained from various databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), SinoMed, Embase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, and PubMed. The search was performed from the inception of each database up until September, 2023. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the quality of the included studies. A meta-analysis of the included literature was conducted using Stata 12.0 software. The study protocol is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023490410).

A total of eight studies involving a combined sample size of forty-four thousand eight hundred and seventy participants were included in the meta-analysis. The findings revealed that the risk of developing GC was not significantly associated with body mass index, triglycerides, hypertension, high fasting glucose, or MetS. However, it was found to be positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR = 1.69, 95%CI: 1.35-2.12).

This meta-analysis suggests that MetS is not significantly associated with an increased risk of GC. The risk of GC increases with the presence of individual MetS components, such as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Therefore, GC prevention strategies should include lifestyle modifications and targeted interventions to manage MetS and its components.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) represents a complex cluster of metabolic disorders primarily characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperuricemia. Diet and functional ingredients play a pivotal role in seeking non-pharmacological strategies to prevent and ameliorate MS. Astaxanthin (AST), a carotenoid found in various marine organisms, exhibits exceptional antioxidant properties and holds great promise as a natural compound that improves MS. This article introduces the basic properties of AST, including its absorptance and metabolic pathways, along with various isomers. Most importantly, we comprehensively review the effects and mechanisms of AST on improving the primary components of MS. These mechanisms primarily involve regulating signal transduction, transport, or metabolic pathways within the body, as well as influencing intestinal microbiota and metabolites, thereby exerting positive effects on metabolism and inhibiting the occurrence of MS. This review emphasizes the potential efficacy of AST in managing MS. However, more studies are needed to confirm the clinical effect of AST on MS and reveal potential molecular mechanisms.

Maintaining gut microbial homeostasis is crucial for human health, as imbalances in the gut microbiota (GM) can lead to various diseases, including metabolic syndrome (MS), exacerbated by the use of antipsychotic medications such as olanzapine (OLZ). Understanding the role of the GM in OLZ-induced MS could lead to new therapeutic strategies. This study used metagenomic analysis to explore the impact of OLZ on the GM composition and examined how probiotics can mitigate its adverse effects in a rat model. Changes in weight, blood pressure, and lipid levels, which are key parameters defining MS, were assessed. Additionally, this study investigated serotonin, dopamine, and histopathological changes to explore their possible link with the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA).

OLZ had an antagonistic effect on serotonin and dopamine receptors, and it was consistently found to alter the composition of the GM, with an increase in the relative abundance (RA) of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes phyla ratio and TM7 genera, indicating that the anticommonsal action of OLZ affects appetite and energy expenditure, contributing to obesity, dyslipidemia and increased blood pressure, which are core components of MS. Hepatic steatosis and intestinal damage in OLZ-treated rat tissues further indicate its role in MS. Conversely, the administration of probiotics, either alone or in combination with OLZ, was found to mitigate these OLZ-induced symptoms of MS by altering the GM composition. These alterations included increases in the abundances of the taxa Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Prevotella, Blautia, Bacteroides, Bacteroidales, and Ruminococcaceae and a decrease in Firmicute abundance. These changes helped maintain gut barrier integrity and modulated neurotransmitter levels, suggesting that probiotics can counteract the adverse metabolic effects of OLZ by restoring the GM balance. Moreover, this study highlights the modulation of the MGBA by OLZ as a potential mechanism through which probiotics modulate serotonin and dopamine levels, influencing metabolic health.

These findings emphasise the significant impact of OLZ on the GM and its contribution to MS. These findings suggest that interventions targeting the GM, such as probiotics, could mitigate the metabolic side effects of OLZ. Future research should focus on developing integrative treatment approaches that consider the health of the gut microbiome in managing antipsychotic-induced adverse effects.

