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Sadri M, Shafaghat Z, Roozbehani M, Hoseinzadeh A, Mohammadi F, Arab FL, Minaeian S, Fard SR, Faraji F. Effects of Probiotics on Liver Diseases: Current In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2025; 17:1688-1710. [PMID: 39739162 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10431-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/02/2025]
Abstract
Various types of liver or hepatic diseases cause the death of about 2 million people worldwide every year, of which 1 million die from the complications of cirrhosis and another million from hepatocellular carcinoma and viral hepatitis. Currently, the second most common solid organ transplant is the liver, and the current rate represents less than 10% of global transplant requests. Hence, finding new approaches to treat and prevent liver diseases is essential. In liver diseases, the interaction between the liver, gut, and immune system is crucial, and probiotics positively affect the human microbiota. Probiotics are a non-toxic and biosafe alternative to synthetic chemical compounds. Health promotion by lowering cholesterol levels, stimulating host immunity, the natural gut microbiota, and other functions are some of the activities of probiotics, and their metabolites, including bacteriocins, can exert antimicrobial effects against a broad range of pathogenic bacteria. The present review discusses the available data on the results of preclinical and clinical studies on the effects of probiotic administration on different types of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sadri
- Department of Immunology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Shafaghat
- Department of Immunology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Roozbehani
- Vaccine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Hoseinzadeh
- Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medicine Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Lavi Arab
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medicine Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Minaeian
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medicine Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheil Rahmani Fard
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medicine Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Faraji
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medicine Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Sharif-Askari EA, Atoui KM, Mteyrek AK, Fawaz LM. Probiotics and mediterranean diet for breast cancer management and prevention? Cell Stress 2025; 9:1-15. [PMID: 40417456 PMCID: PMC12096334 DOI: 10.15698/cst2025.05.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2025] [Revised: 01/30/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 05/27/2025] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota, a diverse community of beneficial normal flora microorganisms, significantly influences physiological function and the immune response. Various microbiota strains have shown promise in supporting clinical treatment of chronic diseases, including cancer, by potentially providing antioxidative and anti-tumorigenic effects in both in vivo and in vitro studies. Breast cancer, which ranks amongst the top five cancer types common worldwide and particularly in Mediterranean countries, has been showing high incidence and prevalence. In breast cancer, microbiota composition, hormonal dynamics, and dietary choices are believed to play significant roles. Hence, the Mediterranean diet, known for its microbiota-friendly features, emerges as a potential protective factor against breast cancer development, highlighting the potential for personalized dietary strategies in cancer prevention. This comprehensive review highlights the emerging mechanisms by which probiotics support our immune system during different physiological activities. It also discusses their potential role, along with nutrition intervention, in improving essential clinical treatment outcomes in breast cancer patients and survivors, suggesting potential supportive strategies that go hand in hand with clinical strategies. Unfortunately, very little research addresses the possible clinical implications of probiotics and dietary habits on breast cancer, despite the promising results, calling for further studies and actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehssan A. Sharif-Askari
- Biomedical Science Department, School of Arts & Sciences, Lebanese International University, Tyre, Lebanon
| | - Khadija M. Atoui
- Biomedical Science Department, School of Arts & Sciences, Lebanese International University, Tyre, Lebanon
| | - Ali K. Mteyrek
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Tyre, Lebanon
| | - Lama M. Fawaz
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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Saraswat I, Goel A. Therapeutic Modulation of the Microbiome in Oncology: Current Trends and Future Directions. