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Arunasalam S, Pattiyakumbura T, Shihab SR, Muthugala R, Noordeen F. Demographic and clinical characteristics of human bocavirus-1 infection in patients with acute respiratory tract infections during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Central Province of Sri Lanka. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:425. [PMID: 37349687 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08312-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human bocavirus-1 (hBoV-1) was first detected in respiratory specimens in 2005. Due to high co-infection rates and prolonged shedding of the virus, the pathogenic role of hBoV-1 as a primary causative agent of respiratory infections is still under discussion. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hBoV-1 infection in patients with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Central Province of Sri Lanka. METHODS A total of 1021 patients (Age 12 days to ≤ 85 years) with ARTI symptoms including fever, cough, cold, sore throat and shortness of breath within first 7 days of the illness were included. The study was carried out at the National Hospital, Kandy, Sri Lanka from January 2021 to October 2022. Respiratory specimens were tested to detect 23 pathogens including hBoV-1 using a real time PCR. Prevalence of hBoV-1 co-infections with other respiratory pathogens and distribution of hBoV-1 infection among different age groups were determined. Moreover, clinical and demographic characteristics of hBoV-1 mono-infection associated ARTI were compared with that of the hBoV-1 co-infections. RESULTS Respiratory infections were detected in 51.5% (526/1021) of the patients and of these 82.5% were mono- and 17.1% were co-infections. hBoV-1 was detected in 66 patients and this was the most prevalent respiratory virus associated with 40% co-infections. Of the 66 hBoV-1 positive patients, 36 had co-infections and of these 33 had dual and 3 had triple infections. Most of the hBoV-1 co-infections were identified in children aged 2-<5 years. hBoV-1 co-infections were most frequently detected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Rhino/ Entero viruses (Rh/EnV). No differences were observed in age, gender and clinical presentations in those with hBoV-1 mono- compared to co-infections. Intensive care admissions were less among hBoV-1 mono-infected than hBoV-1 co-infected patients. CONCLUSION This study shows a prevalence of 12.5% for hBoV-1 infections in patients with ARTI. RSV and Rh/EnV were the most common co-infecting pathogens with hBoV-1. Clinical features of hBoV-1 mono-infections were not different to that of the hBoV-1 co-infections. Interactions between hBoV-1 and other respiratory pathogens need investigation to identify the role of hBoV-1 in clinical severity of co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyamalee Arunasalam
- Diagnostic and Research Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Sibra Rm Shihab
- Diagnostic and Research Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Rohitha Muthugala
- Virology Laboratory, National Hospital Kandy, Kandy, 20000, Sri Lanka
| | - Faseeha Noordeen
- Diagnostic and Research Virology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.
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Clementi N, Ghosh S, De Santis M, Castelli M, Criscuolo E, Zanoni I, Clementi M, Mancini N. Viral Respiratory Pathogens and Lung Injury. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00103-20. [PMID: 33789928 PMCID: PMC8142519 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00103-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several viruses target the human respiratory tract, causing different clinical manifestations spanning from mild upper airway involvement to life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). As dramatically evident in the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the clinical picture is not always easily predictable due to the combined effect of direct viral and indirect patient-specific immune-mediated damage. In this review, we discuss the main RNA (orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, and coronaviruses) and DNA (adenoviruses, herpesviruses, and bocaviruses) viruses with respiratory tropism and their mechanisms of direct and indirect cell damage. We analyze the thin line existing between a protective immune response, capable of limiting viral replication, and an unbalanced, dysregulated immune activation often leading to the most severe complication. Our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms involved is increasing and this should pave the way for the development and clinical use of new tailored immune-based antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Clementi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sreya Ghosh
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria De Santis
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Matteo Castelli
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Criscuolo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Sharif N, Parvez AK, Haque A, Talukder AA, Ushijima H, Dey SK. Molecular and epidemiological trends of human bocavirus and adenovirus in children with acute gastroenteritis in Bangladesh during 2015 to 2019. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3194-3201. [PMID: 32237149 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Virus associated diarrhea remains one of the leading causes of children morbidity and mortality in Bangladesh. Human bocavirus (HBoV) has been reported as a potential pathogen of children's diarrhea worldwide. However, due to its frequent association with other gastroenteric pathogens, its role as diarrhea causative agent remains to be defined. This study focuses to detect the incidence of HBoV and adenovirus (AdV) and to determine the molecular and epidemiological characteristics of HBoV and AdV. Between January 2015 to January 2019, 290 fecal specimens were collected from diarrheal children in Bangladesh. All fecal specimens were tested for HBoV and AdV by conventional polymerase chain reaction and sequencing methods. HBoV was detected in 7.24% (21 of 290) of the stool samples, as a sole virus in 71.42% (15 of 21) of the positive samples. AdV was detected in 4.82% (14 of 290) of the samples. The most common clinical symptoms of HBoV infected patients were diarrhea (100%) and vomiting (57%). All of the isolates of HBoV were from HBoV1 and AdV were from AdV41, AdV5, AdV7, and AdV8. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first epidemiological and molecular analysis report of HBoV from clinical specimens in Bangladesh. In the future, more studies are needed to clarify the role of HBoV as diarrheal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Sharif
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Aynul Haque
- Department of Physiology, Pabna Medical College, Pabna, Bangladesh
| | - Ali Azam Talukder
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuvra Kanti Dey
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Molecular and Epidemiologic Analysis of Diarrheal Pathogens in Children With Acute Gastroenteritis in Bangladesh During 2014-2019. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39:580-585. [PMID: 32187137 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheal disease is one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in the 21st century in developing countries. Mainly infants and young children develop diarrheal diseases. This study aims to determine the incidence of diarrheal pathogens in children in Bangladesh. METHODS During 2014 to 2019, 387 fecal specimens were collected from children with diarrhea in Bangladesh. Bacterial pathogens were detected by conventional bacteriologic, biochemical and molecular sequence analysis methods. DNA virus and RNA virus (diarrheal viruses) were detected using polymerase chain reaction and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, respectively and confirmed by molecular sequence analysis. RESULTS Bacterial infections were detected in 39.27% (152 of 387) of the stool samples. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent (17.3%) followed by Vibrio cholerae (13.5%), Salmonella spp. (4.9%) and Shigella spp. (3.6%). From 387 fecal specimens tested, 42.4% (164 of 387) were positive for viral infections. Rotavirus was the most prevalent (26.3%), followed by adenovirus (5.7%), norovirus (5.4%) and human bocavirus (4.9%). Dual infection between rotavirus and E. coli accounted for the largest portion of coinfection (48%). Diarrhea (77%) and abdominal pain (65%) were most common followed by vomiting (63%), fever (43%) and dehydration (39%). E. coli and V. cholerae were most resistant against ciprofloxacin (62.7%) and tetracycline (88.5%). qnrA and sul4 resistance genes were isolated from these pathogens. CONCLUSIONS Data from this study underline the high incidence of diarrheal pathogens and presence of antibiotics resistance genes in a pediatric population in Bangladesh.