Background: metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of clinical anomalies that share an inflammatory component of multifactorial etiology. Objectives: the present study aims to relate the genetic variant (rs61330082 C/T) with dietary patterns in the presence of MetS and the application of molecular docking according to the genotype and associated transcription factors. Methods: 197 individuals aged 18 to 65 were included, from whom anthropometric measurements were taken, and a blood sample from the forearm. DNA extraction and enzymatic digestion were performed to determine the genotype of each participant by PCR-RFLP. Dietary patterns were analyzed using a nutritional questionnaire validated for the Mexican population. Serum levels of the protein visfatin were assessed by ELISA. Finally, bioinformatics tools were used for molecular docking to infer the binding of transcriptional factors in the polymorphic region. Results: the TT genotype was present in only 10 % of the population. Women carrying the CT+TT genotype, according to the dominant genetic model, had higher serum levels of triglycerides and VDLD-C. Statistical analysis did not show a significant association between the presence of MetS and the dominant CT+TT model (OR = 1.41, 95 % CI = 0.61-3.44, p = 0.53). We identified PAX5 as a transcription factor binding to the polymorphic site of this genetic variant. Conclusions: this study demonstrated a significant association between the genetic variant (rs61330082 C/T) and lipid parameters. Women carrying the T allele have a higher risk of high triglyceride levels, a criterion for metabolic syndrome.

The potential link between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the risk of glaucoma has been proposed but remains inconclusive. This meta-analysis aimed to systematically evaluate the association between MetS and the risk of glaucoma.

We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from inception to August 12, 2024, for observational studies assessing the relationship between MetS and glaucoma risk. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the association. Heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistics, and a random-effects model was applied.

Nine studies involving 2,258,797 participants were included. The pooled results showed that MetS was significantly associated with an increased risk of glaucoma (OR: 1.34, 95% CI 1.15-1.55, p < 0.001; I² = 75%). Subgroup analyses according to the individual component of MetS suggested that hypertension and hyperglycemia were significantly associated with glaucoma, but not for obesity or dyslipidemia, although the difference among subgroups was not significant (p = 0.05). Further subgroup and meta-regression analyses suggested that the results were not significantly affected by study design, average age, sex, method of glaucoma diagnosis, or glaucoma subtype (primary open-angle glaucoma or normal-tension glaucoma). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the findings.

This meta-analysis suggests that MetS is significantly associated with an increased risk of glaucoma. These findings highlight the need for heightened awareness and potential screening strategies for glaucoma in individuals with MetS. Further studies are required to elucidate underlying mechanisms and causality.

Rising incidence of a complicated disorder with a multifarious etiology is acute pancreatitis. Growing numbers of cases of acute pancreatitis are linked to obesity, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and other metabolic diseases. Trends driven by better living standards and unhealthy lifestyle choices both in China and abroad. Furthermore common diagnosis for many patients is metabolic syndrome. Predicting the adverse effect of metabolic syndrome on the severity and prognosis of acute pancreatitis is a main focus of present clinical research. Our next studies seek to investigate the fundamental causes of this link and create preventative plans meant to lower the incidence of pancreatitis linked to metabolic syndrome and enhance the prognosis.

Multifunctional peptides derived from various food sources, including ancestral grains, hold significant promise for managing metabolic syndrome. These bioactive peptides exhibit diverse properties that collectively contribute to improving the components of metabolic syndrome. In this study, we investigated the in vitro multifunctionality of six peptides (PW, PM, SW, PPG, PW, and IW) identified through in silico analysis and chemically synthesized. These peptides were evaluated for their potential to address metabolic syndrome-related activities such as antidiabetic, antiobesity, antihypertensive, and antioxidative properties. Assessment included their capacity to inhibit key enzymes associated with these activities, as well as their free radical scavenging and cellular antioxidative activities. Principal component analysis was employed to cluster the peptides according to their multifunctionality. Our results revealed that peptides containing tryptophan (SW, PW, and IW) exhibited the most promising multifunctional attributes, with SW showing particularly high potential. This multifunctional peptide represents a promising avenue for addressing metabolic syndrome.

The idea that chronic inflammatory processes may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of both treatment - refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria and cardiovascular diseases is an important research topic.

Within the scope of this research, we aimed to elucidate a new perspective on the follow-up of chronic urticaria patients by evaluating the 10-year cardiovascular risk and metabolic syndrome in resistant chronic spontaneous urticaria patients who were unresponsive to maximum antihistamine treatment.

A total of 170 individuals who applied to our institution's Health Science University, Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, allergy and immunology outpatient clinic have been analysed in this retrospective case-control study. Metabolic syndrome was calculated according to the National Cholesterol Education Program -- Adult Treatment Panel III, and the cardiovascular risk was calculated according to the Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.