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2025; 26:680-699. [PMID: 39543873 DOI: 10.2174/0113892010353600241109132441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 11/17/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a predominant cause of mortality worldwide, necessitating the development of innovative therapeutic techniques. The human microbiome, particularly the gut microbiota, has become a significant element in cancer research owing to its essential role in sustaining health and influencing disease progression. This review examines the microbiome's makeup and essential functions, including immunological modulation and metabolic regulation, which may be evaluated using sophisticated methodologies such as metagenomics and 16S rRNA sequencing. The microbiome influences cancer development by promoting inflammation, modulating the immune system, and producing carcinogenic compounds. Dysbiosis, or microbial imbalance, can undermine the epithelial barrier and facilitate cancer. The microbiome influences chemotherapy and radiation results by modifying drug metabolism, either enhancing or reducing therapeutic efficacy and contributing to side effects and toxicity. Comprehending these intricate relationships emphasises the microbiome's significance in oncology and accentuates the possibility for microbiome-targeted therapeutics. Contemporary therapeutic approaches encompass the utilisation of probiotics and dietary components to regulate the microbiome, enhance treatment efficacy, and minimise unwanted effects. Advancements in research indicate that personalised microbiome-based interventions, have the potential to transform cancer therapy, by providing more effective and customised treatment alternatives. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the microbiome's influence on the onset and treatment of cancer, while emphasising current trends and future possibilities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istuti Saraswat
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, 17km Stone, NH-2 Mathura-Delhi Road Mathura, Chaumuhan, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjana Goel
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, 17km Stone, NH-2 Mathura-Delhi Road Mathura, Chaumuhan, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Zhang H, Fu L, Leiliang X, Qu C, Wu W, Wen R, Huang N, He Q, Cheng Q, Liu G, Cheng Y. Beyond the Gut: The intratumoral microbiome's influence on tumorigenesis and treatment response. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024; 44:1130-1167. [PMID: 39087354 PMCID: PMC11483591 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The intratumoral microbiome (TM) refers to the microorganisms in the tumor tissues, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and so on, and is distinct from the gut microbiome and circulating microbiota. TM is strongly associated with tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis, and response to therapy. This paper highlights the current status of TM. Tract sources, adjacent normal tissue, circulatory system, and concomitant tumor co-metastasis are the main origin of TM. The advanced techniques in TM analysis are comprehensively summarized. Besides, TM is involved in tumor progression through several mechanisms, including DNA damage, activation of oncogenic signaling pathways (phosphoinositide 3-kinase [PI3K], signal transducer and activator of transcription [STAT], WNT/β-catenin, and extracellular regulated protein kinases [ERK]), influence of cytokines and induce inflammatory responses, and interaction with the tumor microenvironment (anti-tumor immunity, pro-tumor immunity, and microbial-derived metabolites). Moreover, promising directions of TM in tumor therapy include immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, the application of probiotics/prebiotics/synbiotics, fecal microbiome transplantation, engineered microbiota, phage therapy, and oncolytic virus therapy. The inherent challenges of clinical application are also summarized. This review provides a comprehensive landscape for analyzing TM, especially the TM-related mechanisms and TM-based treatment in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP. R. China
| | - Li Fu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP. R. China
- Department of GastroenterologyThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP. R. China
| | - Xinwen Leiliang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP. R. China
| | - Chunrun Qu
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP. R. China
| | - Wantao Wu
- Department of OncologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP. R. China
| | - Rong Wen
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP. R. China
| | - Ning Huang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP. R. China
| | - Qiuguang He
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP. R. China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanP. R. China
| | - Guodong Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP. R. China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingP. R. China
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Su L, Yang R, Sheng Y, Ullah S, Zhao Y, Shunjiayi H, Zhao Z, Wang Q. Insights into the oral microbiota in human systemic cancers. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1369834. [PMID: 38756728 PMCID: PMC11098135 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1369834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity stands as one of the pivotal interfaces facilitating the intricate interaction between the human body and the external environment. The impact of diverse oral microorganisms on the emergence and progression of various systemic cancers, typified by oral cancer, has garnered increasing attention. The potential pathogenicity of oral bacteria, notably the anaerobic Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, has been extensively studied and exhibits obvious correlation with different carcinoma types. Furthermore, oral fungi and viruses are closely linked to oropharyngeal carcinoma. Multiple potential mechanisms of oral microbiota-induced carcinogenesis have been investigated, including heightened inflammatory responses, suppression of the host immune system, influence on the tumor microenvironment, anti-apoptotic activity, and promotion of malignant transformation. The disturbance of microbial equilibrium and the migration of oral microbiota play a pivotal role in facilitating oncogenic functions. This review aims to comprehensively outline the pathogenic mechanisms by which oral microbiota participate in carcinogenesis. Additionally, this review delves into their potential applications in cancer prevention, screening, and treatment. It proves to be a valuable resource for researchers investigating the intricate connection between oral microbiota and systemic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Su