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Etemadi MR, Jalilian FA, Othman N, Lye MS, Ansari S, Yubbu P, Sekawi Z. Diversity of respiratory viruses detected among hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infections at Hospital Serdang, Malaysia. J Virol Methods 2019; 269:1-6. [PMID: 30910688 PMCID: PMC7172173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of new viruses have created a renewed interest in the epidemiology of respiratory viruses. Respiratory viruses are the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) in children. Assessment of the morbidity of specific etiological agents of ALRTIs is important to determine agent-specific interventions. Sensitive and rapid diagnosis of respiratory infections in hospitalized children is cost-effective. Background The role of respiratory viruses as the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) in children is becoming increasingly evident due to the use of sensitive molecular detection methods. The aim of this study was to use conventional and molecular detection methods to assess the epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in children less than five years of age that were hospitalized with ALRTIs. Methods The cross-sectional study was designed to investigate the occurrence of respiratory viruses including respiratory syncytisl virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), influenza virus A and B (IFV-A and B), parainfluenzavirus 1, 2, 3 and 4 (PIV 1, 2, 3 and 4), human rhinoviruses (HRV), human enterovirus (HEV), human coronaviruses (HCoV) 229E and OC43, human bocavirus (HBoV) and human adenovirus (HAdV) in hospitalized children with ALRTIs, at Hospital Serdang, Malaysia, from June 16 to December 21, 2009. The study was also designed in part to assess the performance of the conventional methods against molecular methods. Results Viral pathogens were detected in 158 (95.8%) of the patients. Single virus infections were detected in 114 (67.9%) patients; 46 (27.9%) were co-infected with different viruses including double-virus infections in 37 (22.4%) and triple-virus infections in 9 (5.5%) cases. Approximately 70% of samples were found to be positive using conventional methods compared with 96% using molecular methods. A wide range of respiratory viruses were detected in the study. There was a high prevalence of RSV (50.3%) infections, particularly group B viruses. Other etiological agents including HAdV, HMPV, IFV-A, PIV 1–3, HBoV, HCoV-OC43 and HEV were detected in 14.5, 9.6, 9.1, 4.8, 3.6, 2.4 and 1.8 percent of the samples, respectively. Conclusion Our results demonstrated the increased sensitivity of molecular detection methods compared with conventional methods for the diagnosis of ARTIs in hospitalized children. This is the first report of HMPV infections in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Etemadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Arak, Arak, Iran; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Farid Azizi Jalilian
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Norlijah Othman
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Munn-Sann Lye
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Sara Ansari
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Putri Yubbu
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Zamberi Sekawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Siegel RD. Classification of Human Viruses. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7151951 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-40181-4.00201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Nascimento-Carvalho AC, Vilas-Boas AL, Fontoura MSH, Xu M, Vuorinen T, Söderlund-Venermo M, Ruuskanen O, Nascimento-Carvalho CM. Serologically diagnosed acute human bocavirus 1 infection in childhood community-acquired pneumonia. Pediatr Pulmonol 2018; 53:88-94. [PMID: 29028159 PMCID: PMC7167785 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess the role of human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) as a causative agent of non-severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. METHODS Patients aged 2-59 months with non-severe CAP (respiratory complaints and radiographic pulmonary infiltrate/consolidation) attending a University Hospital in Salvador, Brazil were enrolled in a prospective cohort. From 820 recruited children in a clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01200706), nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA), and acute and convalescent serum samples were obtained from 759 (92.6%) patients. NPAs were tested for 16 respiratory viruses by PCR. Acute HBoV1 infection was confirmed by measuring specific IgM and IgG responses in paired serum samples. RESULTS Respiratory viruses were detected in 693 (91.3%; 95%CI: 89.1-93.2) CAP cases by PCR. HBoV1-DNA was detected in 159 (20.9%; 95%CI: 18.2-24.0) cases. Of these 159 PCR positive cases, acute HBoV1 infection was confirmed serologically in 38 cases (23.9%; 95%CI: 17.8-31.0). Overall, acute HBoV1 infection was confirmed in 5.0% (38/759) of non-severe CAP patients. HBoV1 was detected in 151 cases with at least one other virus making 31.7% of all multiple virus (n = 477) detections. Among all 759 cases, 216 had one respiratory virus detected, and sole HBoV1 was detected in only 8 (3.7%). Acute HBoV1 infection was serologically diagnosed in 34 (22.5%) HBoV1-DNA-positive cases with another virus, compared to 4 (50.0%) cases with sole virus detection (p = 0.09). CONCLUSION HBoV1 was detected by PCR in one fifth of the children with non-severe CAP and acute HBoV1 infection was serologically confirmed in one quarter of these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana-Luisa Vilas-Boas
- Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Man Xu
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tytti Vuorinen
- Department of Clinical Virology Turku University Hospital and Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Olli Ruuskanen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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- Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Brazil
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Guido M, Tumolo MR, Verri T, Romano A, Serio F, De Giorgi M, De Donno A, Bagordo F, Zizza A. Human bocavirus: Current knowledge and future challenges. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:8684-8697. [PMID: 27818586 PMCID: PMC5075545 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i39.8684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus isolated about a decade ago and found worldwide in both respiratory samples, mainly from early life and children of 6-24 mo of age with acute respiratory infection, and in stool samples, from patients with gastroenteritis. Since then, other viruses related to the first HBoV isolate (HBoV1), namely HBoV2, HBoV3 and HBoV4, have been detected principally in human faeces. HBoVs are small non-enveloped single-stranded DNA viruses of about 5300 nucleotides, consisting of three open reading frames encoding the first two the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) and nuclear phosphoprotein (NP1) and the third the viral capsid proteins 1 and 2 (VP1 and VP2). HBoV pathogenicity remains to be fully clarified mainly due to the lack of animal models for the difficulties in replicating the virus in in vitro cell cultures, and the fact that HBoV infection is frequently accompanied by at least another viral and/or bacterial respiratory and/or gastroenteric pathogen infection. Current diagnostic methods to support HBoV detection include polymerase chain reaction, real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzyme immunoassay using recombinant VP2 or virus-like particle capsid proteins, although sequence-independent amplification techniques combined with next-generation sequencing platforms promise rapid and simultaneous detection of the pathogens in the future. This review presents the current knowledge on HBoV genotypes with emphasis on taxonomy, phylogenetic relationship and genomic analysis, biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and diagnostic methods. The emerging discussion on HBoVs as true pathogen or innocent bystander is also emphasized.
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CpG distribution and methylation pattern in porcine parvovirus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85986. [PMID: 24392033 PMCID: PMC3877397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on GC content and the observed/expected CpG ratio (oCpGr), we found three major groups among the members of subfamily Parvovirinae: Group I parvoviruses with low GC content and low oCpGr values, Group II with low GC content and high oCpGr values and Group III with high GC content and high oCpGr values. Porcine parvovirus belongs to Group I and it features an ascendant CpG distribution by position in its coding regions similarly to the majority of the parvoviruses. The entire PPV genome remains hypomethylated during the viral lifecycle independently from the tissue of origin. In vitro CpG methylation of the genome has a modest inhibitory effect on PPV replication. The in vitro hypermethylation disappears from the replicating PPV genome suggesting that beside the maintenance DNMT1 the de novo DNMT3a and DNMT3b DNA methyltransferases can't methylate replicating PPV DNA effectively either, despite that the PPV infection does not seem to influence the expression, translation or localization of the DNA methylases. SNP analysis revealed high mutability of the CpG sites in the PPV genome, while introduction of 29 extra CpG sites into the genome has no significant biological effects on PPV replication in vitro. These experiments raise the possibility that beyond natural selection mutational pressure may also significantly contribute to the low level of the CpG sites in the PPV genome.
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do Amaral de Leon C, Amantea SL, Pilger DA, Cantarelli V. Clinical and epidemiologic profile of lower respiratory tract infections associated with human bocavirus. Pediatr Pulmonol 2013; 48:1112-8. [PMID: 23818319 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute viral bronchiolitis (AVB) remains the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in infants under 2 years of age. Advances in molecular methods for virus detection have led to the identification of new infectious agents implicated in the development of AVB, such as human bocavirus (HBoV). OBJECTIVES To ascertain the frequency, seasonality, and clinical behavior of HBoV detection in a series of episodes of LRTI. STUDY DESIGN The frequency of HBoV was assessed in children with LRTI episodes, aged 1-24 months, seen at the emergency department of Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio, Porto Alegre, Brazil, between May 2007 and July 2008. Virus-specific polymerase chain reaction was used for detection. RESULTS A total of 455 nasal secretion samples were collected from 433 patients over a 14-month period. Of these, 60 were positive for HBoV (13.2%). Mean age was 7.9 months and 55% of patients were male. Just over half of patients were under 6 months of age (53.3%). Wheezing was the presenting respiratory complaint in 51.7%. Of the 60 patients, 80% were admitted to a pediatric ward. Diarrhea was present in nine patients (18%). Co-detection was a frequent finding in our sample, occurring in 95% of cases. In our series, the distribution of HBoV was clearly seasonal and was influenced by temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that HBoV detection in infants with AVB and recurrent wheezing of viral etiology in Brazil is similar to that reported in other countries. The clinical course of HBoV detection is no different from that of other respiratory viruses commonly found in this age range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano do Amaral de Leon
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Human Bocavirus in Iranian children with acute gastroenteritis. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2013; 27:127-31. [PMID: 24791122 PMCID: PMC3917485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Bocavirus (HBoV) infection is of worldwide distribution. There is increasing evidencethat HBoV is pathogenic for the human gastroenteric tract. However, less data are available on the role of HBoVin gastroenteritis. The present study was aimed to determine the prevalence of HBoV in children with gastroenteritis. METHODS Real-time PCR TaqMan was used to screen 200 stool specimens that had been referred to the virologylaboratory for HBoV evaluation. All of samples were collected on viral transport media. RESULTS Of the 200 stool samples analyzed, 16 (8%) were positive for HBoV. Human Bocavirus positive samplesfrom patients aged between 1 to 5 years with acute gastroenteritis infection suggest a minor role of HBoVin gastroenteritis (p=0.0001). CONCLUSION The study showed a high prevalence of human Bocavirus in young children with acute gastroenteritisdiseases in Iran, suggesting that HBoV play a role in the pathogenesis of gastroenteritis.