The study included 85 patients diagnosed with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) alongside 85 control subjects. Comparative analysis between the CSU patient group and the control group revealed substantial differences in terms of gender distribution, smoking habits, metabolic syndrome prevalence, waist circumference measurements, body mass index (BMI), hypertension incidence, and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) (p < 0.05). However, factors such as patient age, fasting blood glucose, diabetes status, triglyceride (TAG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and the percentage risk of cardiovascular events over 10 years were not found to influence CSU (p > 0.05).

Regarding the outcomes of this study, the presence of hypertension, obesity, waist circumference and C-reactive protein values associated with metabolic syndrome should be followed for antihistamine-refractory CSU. Early diagnosis and treatment of metabolic syndrome and its components in these patients may play a role in preventing potential complications. No significant increase in the 10-year cardiovascular risk was observed.

We sought to examine the correlation between the recommended consumption of at least two servings (400 g) of vegetables per day and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in an elderly population.

This observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive study was conducted with 264 non-institutionalized people aged 65 to 79 years old. We adhered to the recommended guidelines for vegetable intake from the MEDAS-14 questionnaire, which has been validated for elderly populations at high cardiovascular risk. Diagnoses of MetS were made based on the criteria set forth by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF).

Among 264 individuals, who had a mean age of 71.9 (SD: 4.2) and comprised 39% men, the prevalence of MetS was 40.2%. A total of 17% of the participants adhered to the recommended vegetable consumption. Consuming the recommended amount of vegetables was correlated with a 19% reduction in the prevalence of MetS, to 24.4% from 43.4% among those with low vegetable consumption (p < 0.05). A main finding was that inadequate vegetable consumption was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of MetS (OR: 2.21; 95% CI: 1.06-4.63; p = 0.035), considering potential influences by nutritional (consumption of fruit and nuts) and socio-demographic (sex, age, and level of education) covariates.

A beneficial inverse correlation was identified between the recommended vegetable intake and the prevalence of MetS. In contrast, inadequate vegetable consumption was revealed as an independent variable associated with the prevalence of MetS. Considering the very low adherence to the recommended vegetable intake we observed, encouraging increased vegetable consumption among older individuals, who have a high prevalence of MetS, is advisable.

The aim of this study was to identify the blood lipidomic profile associated with a healthy eating pattern in a middle-aged US population sample and to determine its relationship with metabolic disorders and cardiovascular risk (CVR).

Self-reported information about diet and blood samples were obtained from 2114 adult participants in the Midlife in the United States study (MIDUS). Food intake data were used to design a Healthy Diet Index (MIDUS-HEI) and to evaluate the predictive value by examining its association with health variables. The associated lipid signature (HEI-LS) was constructed using Lasso regression, from lipidomic data (LC/MS). Associations between HEI-LS, cardiometabolic biomarkers, and estimated CVR were assessed using multiple linear regression.

MIDUS-HEI score was a robust indicator of dietary quality and inversely associated with body mass index (p < 0.001) and metabolic syndrome (p = 0.012). A lipidomic signature comprising 57 distinct lipid species was highly correlated with the MIDUS-HEI score (r = 0.39, p < 10⁻16). It was characterized by lower levels of saturated fatty acid and adrenic acid (n-6) and higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid (n-3). Healthier HEI-LS scores were strongly associated with better cardiometabolic indicators and lower estimated CVR (OR 0.89 CI 95% 0.87-0.91).

The MIDUS-HEI effectively assessed dietary quality, confirming the link between poor diet quality and metabolic disorders in American population. Lipidomic profiling offered an objective assessment of dietary patterns and provided insights into the relationship between diet quality, metabolic responses, and CVR. This approach supports precision nutrition strategies for at-risk populations.