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Saif Ullah
- Department of Microbiology School of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yuheng Zhao
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hu Shunjiayi
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Qingjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Virk MS, Virk MA, He Y, Tufail T, Gul M, Qayum A, Rehman A, Rashid A, Ekumah JN, Han X, Wang J, Ren X. The Anti-Inflammatory and Curative Exponent of Probiotics: A Comprehensive and Authentic Ingredient for the Sustained Functioning of Major Human Organs. Nutrients 2024; 16:546. [PMID: 38398870 PMCID: PMC10893534 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Several billion microorganisms reside in the gastrointestinal lumen, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and yeast. Among them, probiotics were primarily used to cure digestive disorders such as intestinal infections and diarrhea; however, with a paradigm shift towards alleviating health through food, their importance is large. Moreover, recent studies have changed the perspective that probiotics prevent numerous ailments in the major organs. Probiotics primarily produce biologically active compounds targeting discommodious pathogens. This review demonstrates the implications of using probiotics from different genres to prevent and alleviate ailments in the primary human organs. The findings reveal that probiotics immediately activate anti-inflammatory mechanisms by producing anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-11, and IL-13, and hindering pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α by involving regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper cells (Th cells). Several strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus reuteri, Bifidobacterium longum, and Bifidobacterium breve have been listed among the probiotics that are excellent in alleviating various simple to complex ailments. Therefore, the importance of probiotics necessitates robust research to unveil the implications of probiotics, including the potency of strains, the optimal dosages, the combination of probiotics, their habitat in the host, the host response, and other pertinent factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Safiullah Virk
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | | | - Yufeng He
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - Tabussam Tufail
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mehak Gul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qayum
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - Abdur Rehman
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - Arif Rashid
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - John-Nelson Ekumah
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - Xu Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - Junxia Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - Xiaofeng Ren
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Cui HL, Li MF, Liu SY, Yu M, Lou WY. Regulation of Hepatocellular Cholesterol Metabolism By Lactobacillus Paracasei BY2 and Its Embedding Delivery. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024; 16:181-195. [PMID: 36525182 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-10023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, five strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with excellent cholesterol-lowering ability were screened from fermented foods. The gastrointestinal stress resistance, intestinal adhesion, and bacteriostasis abilities were evaluated to obtain the best LAB. And then, high-cholesterol HepG2 cell model was further prepared to explore the cholesterol-lowering mechanism of the LAB. Finally, pH-sensitive hydrogel prepared by Millettia speciosa Champ. carboxymethyl cellulose and Millettia speciosa Champ. cellulose was first applied to the microencapsulation of LAB. As a result, Lactobacillus paracasei BY2 (LP-BY2) exhibited higher cholesterol-lowering activity, intestinal adhesion, and bacteriostasis abilities compared with other LAB. Furthermore, it was found that LP-BY2 could reduce the cholesterol level by regulating the expression of key genes that involved in cholesterol synthesis (HMGCR and SREBP-2), uptake (LDLR), and outflow (LXR-α, ABCA1, ABCG5, ABCG8, and CYP7A1) in liver. At the same time, microencapsulation significantly enhanced the survival rate and cholesterol-lowering ability of LP-BY2 after gastrointestinal digestion. This study will provide an available reference for the application of Lactobacillus in prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Ling Cui
- Lab of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Meng-Fan Li
- Lab of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
- Food Structure and Function Research Group (FSF), Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sheng-Ya Liu
- Lab of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Ming Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Low Temperature Processing, Yangjiang, 529566, China.
| | - Wen-Yong Lou
- Lab of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.