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Deng Y, Gu X, Zhao X, Luo J, Luo Z, Wang L, Fu Z, Yang X, Liu E. High viral load of human bocavirus correlates with duration of wheezing in children with severe lower respiratory tract infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34353. [PMID: 22479609 PMCID: PMC3316689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly discovered parvovirus and increasing evidences are available to support its role as an etiologic agent in lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). The objective of this study is to assess the impact of HBoV viral load on clinical characteristics in children who were HBoV positive and suffered severe LRTI. Methods Lower respiratory tract aspirates from 186 hospitalized children with severe LRTI were obtained by bronchoscopy. HBoVs were detected by real-time PCR and other 10 infectious agents were examined using PCR and/or direct fluorescent assay. Results Thirty-one patients (24.6%) were tested positive for HBoV in the respiratory tract aspirates. Fifteen samples had a high viral load (>104 copies/mL) and the other sixteen samples had a low viral load (<104 copies/mL). The duration of presented wheezing and hospitalization was longer in children with high viral load of HBoV than that in children with low viral load. The days of wheezing showed a correlation with viral load of HBoV. Conclusion We confirmed that HBoV was frequently detected in patients with severe LRTI. Wheezing was one of the most common symptoms presented by patients with positive HBoV. A high HBoV viral load could be an etiologic agent for LRTI, which led to more severe lower respiratory tract symptom, longer duration of wheezing and hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Gu
- Paediatric unit of the Bethune International Peace Hospital of the PLA, Shijiazhuang Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxiu Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijia Wang
- Laboratory of Children's Respiratory Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Fu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiqiang Yang
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Siegel RD. Classification of Human Viruses. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2012. [PMCID: PMC7151899 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-2702-9.00203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Moriyama Y, Hamada H, Okada M, Tsuchiya N, Maru H, Shirato Y, Maeda Y, Hirose Y, Yoshida M, Omura Y, Honda T, Muto A, Hayashi K, Terai M. Distinctive clinical features of human bocavirus in children younger than 2 years. Eur J Pediatr 2010; 169:1087-92. [PMID: 20383526 PMCID: PMC2908446 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-010-1183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Clinical characteristics of human bocavirus (HBoV) infection have been studied worldwide, but their importance of those characteristics remains unknown. We investigated distinctive clinical features of HBoV-positive children with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). METHODS AND RESULTS During April 2007-July 2009, for 402 hospitalized children younger than 2 years with LRTI, we prospectively examined virus genomes in nasopharyngeal swabs for HBoV, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, metapneumovirus, parainfluenzavirus, and adenovirus. The HBoV genomes were identified in 34 patients (8.5%). Clinical and laboratory data of HBoV-positive and other virus/bacteria-negative patients (n = 18) were analyzed and compared with data of RSV-single positive patients (n = 99). The seasonal distribution of HBoV exhibits a concentration of cases during March-September, with most RSV cases occurring during winter in Japan. The minimum age of HBoV-positive patients was 5 months, although 44 patients (44%) with RSV were younger than 6 months. The main clinical features were respiratory distress and hypoxia. Hypoxia advances within 3 days after onset. The mean oxygen saturation on arrival was 92.8%, which was significantly lower than that in patients with RSV (p < 0.001). White blood cell counts were similar among groups. However, the percentage of neutrophils in white blood cells were significantly higher in HBoV-positive patients (62 vs. 45%, p < 0.001). Their prognoses were good. Their hospital stays were 6.6 days. CONCLUSIONS HBoV-single positive patients show several clinical characteristics, such as seasonality, age, hypoxia, and neutrophilia, which differ from those with RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Moriyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, 477-96, Owada-shinden, Yachiyo, Chiba 276-8524 Japan
| | - Hiromichi Hamada
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, 477-96, Owada-shinden, Yachiyo, Chiba 276-8524 Japan
| | - Mineyuki Okada
- Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nozomi Tsuchiya
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, 477-96, Owada-shinden, Yachiyo, Chiba 276-8524 Japan
| | - Hiromi Maru
- Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuri Shirato
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, 477-96, Owada-shinden, Yachiyo, Chiba 276-8524 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Maeda
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, 477-96, Owada-shinden, Yachiyo, Chiba 276-8524 Japan
| | - Yosuke Hirose
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, 477-96, Owada-shinden, Yachiyo, Chiba 276-8524 Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, 477-96, Owada-shinden, Yachiyo, Chiba 276-8524 Japan
| | - Yoh Omura
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, 477-96, Owada-shinden, Yachiyo, Chiba 276-8524 Japan
| | - Takafumi Honda
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, 477-96, Owada-shinden, Yachiyo, Chiba 276-8524 Japan
| | - Ayako Muto
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, 477-96, Owada-shinden, Yachiyo, Chiba 276-8524 Japan
| | - Kitami Hayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, 477-96, Owada-shinden, Yachiyo, Chiba 276-8524 Japan
| | - Masaru Terai
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, 477-96, Owada-shinden, Yachiyo, Chiba 276-8524 Japan
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15
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Calvo C, Pozo F, García-García ML, Sanchez M, Lopez-Valero M, Pérez-Breña P, Casas I. Detection of new respiratory viruses in hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis: a three-year prospective study. Acta Paediatr 2010; 99:883-7. [PMID: 20163373 PMCID: PMC7159545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM We have designed a study with the objective of describing the clinical impact of other viruses different from the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis. METHODS A 3 year prospective study was conducted on infants admitted to the Paediatrics Department of the Severo Ochoa Hospital (Spain). We studied the frequency of 16 respiratory viruses. Clinical characteristics of RSV-only infections were compared with other single agent viral infections. RESULTS Positive results were confirmed in 275 (86.5%) of the 318 children studied. A single virus was detected in 196 patients and 79 were dual or multiple viral infections. RSV was detected in 61.3% of total bronchiolitis. Rhinovirus (RV) was 17.4% of the identified virus, followed by human bocavirus (HBoV), adenovirus and metapneumovirus (hMPV). Only RV, HBoV and hMPV were significant as single infections. RSV patients were younger than HBoV (p > 0.0001) and hMPV (p = 0.025). Seasonality was clearly different between them. Children with RSV infection needed treatment in the intensive care unit more frequently than others. CONCLUSIONS In hospitalized infants, RSV was the most frequent agent in bronchiolitis in winter, but other viruses were present in 47% of the patients. RV, HBoV and hMPV had a significant proportion of single infections. Clinical characteristics were similar amongst them, but seasonality was clearly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Calvo
- Pediatrics Department, Severo Ochoa Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- John V. Williams
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and the Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville Tennessee
- Reprints or correspondence: Dr John V. Williams Pediatric Infectious Diseases Vanderbilt University Medical Center D7235 Medical Center North 1161 21st Ave South Nashville TN 37232–2581 ()
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17
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Kapoor A, Simmonds P, Slikas E, Li L, Bodhidatta L, Sethabutr O, Triki H, Bahri O, Oderinde BS, Baba MM, Bukbuk DN, Besser J, Bartkus J, Delwart E. Human bocaviruses are highly diverse, dispersed, recombination prone, and prevalent in enteric infections. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:1633-43. [PMID: 20415538 PMCID: PMC2902747 DOI: 10.1086/652416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of parvovirus, tentatively named human bocavirus 4 (HBoV4), was genetically characterized. Among 641 feces samples obtained from children and adults, the most commonly detected bocavirus species were, in descending order, HBoV2, HBoV3, HBoV4, and HBoV1, with an HBoV2 prevalence of 21% and 26% in Nigerian and Tunisian children, respectively. HBoV3 or HBoV4 species were found in 12 of 192 patients with non-polio acute flaccid paralysis in Tunisia and Nigeria and 0 of 96 healthy Tunisian contacts (P= .01). Evidence of extensive recombination at the NP1 and VP1 gene boundary between and within bocavirus species was found. The high degree of genetic diversity seen among the human bocaviruses found in feces specimens, relative to the highly homogeneous HBoV1, suggest that this worldwide-distributed respiratory pathogen may have recently evolved from an enteric bocavirus after acquiring an expanded tropism favoring the respiratory tract. Elucidating the possible role of the newly identified enteric bocaviruses in human diseases, including acute flaccid paralysis and diarrhea, will require further epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kapoor
- Blood Systems Research Institute, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, 270 Masonic Ave., San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
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18
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Mansbach JM, Camargo CA. Respiratory viruses in bronchiolitis and their link to recurrent wheezing and asthma. Clin Lab Med 2010; 29:741-55. [PMID: 19892232 PMCID: PMC2810250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Mansbach
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Main Clinical Building 9 South, #9157, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D W Chow
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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20