Background: Patients with autoimmune diseases experience a higher burden of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). There is a paucity of data regarding MetS in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its impact on CVD. In this retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of MetS components in IBD patients, as well as their association with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), heart failure and arrhythmias. Methods: After pooling 5 years of data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database (2016-2020), we compared traditional cardiovascular risk factors between IBD and non-IBD patients. We then investigated the association between MetS (represented by a calculated metabolic score (CMS) ranging from 0 to 4, based on the presence or absence of hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia and type II diabetes) and CVD, separately for Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. Results: The prevalence of the different MetS components was found to be lower in IBD patients compared to non-IBD patients. Comparing CD (n = 806,875) and UC (n = 575,925) identified a higher prevalence of MetS components in UC. Higher CMS was positively associated with ACS and arrhythmias in both CD and UC. This association was evident in heart failure, with the odds ratio increasing from 2.601 for CMS = 1 to 6.290 for CMS = 4 in UC patients and from 2.622 to 5.709 in CD patients. Conclusions: Our study highlights the positive association between traditional components of MetS and CVD in IBD patients. Our findings suggest that chronic inflammation explains only partially the CVD burden in hospitalized IBD patients.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) comprises several symptoms or disorders that significantly increase the risk of developing atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes. This study aims to determine the direct impact of testosterone therapy on the components of MS; although excluding type 2 diabetes cases. The authors conducted a systematic literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases without date limits, using keywords such as "testosterone therapy", "metabolic syndrome" and "men". The studies included in our review focused on the effects of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in male patients with MS, yet rejecting individuals where type 2 diabetes constituted the only diagnosis. A meta-analysis was performed using PQStat v1.8.6 software. The overall effect size (mean difference) was calculated using a random effects model. Our meta-analysis indicates that testosterone therapy leads to improvement in the components of MS. Significant reductions were observed in waist circumference (WC) (95% CI: -0.709 to 0.094; p = 0.011), as well as in triglycerides (TG) (95% CI: -0.474 to 0.120; p = 0.039). These findings support the potential therapeutic benefits of testosterone treatment in managing MS. However, further research is vital to explore the long-term effects and the safety of this therapy in patients with metabolic syndrome.

Background: Metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes are closely related. They are characterized by chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Obesity is the most important risk factor for metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Metabolic syndrome is characterized by insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose levels, among other conditions. These disorders contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes, which can exacerbate other metabolic problems. Methods: Numerous studies indicate that diet and nutrients can have a major impact on preventing and treating these conditions. One such ingredient is lycopene. It is a naturally occurring carotenoid with a unique chemical structure. It exhibits strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties due to its conjugated double bonds and its ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species. Its properties make lycopene indirectly affect many cellular processes. The article presents studies in animal models and humans on the activity of this carotenoid in metabolic problems. Results: The findings suggest that lycopene's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities make it a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: This review underscores the potential of lycopene as a beneficial dietary supplement in improving metabolic health and reducing the risk of associated chronic diseases. The conditions described are population diseases, so research into compounds with properties such as lycopene is growing in popularity.

Arthrospira platensis (Ap) and Bacillus coagulans (Bc) have been successfully used to develop functional foods, but a combination of both regarding functional implications in nutritional value and antioxidant capacity has not been explored. This work aimed to develop an artisanal wheat flour pasta with egg using 5% A. platensis and 1% B. coagulans GBI 6068 (labeled as Bc+Ap). Uncooked pasta was characterized regarding nutritional value; furthermore, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), pigment content, colorimetry assay, textural profile analysis, buffering capacity, and probiotic viability were carried out on uncooked and cooked pasta to assess the changes induced by cooking. The Bc+Ap pasta showed enhanced nutritional value with a significant increase in protein content (30.61%). After cooking, the pasta showed increased phenolic content (14.22% mg GAE/g) and antioxidant capacity (55.59% µmol Trolox equivalents/g and 10.88% µmol Fe+2/g) for ABTS and FRAP, respectively, as well as pigment content (6.72 and 1.17 mg/100 g) for chlorophyll a+b and total carotenoids, respectively, but relative impacts on colorimetric parameters in contrast to control (wheat flour pasta). Furthermore, Bc+Ap showed improved firmness (59%, measured in g), buffer capacity (87.80% μmol H+(g × ΔpH)-1), and good probiotic viability (7.2 ± 0.17 log CFU/g) after the cooking process.

Nearly 10% of cancers could be prevented through dietary changes. In addition, breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Inadequate diet may lead to several metabolic abnormalities, including metabolic syndrome (MS). The goal of our study is to evaluate the link between survival after BC and MS, as well as diet lipids and circulating lipids.

This study was performed in an early-stage BC cohort (n = 73): MS, dietary lipids, and circulating biological parameters, including leucocyte expression in cholesterol carriers (ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA1, ABCG1), were determined before any medication intervention. The data of each patient were analyzed using univariate logistic regression and are expressed by HR, 95%CI [5th-95th]. All these parameters were explored with survival parameters using Cox regression analyses.