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Dina J, Nguyen E, Gouarin S, Petitjean J, Parienti JJ, Nimal D, Brouard J, Freymuth F, Vabret A. Development of duplex real-time PCR for detection of two DNA respiratory viruses. J Virol Methods 2009; 162:119-25. [PMID: 19654024 PMCID: PMC7112853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed for the detection and quantitation of HAdV (human adenovirus) and HBoV (human bocavirus) based on a duplex real-time PCR, the AB PCR, using a Smartcycler instrument. A control real-time PCR was carried out on albumin DNA to standardise the non-homogenous respiratory samples. No cross-reactivity was observed with viruses or bacteria that could be found in the respiratory tract. The diagnosis rate using the AB PCR on clinical samples was 10.7%: 3.4% for HBoV detection, 6.9% for HAdV detection and 0.3% double detection HBoV-HAdV. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the HAdV- and HBoV-infected patients were evaluated. In the HAdV-positive group and the HBoV-positive group the samples were classified according to the severity of the disease. The HAdV viral load did not appear to be linked to the severity of the disease. Conversely, the difference between the two HBoV groups, severe and non-severe, was significant statistically when the comparison was based on the viral load (P=0.006) or after adjustment of the viral load to the number of cells in the samples (P=0.02).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dina
- Department of Virology, University Hospital of Caen, Avenue Georges Clemenceau, 14033 Caen Cedex, France.
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21
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Mansbach JM, Espinola JA, Macias CG, Ruhlen ME, Sullivan AF, Camargo CA. Variability in the diagnostic labeling of nonbacterial lower respiratory tract infections: a multicenter study of children who presented to the emergency department. Pediatrics 2009; 123:e573-81. [PMID: 19273503 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The diagnostic labeling of presumed nonbacterial lower respiratory tract infection is unclear. Our objective was to identify patterns of specific diagnoses and treatments that were given to children who presented with lower respiratory tract infection to US academic emergency departments. METHODS Data were collected on all children who were aged <2 years and had lower respiratory tract infection symptoms during a similar 2- to 3-week winter period at 4 pairs of emergency departments from the same state or region. The children were identified by using relevant International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes in the primary diagnosis field. Data were collected by using standardized chart review forms for the index emergency department visit and also for 1 month before through 1 year after the index visit. RESULTS Among the 928 children who presented with lower respiratory tract infection symptoms, 676 (73%) were younger than 12 months and 624 (67%) had a primary diagnosis of bronchiolitis. When comparing the assigned diagnoses between emergency department pairs, bronchiolitis was the more common diagnosis at certain hospitals, whereas asthma, cough, and wheeze were more frequent at others. Independent predictors of corticosteroid treatment were visiting specific emergency departments, older age, an asthma diagnosis (compared with bronchiolitis), documented history of wheezing, observed wheezing during the index visit, eosinophil values >4%, previous use of corticosteroids, and parental history of asthma. CONCLUSIONS For children who are age <2 years and present to an emergency department with lower respiratory tract infection symptoms, there is large variability in the assigned diagnosis. Children who present to emergency departments that more commonly diagnose lower respiratory tract infection as "asthma" are more likely to receive corticosteroids. As clinicians, we need to develop evidence- and outcome-based definitions for lower respiratory tract infections to guide diagnosis and treatment better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Mansbach
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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22
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Kapoor A, Slikas E, Simmonds P, Chieochansin T, Naeem A, Shaukat S, Alam MM, Sharif S, Angez M, Zaidi S, Delwart E. A newly identified bocavirus species in human stool. J Infect Dis 2009; 199:196-200. [PMID: 19072716 DOI: 10.1086/595831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral metagenomic analysis was used to identify a previously uncharacterized parvovirus species, "HBoV2," whose closest phylogenetic relative is the human bocavirus (HBoV). HBoV2 has a genomic organization identical to that of HBoV but has only 78%, 67%, and 80% identity, respectively, with the latter's NS1, NP1, and VP1/VP2 proteins. The study used polymerase chain reaction to detect HBoV2 sequences in 5 of 98 stool samples from Pakistani children and in 3 of 699 stool samples from Edinburgh. Nearly-full-length genome sequencing revealed the presence of 3 HBoV2 genotypes and evidence of recombination between genotypes. Further studies are necessary to identify anatomical sites of HBoV2 replication and potential associations with clinical symptoms or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kapoor
- Blood Systems Research Institute and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
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23
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Dina J, Vabret A, Gouarin S, Petitjean J, Lecoq J, Brouard J, Arion A, Lafay‐Delaire F, Freymuth F. Detection of human bocavirus in hospitalised children. J Paediatr Child Health 2009; 45:149-53. [PMID: 19210599 PMCID: PMC7167115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2008.01442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The objectives of this study are to assess the frequency of human bocavirus (HBoV) infection in hospitalised children and to study the clinical symptoms associated with the detection of HBoV. METHODS Two groups of hospitalised children were included in this study: group 1 consisted of 1946 children hospitalised from 1st September 2004 to 30th May 2005, and group 2 consisted of 448 children hospitalised from 1st November 2003 to 30th March 2004. The respiratory specimens were tested by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In the first group, HBoV was detected by polymerise chain reaction in 11/828 (1.3%) of nasal specimens that tested negative for other respiratory viruses. One child tested positive for HBoV in both a nasal aspirate and stool sample. In the second group, nasal specimens were tested for all respiratory viruses, including HBoV. The presence of HBoV infection was detected in seven children (1.6%). Detection of a mixed viral population was observed in four of these children. The main symptoms in children infected with HBoV were rhinitis (50%), cough (45%), dyspnoea (28%), wheezing (28%), fever (23%) and diarrhoea (22%). The final clinical diagnoses were bronchiolitis (seven children), rhinopharyngitis (five children), the exacerbation of asthma (two children) and pneumonia (one child). Moreover, four children have associated gastroenteritis. CONCLUSION These results contribute to the interest in the HBoV detection in children. HBoV detection in hospitalised children with or without any other respiratory virus detection was essentially associated with lower respiratory tract infection and in a lower score with upper respiratory tract infection and gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dina
- Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alina Arion
- Departement of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Caen
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24
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Müller A, Klinkenberg D, Vehreschild J, Cornely O, Tillmann RL, Franzen C, Simon A, Schildgen O. Low prevalence of human metapneumovirus and human bocavirus in adult immunocompromised high risk patients suspected to suffer from Pneumocystis pneumonia. J Infect 2009; 58:227-31. [PMID: 19211148 PMCID: PMC7127108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel respiratory viruses were discovered in the last years predominantly in children. Until now information on newly identified respiratory viruses in immunosuppressed adult patients is limited. Here we investigated immunocompromised adults with suspected Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) for new respiratory viruses. METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples of 128 patients with atypical pneumonia (HIV-infected n=50, hematological malignancy n=51, immunosuppressive treatment n=27) were prospectively evaluated for P. jirovecii and retrospectively for new respiratory viruses (HMPV, HBoV, HCoV-NL63/SARS/HKU1). RESULTS P. jirovecii was detected in 26/128, bacteria in 10, fungi in four, Influenza A in two patients. Novel respiratory viruses were found in only two/128 patients with hematological malignancy, of those one patient with HBoV-infection and one with HMPV-infection, respectively. No pathogens were detected in 82/128 patients. The one patient with detection of hMPV and clinical diagnosis of atypical pneumonia died of pulmonary failure. CONCLUSION Human bocavirus and human metapneumovirus are rarely involved in atypical pneumonia in immunocompromised adult patients with suspected PCP, but may contribute to severe respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Müller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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25
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Human bocavirus in children suffering from acute lower respiratory tract infection in Beijing Childrenʼs Hospital. Chin Med J (Engl) 2008. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200809010-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Clinical characteristics of human bocavirus infections compared with other respiratory viruses in Spanish children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008; 27:677-80. [PMID: 18574440 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31816be052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human bocavirus (HBoV) can be found in a substantial proportion of children with respiratory tract diseases. The relative importance of HBoV in viral respiratory tract illnesses is not yet well known. OBJECTIVE In this study, we looked for HBoV in pediatric patients to determine the incidence of HBoV as single infection and compared it with other commonly found respiratory viruses to describe the clinical differences associated with HBoV infections in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS A prospective study was conducted on children less than 14 years old, admitted with respiratory infection from September 2005 to August 2007 to the Pediatrics Department of the Severo Ochoa Hospital, Madrid, Spain. We studied the frequency of HBoV and 15 other respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal aspirates and compared the clinical course of the infections caused by HBoV with those caused by other common respiratory viruses. RESULTS Positive results were confirmed in 435 (61.2%) of the 710 children studied. A single virus was detected in 308 patients. HBoV was found in 99 (13.9%) samples, but it was recovered as a single virus in only 35. Most of patients with HBoV infection (75%) were aged < or =26 months. The most common clinical diagnosis was recurrent wheezing (53%), followed by bronchiolitis (32%). Clinical differences were observed between HBoV and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections (children were older and bronchiolitis less frequent), adenovirus (fever less frequent in HBoV group), and rhinovirus-associated infections (less hypoxia in HBoV group). CONCLUSIONS HBoV was the fourth most frequent single virus after RSV, rhinovirus, and adenovirus in children hospitalized because of respiratory infection. It was associated with recurrent wheezing and bronchiolitis showing a different clinical course from other virus in terms of diagnosis, fever, and age.
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27
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Jacques J, Moret H, Renois F, Lévêque N, Motte J, Andréoletti L. Human Bocavirus quantitative DNA detection in French children hospitalized for acute bronchiolitis. J Clin Virol 2008; 43:142-7. [PMID: 18644746 PMCID: PMC7172587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Human Bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly discovered parvovirus whose role as a causative agent of respiratory disease remains unclear. Study design We investigated the presence of HBoV by quantitative PCR in the nasopharyngeal samples of 192 French children consecutively hospitalized for acute bronchiolitis. Other common respiratory viruses were detected using immunofluorescence assays, cell culture detection, or RT-PCR assays. Results HBoV was detected in 24 (12.5%) of 192 study children. In 14/192 cases (7%) HBoV was the sole isolate and in 10/192 (5%) it was part of a mixed viral infection. HBoV was the third most common pathogen detected after respiratory syncytial virus (45/192; 23%) and rhinovirus (24/192; 12%). It occurred more often in infants aged 1–12 months (P = 0.002). Median levels of HBoV DNA genome in respiratory samples were significantly higher in patients with single HBoV infection than in patients with mixed respiratory viral infection with HBoV (4 × 108 copies/ml vs. 2 × 103 copies/ml, P < 0.001). Conclusions Our data suggest that HBoV at a high viral load could be an etiologic agent of respiratory tract disease, whereas the exact role of HBoV at a low viral load, as etiological cause or as pathophysiological co-factor of respiratory diseases, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Jacques
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, France
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28
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Sloots TP, Whiley DM, Lambert SB, Nissen MD. Emerging respiratory agents: new viruses for old diseases? J Clin Virol 2008; 42:233-43. [PMID: 18406664 PMCID: PMC7108325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The recent advances in molecular technology have enabled the detection of several new viral agents in specimens collected from the human respiratory tract. Human metapneumovirus was first described in 2001, and is a significant respiratory pathogen, particularly of children. Following the identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus, two other newly detected coronaviruses, NL63 and HKU1, have been linked to respiratory disease in humans. However, identifying a new virus as the causative agent of a specific disease is difficult, and ideally would involve satisfying Koch's postulates. The recently described human bocavirus and polyomaviruses KI and WU have been detected in samples collected from humans with acute respiratory infection, but as yet, have not been conclusively proven to be agents of human disease. We review the new viral agents that have been detected in respiratory samples since 2001, and examine their contribution as agents of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Sloots
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital and Health Service District, Queensland, Australia.
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29
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Human bocavirus: passenger or pathogen in acute respiratory tract infections? Clin Microbiol Rev 2008; 21:291-304, table of contents. [PMID: 18400798 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00030-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly identified virus tentatively assigned to the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, genus Bocavirus. HBoV was first described in 2005 and has since been detected in respiratory tract secretions worldwide. Herein we review the literature on HBoV and discuss the biology and potential clinical impact of this virus. Most studies have been PCR based and performed on patients with acute respiratory symptoms, from whom HBoV was detected in 2 to 19% of the samples. HBoV-positive samples have been derived mainly from infants and young children. HBoV DNA has also been detected in the blood of patients with respiratory tract infection and in fecal samples of patients with diarrhea with or without concomitant respiratory symptoms. A characteristic feature of HBoV studies is the high frequency of coinciding detections, or codetections, with other viruses. Available data nevertheless indicate a statistical association between HBoV and acute respiratory tract disease. We present a model incorporating these somewhat contradictory findings and suggest that primary HBoV infection causes respiratory tract symptoms which can be followed by prolonged low-level virus shedding in the respiratory tract. Detection of the virus in this phase will be facilitated by other infections, either simply via increased sample cell count or via reactivation of HBoV, leading to an increased detection frequency of HBoV during other virus infections. We conclude that the majority of available HBoV studies are limited by the sole use of PCR diagnostics on respiratory tract secretions, addressing virus prevalence but not disease association. The ability to detect primary infection through the development of improved diagnostic methods will be of great importance for future studies seeking to assign a role for HBoV in causing respiratory illnesses.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Redshaw
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Catherine Wood
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Fenella Rich
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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Lin F, Guan W, Cheng F, Yang N, Pintel D, Qiu J. ELISAs using human bocavirus VP2 virus-like particles for detection of antibodies against HBoV. J Virol Methods 2008; 149:110-7. [PMID: 18289709 PMCID: PMC2327203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) has been identified worldwide in children with lower respiratory tract infections with an incidence of approximately 2–11%. The role of HBoV in pathogenesis, however, is largely unknown, and little is known about the epidemiology of the virus. To study the seroepidemiology of HBoV infection, the capsid protein was expressed in insect cells. Expression of the putative major capsid protein VP2 in insect cells led to the formation of virus-like particles exhibiting the typical icosahedral appearance of parvoviruses with a diameter of approximately 20 nm. The expressed particles were used to establish an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, and serum samples from groups of children of various ages in China were tested for IgG antibodies against HBoV. HBoV antibodies were detected in as high as 36% of healthy children under 9 years. Of children hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infections, 31% were seropositive, and all age groups of these children showed a significantly higher level of HBoV IgG antibody than their healthy counterparts. When divided into age cohorts, results showed that more than 48% of healthy children had seroconverted by age of 4. Thus, HBoV appears to be a common infection in children. The potential pathogenesis of this virus, especially its role in lower respiratory tract infections in children warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
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Kantola K, Hedman L, Allander T, Jartti T, Lehtinen P, Ruuskanen O, Hedman K, Söderlund-Venermo M. Serodiagnosis of human bocavirus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:540-6. [PMID: 18199037 PMCID: PMC7107971 DOI: 10.1086/526532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. A new human-pathogenic parvovirus, human bocavirus (HBoV), has recently been discovered and associated with respiratory disease in small children. However, many patients have presented with low viral DNA loads, suggesting HBoV persistence and rendering polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis problematic. Moreover, nothing is known of HBoV immunity. We examined HBoV-specific systemic B cell responses and assessed their diagnostic use in young children with respiratory disease. Patients and methods. Paired serum samples from 117 children with acute wheezing, previously studied for 16 respiratory viruses, were tested by immunoblot assays using 2 recombinant HBoV capsid antigens: the unique part of virus protein 1 and virus protein 2. Results. Virus protein 2 was superior to the unique part of virus protein 1 with respect to immunoreactivity. According to the virus protein 2 assay, 24 (49%) of 49 children who were positive for HBoV according to polymerase chain reaction had immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibodies, 36 (73%) had IgG antibodies, and 29 (59%) exhibited IgM antibodies and/or an increase in IgG antibody level. Of 22 patients with an increase in antibody levels, 20 (91%) had a high load of HBoV DNA in the nasopharynx, supporting the hypothesis that a high HBoV DNA load indicates acute primary infection, whereas a low load seems to be of less clinical significance. In a subgroup of patients who were previously determined to have acute HBoV infection (defined as a high virus load in the nasopharynx, viremia, and absence of other viral infections), 9 (100%) of 9 patients had serological evidence of primary infection. In the control group of 68 children with wheezing who had polymerase chain reaction results negative for HBoV in the nasopharynx, 9 (13%) had IgM antibodies, including 5 who displayed an increase in IgG antibody levels and were viremic. No cross-reactivity with human parvovirus B19 was detected. Conclusions. Respiratory infections due to HBoV are systemic, elicit B cell immune responses, and can be diagnosed serologically. Serological diagnoses correlate with high virus loads in the nasopharynx and with viremia. Serological testing is an accurate tool for disclosing the association of HBoV infection with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Kantola