Overall survival (OS) and invasive disease-free survival (iDFS) were significantly longer for the women without metabolic syndrome with HR 4.7 [1.11-19.92] and p = 0.036, and 3.58 [1.23-10.44] and p = 0.019, respectively. The expression of ABCG1 in peripheral leucocytes, an ATP-binding cassette transporter involved in cholesterol and phospholipid trafficking, is significantly associated with iDFS (1.38 [1.1-1.9], p = 0.0048). MS is associated with more pejorative survival parameters in early-stage breast cancer. Paraoxonase (or PON) activities differ according to PON gene polymorphism, but also diet. A link between PON activities and survival parameters was suggested and needs to be clarified.

This study emphasizes the link between survival parameters of early-stage breast cancer, metabolic syndrome, and some parameters related to lipid metabolism.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a disease condition incorporating the abnormal accumulation of various metabolic components, including overweight or abdominal obesity, insulin resistance and abnormal glucose tolerance, hypertension, atherosclerosis, or dyslipidemia. It has been proved that the gut microbiota and microbial-derived products play an important role in regulating lipid metabolism and thus the onset and development of MetS. Previous studies have demonstrated that oligosaccharides with prebiotic effects, such as chitosan oligosaccharides, can regulate the structure of the microbial community and its derived products to control weight and reduce MetS associated with obesity. Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS), natural products extracted from degraded alginate salts with high solubility and extensive biological activity, have also been found to modulate gut microbiota. This review aims to summarize experimental evidence on the positive effects of AOS on different types of MetS while providing insights into mechanisms through which AOS regulates gut microbiota for preventing and treating MetS.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a noncommunicable disease with a high burden, including the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular events, and death. It is characterized by abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, increased fasting plasma glucose levels, hypertriglyceridemia, and reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. MetS is preventable by modifying lifestyle and dietary patterns, which are major contributing factors. This research aimed to investigate the dietary patterns of the Shiraz Heart Study (SHS) and their associations with the occurrence of MetS and its components among middle-aged residents of Shiraz.

Based on data from the Shiraz Heart Study (SHS), a prospective cohort study, the nutritional status of 1,675 participants was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Three food patterns were extracted from the analysis named as vegan, western, and carbohydrate. Subjects were categorized into three levels for three major dietary patterns: low, moderate, and high, based on their adherence to each pattern. After adjusting the effect of co-founder variables, the relationship between dietary patterns, and the risk of developing MetS was analyzed.

Of the 1,675 participants, 728 (43.5%) of them were male. The prevalence of MetS was 47.2%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that high adherence to the vegan pattern was negatively associated with the occurrence of MetS (P value <0.001), while low adherence to the western pattern was also negatively associated (P value <0.05).

Healthier diets, such as vegan diets, are significantly related to lower rates of MetS among the 40-70-year-old people in Shiraz, Iran.

Changes in the stool metabolome have been poorly studied in the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Moreover, few studies have explored the relationship of stool metabolites with circulating metabolites. Here, we investigated the associations between stool and blood metabolites, the MetS and systemic inflammation.

We analyzed data from 1,370 participants of the KORA FF4 study (Germany). Metabolites were measured by Metabolon, Inc. (untargeted) in stool, and using the AbsoluteIDQ® p180 kit (targeted) in blood. Multiple linear regression models, adjusted for dietary pattern, age, sex, physical activity, smoking status and alcohol intake, were used to estimate the associations of metabolites with the MetS, its components and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels. Partial correlation and Multi-Omics Factor Analysis (MOFA) were used to investigate the relationship between stool and blood metabolites.

The MetS was significantly associated with 170 stool and 82 blood metabolites. The MetS components with the highest number of associations were triglyceride levels (stool) and HDL levels (blood). Additionally, 107 and 27 MetS-associated metabolites (in stool and blood, respectively) showed significant associations with hsCRP levels. We found low partial correlation coefficients between stool and blood metabolites. MOFA did not detect shared variation across the two datasets.

The MetS, particularly dyslipidemia, is associated with multiple stool and blood metabolites that are also associated with systemic inflammation. Further studies are necessary to validate our findings and to characterize metabolic alterations in the MetS. Although our analyses point to weak correlations between stool and blood metabolites, additional studies using integrative approaches are warranted.