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Villa L, Melón S, Suárez S, Alvarez-Argüelles ME, Gónzalez D, Morilla A, Boga JA, Rodríguez J, de Oña M. Detection of human bocavirus in Asturias, Northern Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 27:237-9. [PMID: 18038242 PMCID: PMC7088237 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-007-0419-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Villa
- Sección de Virología (Servicio de Microbiología), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Celestino Villamil s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - S. Melón
- Sección de Virología (Servicio de Microbiología), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Celestino Villamil s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - S. Suárez
- Pediatric Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M. E. Alvarez-Argüelles
- Sección de Virología (Servicio de Microbiología), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Celestino Villamil s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - D. Gónzalez
- Sección de Virología (Servicio de Microbiología), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Celestino Villamil s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - A. Morilla
- Sección de Virología (Servicio de Microbiología), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Celestino Villamil s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - J. A. Boga
- Sección de Virología (Servicio de Microbiología), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Celestino Villamil s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - J. Rodríguez
- Pediatric Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M. de Oña
- Sección de Virología (Servicio de Microbiología), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Celestino Villamil s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Qu XW, Liu WP, Qi ZY, Duan ZJ, Zheng LS, Kuang ZZ, Zhang WJ, Hou YD. Phospholipase A2-like activity of human bocavirus VP1 unique region. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 365:158-63. [PMID: 17981142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a new parvovirus first discovered in 2005, which is associated with acute respiratory infection. Analysis of sequence homology has revealed that a putative phospholipase A2 (PLA2) motif exists in the VP1 unique region of HBoV. However, little is known about whether the VP1 unique region of HBoV has PLA2 enzymatic activity and how these critical residues contribute to its PLA2 activity. To address these issues, the VP1 unique region protein and four of its mutants, were expressed in Eschericha coli. The purified VP1 unique protein (VP1U) showed a typical Ca2+-dependent secreted PLA2-like (sPLA2) activity, which was inhibited by sPLA2-specific inhibitors in a time-dependent manner. Mutation of one of the amino acids (21Pro, 41His, 42Asp or 63Asp) in VP1U almost eliminated the sPLA2 activity of HBoV VP1U. These data indicate that VP1U of HBoV has sPLA2-like enzymatic activity, and these residues are crucial for its sPLA2-like activity. Potentially, VP1U may be a target for the development of anti-viral drugs for HBoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wang Qu
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, PR China
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Catalano-Pons C, Bue M, Laude H, Cattan F, Moulin F, Menager C, Cosnes-Lambe C, Chalumeau M, Giraud C, Meritet JF, Rozenberg F, Lebon P, Gendrel D. Human bocavirus infection in hospitalized children during winter. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007; 26:959-60. [PMID: 17901806 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e3181256583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) has recently been described as a common agent of acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children. We screened by polymerase chain reaction for HBoV nucleic acid nasopharyngeal aspirates from hospitalized children with negative culture and immunofluorescence assay for respiratory syncytial virus, influenza viruses, adenovirus, and parainfluenza viruses. HBoV was detected in 32 children (5.5%) and was the second virus identified in nasopharyngeal aspirates after respiratory syncytial virus. Most of the children had severe disease.
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Völz S, Schildgen O, Klinkenberg D, Ditt V, Müller A, Tillmann RL, Kupfer B, Bode U, Lentze MJ, Simon A. Prospective study of Human Bocavirus (HBoV) infection in a pediatric university hospital in Germany 2005/2006. J Clin Virol 2007; 40:229-35. [PMID: 17851126 PMCID: PMC7185401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Human Bocavirus (HBoV), a new species of the genus parvovirus newly detected in 2005, seems to be a worldwide distributed pathogen among children with respiratory tract infection (prevalence 2%–18%). Recently published retrospective studies and one prospective birth cohort study suggest that HBoV-primary infection occurs in infants. Methods Prospective single center study over one winter season (November 2005–May 2006) with hospitalized children without age restriction using PCR-based diagnostic methods. Results HBoV DNA was detected in 11 (2.8%) of 389 nasopharyngeal aspirates from symptomatic hospitalized children (median age 9.0 months; range: 3–17 months). RSV, HMPV, HCoV, and Influenza B were detected in 13.9% (n = 54), 5.1% (n = 20), 2.6% (n = 10), and 1.8% (n = 7), respectively. There was no influenza A DNA detected in any of the specimens. The clinical diagnoses were acute wheezing (bronchitis) in four patients, radiologically confirmed pneumonia in six patients (55%) and croup syndrome in one patient. In five to six patients with pneumonia, HBoV was the only pathogen detected. While no patient had to be mechanically ventilated, 73% needed oxygen supplementation. In four (36.4%) patients at least one other viral pathogen was found (plus RSV n = 3; 27.3%; Norovirus n = 1; 9.1%). Conclusion HBoV causes severe respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. Its role as a copathogen and many other open questions has to be defined in further prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Völz
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Schildgen
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Corresponding author at: Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Department of Virology, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany. Tel.: +49 228 28711697; fax: +49 228 28714433.
| | | | - Vanessa Ditt
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Müller
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Kupfer
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Udo Bode
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael J. Lentze
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Arne Simon
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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García-García ML, Calvo Rey C, Pozo Sánchez F, Vázquez Alvarez MC, González Vergaz A, Pérez-Breña P, Casas Flecha I. [Human bocavirus infections in Spanish 0-14 year-old: clinical and epidemiological characteristics of an emerging respiratory virus]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2007; 67:212-9. [PMID: 17785157 PMCID: PMC7129226 DOI: 10.1016/s1695-4033(07)70609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2005 a new respiratory virus, called human bocavirus (HBoV), was cloned from respiratory samples from Swedish infants and children with lower respiratory tract infections. OBJECTIVES To determine whether HBoV has circulated in Spain, estimate the frequency of HBoV infections in patients hospitalized for respiratory infection and describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a descriptive prospective study of confirmed HBoV infections in patients aged < 14 years old, hospitalized for respiratory infections between October 2004 and June 2005. Virologic diagnosis was based on multiple RT-PCR for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A and B, influenza A,B, and C, parainfluenza 1-4, adenovirus and rhinovirus; PCR was used for human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and PCR in nasopharyngeal aspirates was used for HBoV. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients were analyzed. RESULTS Fifty-two cases of HBoV infection were detected, representing 17.1% (95% CI: 13% a 21%) of patients hospitalized for respiratory infections. HBoV was the third most frequent viral agent after RSV (30%) and rhinovirus (25%). In 39 patients (71.1%) coinfection with another respiratory virus was detected. Fifty percent of the patients were aged less than 13.6 months and 75% were aged less than 2 years. The most frequent diagnoses were recurrent wheezing (55.8%), bronchiolitis (21.2%) and pneumonia (15.4%). Clinical sepsis with petechial exanthema was found in two patients. Fever > 38 degrees C was found in 72.1% and radiological infiltrate in 44%. Hypoxia was present in 55.8 % of the patients. HBoV was isolated in distinct episodes in two patients. Coinfections were similar to simple infections except that hypoxia was more frequent in the former (p = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS HBoV is one of the most frequent viruses in severe respiratory infections in patients aged less than 14 years old. Only RSV and rhinovirus are more frequent. Coinfections are highly frequent. Most patients are infants with recurrent wheezing and bronchiolitis.