The present study aimed to develop and optimize solidified supersaturated self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) for the combined administration of antihypertensive, antihyperglycemic, and antihyperlipidemic drugs to enhance their solubility and dissolution during the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Various SNEDDS formulations were prepared and subjected to pharmaceutical assessment. The solubility of candesartan (CC), glibenclamide (GB), and rosuvastatin (RC) in SNEDDS and supersaturated SNEDDS formulations was evaluated. The optimized formulation was solidified using Syloid adsorbent at different ratios. Pharmaceutical characterization of the formulations included particle size, zeta potential, in-vitro dissolution, PXRD, FTIR, and SEM analysis. The prepared optimized formulation (F6) was able to form homogeneous nanoemulsion droplets without phase separation, which is composed of Tween 20: PEG-400: Capmul MCM (4: 3: 3). It was mixed with 5% PVP-K30 to prepare a supersaturated liquid SNEDDS formulation (F9). In addition, it was found that the addition of PVP-K30 significantly increased solubility CC and GB from 20.46 ± 0.48 and 6.73 ± 0.05 to 27.67 ± 1.72 and 9.45 ± 0.32 mg/g, respectively. In-vitro dissolution study revealed that liquid and solid SNEDD formulations remarkably improved the dissolution rates of CC, GB, and RC compared to pure drugs. XRPD and FTIR analysis revealed that all drugs present in an amorphous state within prepared solidified supersaturated SNEDDS formulation. SEM images showed that liquid SNEDDS formulation was successfully adsorbed on the surface of Syloid. Overall, optimized F9 and solidified supersaturated SNEDDS formulations showed superior performance in enhancing drug solubility and dissolution rate. The present study revealed that the proposed triple combination therapy of metabolic syndrome holds a promising strategy during the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Further in-vivo studies are required to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of prepared solidified supersaturated SNEDDS formulation.

While several risk factors for knee osteoarthritis (KOA) have been recognized, the pathogenesis of KOA and the causal relationship between modifiable risk factors and KOA in genetic epidemiology remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the causal relationship between KOA and its risk factors.

Data were obtained from published Genome-Wide Association study (GWAS) databases. A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed with genetic variants associated with risk factors as instrumental variables and KOA as outcome. First, inverse variance weighting was used as the main MR analysis method, and then a series of sensitivity analyses were conducted to comprehensively evaluate the causal relationship between them.

Univariate forward MR analysis revealed that genetically predicted hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism/thyrotoxicosis, educational level, income level, metabolic syndrome (MS), essential hypertension, height, hot drink temperature, diet (abstaining from sugar-sweetened or wheat products), and psychological and psychiatric disorders (stress, depression, and anxiety) were causally associated with KOA. Reverse MR exhibits a causal association between KOA and educational attainment. Multivariate MR analysis adjusted for the inclusion of potential mediators, such as body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption, and sex, exhibited some variation in causal effects. However, hyperthyroidism/thyrotoxicosis had a significant causal effect on KOA, and there was good evidence that height, hypothyroidism, educational level, psychological and psychiatric disorders (stress, depression, and anxiety), and abstaining from wheat products had an independent causal relationship. The mediating effect of BMI as a mediator was also identified.

This study used MR to validate the causal relationship between KOA and its risk factors, providing new insights for preventing and treating KOA in clinical practice and for developing public health policies.

This study examined the suppressive effects of 16 selected plant-based foods on α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase and their antioxidant properties. Among these, the bark of Cinnamomum cassia (Cinnamon, WLN-FM 15) showed the highest inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and the highest antioxidant activity. Additionally, WLN-FM 15 showed promising results in the other tests. To further identify the bioactive constituents of WLN-FM 15, a multi-bioactivity-labeled molecular networking approach was used through a combination of GNPS-based molecular networking, DPPH-HPLC, and affinity-based ultrafiltration-HPLC. A total of nine procyanidins were identified as antioxidants and inhibitors of α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase in WLN-FM 15. Subsequently, procyanidins A1, A2, B1, and C1 were isolated, and their efficacy was confirmed through functional assays. In summary, WLN-FM 15 has the potential to serve as a functional food ingredient with the procyanidins as its bioactive constituents. These results also suggest that the multi-bioactivity-labeled molecular networking approach is reliable for identifying bioactive constituents in plant-based foods.