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Abstract
The respiratory tract is a frequent site of infection with a wide range of viruses. Each family of viruses can cause differing clinical syndromes depending on the age of the patient and the immune response. As a corollary, different clinical syndromes can be caused by different families of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Kesson
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, LMB 4001, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia.
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Qiu J, Cheng F, Johnson FB, Pintel D. The transcription profile of the bocavirus bovine parvovirus is unlike those of previously characterized parvoviruses. J Virol 2007; 81:12080-5. [PMID: 17715221 PMCID: PMC2168810 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00815-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bocavirus bovine parvovirus generated a single pre-mRNA from a promoter at its left-hand end; however, the pattern of its alternative polyadenylation and splicing was different from that of other parvoviruses. A large left-hand-end open reading frame (ORF) encoded a nonstructural protein of approximately 95 kDa. An abundant, spliced, internally polyadenylated transcript encoded the viral NP1 protein from an ORF in the center of the genome. Transcripts encoding the capsid proteins were polyadenylated in the right-hand terminal palindrome. This is the first published transcription map of a member of the Bocavirus genus of the Parvovirinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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40
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Gendrel D, Guedj R, Pons-Catalano C, Emirian A, Emerian A, Raymond J, Rozenberg F, Lebon P, Le Bon P. Human bocavirus in children with acute asthma. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:404-5. [PMID: 17599330 DOI: 10.1086/519505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Lee WM, Grindle K, Pappas T, Marshall DJ, Moser MJ, Beaty EL, Shult PA, Prudent JR, Gern JE. High-throughput, sensitive, and accurate multiplex PCR-microsphere flow cytometry system for large-scale comprehensive detection of respiratory viruses. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2626-34. [PMID: 17537928 PMCID: PMC1951217 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02501-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory viruses are a diverse group of pathogens composed of hundreds of virus strains, and this presents a major challenge for diagnostic laboratories. To efficiently detect numerous viruses in a large epidemiologic study, we developed a fast, multitarget, sensitive, and specific assay named the Respiratory MultiCode-PLx Assay (RMA). The RMA utilizes improved multiplex PCR chemistry (EraGen MultiCode-PLx technology) coupled with high-throughput microsphere flow cytometry (Luminex). Eighteen sets of virus-specific multiplex PCR primers were developed based on the conserved sequences of all available respiratory-virus sequences for eight distinct groups: human rhinovirus (HRV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), influenza virus (InfV), metapneumovirus, adenovirus (Ad), coronavirus, and enterovirus. Each primer set detected 20 cDNA copies of the intended target per sample and had no reaction with 60,000 copies of human genomic DNA. The accuracy and sensitivity of the RMA for detecting respiratory viruses in human samples were tested with two sets of clinical specimens. First, 101 nasal-wash specimens that were positive for HRV, RSV, InfV, PIV, or Ad by traditional techniques were reanalyzed by RMA, and all target viruses were detected with an overall sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 99%. Second, 103 nasal-wash samples from 5-year-old children with asthma and respiratory symptoms were analyzed; RMA detected viruses in 74 specimens (71.8%) compared to only 24 (23.3%) by traditional culture and immunofluorescent-staining techniques. These results show that RMA is an accurate, sensitive, and practical test for respiratory-virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Ming Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Neske F, Blessing K, Tollmann F, Schubert J, Rethwilm A, Kreth HW, Weissbrich B. Real-time PCR for diagnosis of human bocavirus infections and phylogenetic analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2116-22. [PMID: 17475762 PMCID: PMC1932993 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00027-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human bocavirus (hBoV) was first described in 2005 in respiratory tract samples. The clinical relevance of hBoV is still unclear. The aim of our study was to establish a real-time PCR assay for the detection and quantification of hBoV DNA, to apply the real-time assay for the analysis of stool and serum samples for the presence of hBoV DNA, and to perform a phylogenetic analysis of the hBoV positive samples. A total of 834 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA), 10 serum samples, and 31 stool samples of children with acute respiratory diseases were retrospectively tested. For phylogenetic analysis, 968 bp of the VP2 gene were sequenced from 69 hBoV-positive NPA samples. The qualitative results of the real-time hBoV PCR were in good agreement with a conventional hBoV PCR. We found that 12% of the NPA were positive for hBoV DNA. The median viral load in the NPA was 4.9 x 10(3) copies/ml (range, 2.7 x 10 degrees to 1.5 x 10(11) copies/ml). There was no difference of the hBoV load in NPA between children with or without known coinfection, but the load was significantly higher in children with bronchitis than in children with the diagnosis of febrile seizures. hBoV DNA was found in 1 of 10 serum samples and in 14 of 31 stool samples. hBoV sequence identity was >99% in the VP2 region. In conclusion, hBoV DNA can be found in NPA samples at very high titers. In addition to being found in the respiratory tract, hBoV was found in stool samples. The clinical relevance of these findings remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Neske
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
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Qu XW, Duan ZJ, Qi ZY, Xie ZP, Gao HC, Liu WP, Huang CP, Peng FW, Zheng LS, Hou YD. Human bocavirus infection, People's Republic of China. Emerg Infect Dis 2007. [PMID: 17370538 PMCID: PMC2725817 DOI: 10.3201/eid1301.060824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly identified parvovirus, human bocavirus (HBoV), was found in 21 (8.3%) of 252 nasopharyngeal aspirates from hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infection in Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China. Viral loads were 104 to 1010 copies/mL. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene showed a single genetic lineage of HBoV worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wang Qu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Qu XW, Duan ZJ, Qi ZY, Xie ZP, Gao HC, Liu WP, Huang CP, Peng FW, Zheng LS, Hou YD. Human bocavirus infection, People's Republic of China. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:165-8. [PMID: 17370538 PMCID: PMC2725817 DOI: 10.3201/eid1301.060842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly identified parvovirus, human bocavirus (HBoV), was found in 21 (8.3%) of 252 nasopharyngeal aspirates from hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infection in Hunan Province, People's Republic of China. Viral loads were 10(4) to 10(10) copies/mL. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene showed a single genetic lineage of HBoV worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wang Qu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Jamil B, Hasan R, Zafar A, Bewley K, Chamberlain J, Mioulet V, Rowlands M, Hewson R. Human bocavirus in febrile children, The Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:182-3. [PMID: 17370547 PMCID: PMC2725812 DOI: 10.3201/eid1301.060819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Freymuth F, Vabret A, Dina J, Daubin C, Gouarin S, Petitjean J, Charbonneau P. [Current techniques used for the diagnosis of respiratory virus infectious in intensive care units]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 16:200-209. [PMID: 32362806 PMCID: PMC7185663 DOI: 10.1016/j.reaurg.2007.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plusieurs centaines de virus respiratoires différents peuvent être détectés chez les patients atteints d'une infection virale respiratoire et hospitalisés dans un service de réanimation : virus influenza, virus respiratoire syncytial, virus para-influenza, adénovirus, coronavirus, rhinovirus, entérovirus, métapneumovirus humain, bocavirus… La recherche de ces virus doit être effectuée sur un prélèvement nasal ou trachéobronchique, riche en cellules épithéliales. Chez les patients immunodéprimés, il faut ajouter un lavage bronchoalvéolaire pour rechercher le cytomégalovirus et les adénovirus. La mise en évidence d'antigènes viraux par immunofluorescence (IF) ou technique immunoenzymatique dans les cellules infectées est en théorie la méthode la plus simple et rapide à utiliser. Comme pour toutes les techniques de diagnostic, la qualité du prélèvement est un déterminant majeur de son efficacité. Cette méthode est malheureusement peu sensible dans les infections respiratoires chez l'adulte. La recherche virale en culture, compliquée et de réponse tardive, peut être utile dans ce cas en raison de son efficacité. Les méthodes PCR sont plus efficaces : elles peuvent identifier les virus non détectés par les techniques conventionnelles et elles augmentent l'isolement des virus classiques. Elles permettent aussi d'identifier les sous-types viraux, d'étudier par séquençage la variabilité génétique des souches et de quantifier la charge virale respiratoire. Les techniques multiplex recherchant plusieurs virus directement dans les prélèvements sont les plus adaptées au diagnostic en raison du nombre de virus à rechercher. Des méthodes PCR en temps réel, fournissant un résultat rapide, ont été récemment développées. La richesse en cellules et le transport du prélèvement sont moins critiques pour les recherches virales en PCR que pour les techniques conventionnelles d'IF et de culture. De plus, les acides nucléiques persistent plus longtemps que les virus infectieux, permettant ainsi un diagnostic plus tardif. Néanmoins, dans un laboratoire de virologie clinique où la rapidité, le coût modéré et la simplicité des techniques sont des exigences prioritaires, le meilleur choix est d'utiliser séquentiellement l'IF et les PCR multiplex. Le développement des outils de PCR multiplex en temps réel est la priorité majeure du futur.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Freymuth
- Laboratoire de virologie humaine et moléculaire, centre hospitalier universitaire de Caen, avenue Georges-Clémenceau, 14033 Caen cedex, France
| | - A Vabret
- Laboratoire de virologie humaine et moléculaire, centre hospitalier universitaire de Caen, avenue Georges-Clémenceau, 14033 Caen cedex, France
| | - J Dina
- Laboratoire de virologie humaine et moléculaire, centre hospitalier universitaire de Caen, avenue Georges-Clémenceau, 14033 Caen cedex, France
| | - C Daubin
- Service de réanimation médicale, centre hospitalier universitaire de Caen, avenue de la Côte-de-Nacre, 14033 Caen cedex, France
| | - S Gouarin
- Laboratoire de virologie humaine et moléculaire, centre hospitalier universitaire de Caen, avenue Georges-Clémenceau, 14033 Caen cedex, France
| | - J Petitjean
- Laboratoire de virologie humaine et moléculaire, centre hospitalier universitaire de Caen, avenue Georges-Clémenceau, 14033 Caen cedex, France
| | - P Charbonneau
- Service de réanimation médicale, centre hospitalier universitaire de Caen, avenue de la Côte-de-Nacre, 14033 Caen cedex, France
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47
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Simon A, Groneck P, Kupfer B, Kaiser R, Plum G, Tillmann RL, Müller A, Schildgen O. Detection of bocavirus DNA in nasopharyngeal aspirates of a child with bronchiolitis. J Infect 2007; 54:e125-7. [PMID: 16968654 PMCID: PMC7172159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe a case of bronchiolitis associated with the newly detected human bocavirus (hBoV) in a child with a suspected Noonan syndrome. This is the first report of a bronchiolitis probably linked to hBoV that required intensive care while being accompanied by a congenital heart disease and a history of several episodes of severe respiratory symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Simon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Groneck
- Children's Hospital, Klinikum Leverkusen [P.G.], Germany
| | - Bernd Kupfer
- Department of Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rolf Kaiser
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerhard Plum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Ramona-Liza Tillmann
- Department of Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Müller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Schildgen
- Department of Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
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48
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Maggi F, Andreoli E, Pifferi M, Meschi S, Rocchi J, Bendinelli M. Human bocavirus in Italian patients with respiratory diseases. J Clin Virol 2007; 38:321-5. [PMID: 17336143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND hBoV, a recently discovered parvovirus, can be present in the respiratory tract of patients with acute respiratory diseases (ARD), but its etiologic involvement in the underlying diseases is still uncertain. OBJECTIVE To determine in a retrospective study, the prevalence of hBoV, compared with common respiratory viruses (RV), in respiratory specimens from patients with ARD. STUDY DESIGN A total of 335 specimens obtained over 7 years were examined. Two hundred were nasal swabs from infants hospitalized for ARD, 84 were nasal swabs or bronchoalveolar lavages from adults with pneumonia, bronchopneumonia or asthma, and 51 were nasal swabs from healthy children. RESULTS The overall rate of hBoV detection in specimens from infants with ARD, which was 4.5%, varied slightly from year to year, except for the period 2000-2002, when no specimen was positive. Unlike other RV, no seasonal variation in hBoV incidence was noted. Infants with hBoV infection suffered either from bronchiolitis or from bronchopneumonia and 5 out of 9 cases yielded no co-infecting viral pathogen. Only one sample from an adult was hBoV positive. None of the nasal swabs from healthy subjects tested hBoV-positive. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that hBoV can cause ARD in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Maggi
- Virology Section and Retrovirus Center, Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno 37, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
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Fry AM, Lu X, Chittaganpitch M, Peret T, Fischer J, Dowell SF, Anderson LJ, Erdman D, Olsen SJ. Human bocavirus: a novel parvovirus epidemiologically associated with pneumonia requiring hospitalization in Thailand. J Infect Dis 2007; 195:1038-45. [PMID: 17330795 PMCID: PMC7109861 DOI: 10.1086/512163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. We detected human bocavirus (HBoV) infection in 4.5% of hospitalized patients with pneumonia in rural Thailand. However, the role of HBoV as a pathogen is unclear. Methods. We compared HBoV infection in patients with pneumonia with that in asymptomatic control patients enrolled between 1 September 2004 and 31 August 2005 in the same hospitals in Thailand.We examined outpatients with influenza-like illness for HBoV infection and tested for 13 additional respiratory viruses. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of HBoV infection are described. Results. HBoV infection was detected in 20 (3.9%) of 512 outpatients and 3 (1%) of 280 control patients. Coinfection with other viruses was detected in 83% of patients with pneumonia and in 90% of outpatients. Compared with control patients, HBoV infection was significantly associated with pneumonia requiring hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio, 3.56 [95% confidence interval, 1.06–11.91]; P = .04). Eighty-three percent of HBoV infections were detected in patients with pneumonia who were <5 years old. More patients with pneumonia associated with HBoV—respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) coinfections had wheezing than patients with RSV and HPIV infections alone (9 [53%] of 17 vs. 32 [23%] of 138]; P = .01). Conclusions. HBoV infection was epidemiologically associated with pneumonia among young children in rural Thailand, but infection and illness may be dependent on coinfection with other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Fry
- Epidemiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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50
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Allander T, Jartti T, Gupta S, Niesters HGM, Lehtinen P, Osterback R, Vuorinen T, Waris M, Bjerkner A, Tiveljung-Lindell A, van den Hoogen BG, Hyypiä T, Ruuskanen O. Human bocavirus and acute wheezing in children. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:904-10. [PMID: 17342639 PMCID: PMC7107819 DOI: 10.1086/512196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Human bocavirus is a newly discovered parvovirus. It has been detected primarily in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection, but its occurrence, clinical profile, and role as a causative agent of respiratory tract disease are not clear. Methods. We investigated the presence of human bocavirus by quantitative polymerase chain reaction of nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens and selected serum samples obtained from 259 children (median age, 1.6 years) who had been hospitalized for acute expiratory wheezing. The samples were analyzed for 16 respiratory viruses by polymerase chain reaction, virus culture, antigen detection, and serological assays. Results. At least 1 potential etiologic agent was detected in 95% of children, and >1 agent was detected in 34% of children. Human bocavirus was detected in 49 children (19%). A large proportion of the cases were mixed infections with other viruses, but human bocavirus was the only virus detected in 12 children (5%). High viral loads of human bocavirus were noted mainly in the absence of other viral agents, suggesting a causative role for acute wheezing. In addition, infections that had uncertain clinical relevance and low viral loads were prevalent. Human bocavirus DNA was frequently detected in serum specimens obtained from patients with acute wheezing, suggesting systemic infection. Conclusions. Human bocavirus is prevalent among children with acute wheezing and can cause systemic infection. Results suggest a model for bocavirus infection in which high viral loads are potentially associated with respiratory symptoms and low viral loads indicate asymptomatic shedding. Therefore, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis may be important for additional studies of human bocavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Allander
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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