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Zeighamy Alamdary S, Halimi S, Rezaei A, Afifirad R. Association between Probiotics and Modulation of Gut Microbial Community Composition in Colorectal Cancer Animal Models: A Systematic Review (2010-2021). THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2023; 2023:3571184. [PMID: 37719797 PMCID: PMC10505085 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3571184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal malignancies and is considered the third major cause of mortality globally. Probiotics have been shown to protect against the CRC cascade in numerous studies. Aims The goal of this systematic review was to gather the preclinical studies that examined the impact of probiotics on the alteration of gut microbiota profiles (bacterial communities) and their link to colorectal carcinogenesis as well as the potential processes involved. Methods The search was performed using Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases. Five parameters were used to develop search filters: "probiotics," "prebiotics," "synbiotics," "colorectal cancer," and "animal model." Results Of the 399 full texts that were screened, 33 original articles met the inclusion criteria. According to the current findings, probiotics/synbiotics could significantly attenuate aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation, restore beneficial bacteria in the microbiota population, increase short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and change inflammatory marker expression. Conclusions The present systematic review results indicate that probiotics could modulate the gut microbial composition and immune regulation to combat/inhibit CRC in preclinical models. However, where the evidence is more limited, it is critical to transfer preclinical research into clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahnaz Halimi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Rezaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Afifirad
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Fratianni F, De Giulio B, d’Acierno A, Amato G, De Feo V, Coppola R, Nazzaro F. In Vitro Prebiotic Effects and Antibacterial Activity of Five Leguminous Honeys. Foods 2023; 12:3338. [PMID: 37761047 PMCID: PMC10529961 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey is a natural remedy for various health conditions. It exhibits a prebiotic effect on the gut microbiome, including lactobacilli, essential for maintaining gut health and regulating the im-mune system. In addition, monofloral honey can show peculiar therapeutic properties. We in-vestigated some legumes honey's prebiotic properties and potential antimicrobial action against different pathogens. We assessed the prebiotic potentiality of honey by evaluating the antioxidant activity, the growth, and the in vitro adhesion of Lacticaseibacillus casei, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus intact cells. We also tested the honey's capacity to inhibit or limit the biofilm produced by five pathogenic strains. Finally, we assessed the anti-biofilm activity of the growth medium of probiotics cultured with honey as an energy source. Most probiotics increased their growth or the in vitro adhesion ability to 84.13% and 48.67%, respectively. Overall, alfalfa honey best influenced the probiotic strains' growth and in vitro adhesion properties. Their radical-scavenging activity arrived at 83.7%. All types of honey increased the antioxidant activity of the probiotic cells, except for the less sensitive L. plantarum. Except for a few cases, we observed a bio-film-inhibitory action of all legumes' honey, with percentages up to 81.71%. Carob honey was the most effective in inhibiting the biofilm of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus; it retained almost entirely the ability to act against the bio-film of E. coli, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus also when added to the bacterial growth medium instead of glucose. On the other hand, alfalfa and astragalus honey exhibited greater efficacy in acting against the biofilm of Acinetobacter baumannii. Indigo honey, whose biofilm-inhibitory action was fragile per se, was very effective when we added it to the culture broth of L. casei, whose supernatant exhibited an anti-biofilm activity against all the pathogenic strains tested. Conclusions: the five kinds of honey in different ways can improve some prebiotic properties and have an inhibitory biofilm effect when consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florinda Fratianni
- Institute of Food Science, CNR-ISA, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (F.F.); (B.D.G.); (A.d.); (V.D.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Beatrice De Giulio
- Institute of Food Science, CNR-ISA, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (F.F.); (B.D.G.); (A.d.); (V.D.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Antonio d’Acierno
- Institute of Food Science, CNR-ISA, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (F.F.); (B.D.G.); (A.d.); (V.D.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Amato
- Institute of Food Science, CNR-ISA, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (F.F.); (B.D.G.); (A.d.); (V.D.F.); (R.C.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Institute of Food Science, CNR-ISA, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (F.F.); (B.D.G.); (A.d.); (V.D.F.); (R.C.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Raffaele Coppola
- Institute of Food Science, CNR-ISA, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (F.F.); (B.D.G.); (A.d.); (V.D.F.); (R.C.)
- Department of Agriculture, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via de Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Filomena Nazzaro
- Institute of Food Science, CNR-ISA, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (F.F.); (B.D.G.); (A.d.); (V.D.F.); (R.C.)
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Summer M, Ali S, Fiaz U, Tahir HM, Ijaz M, Mumtaz S, Mushtaq R, Khan R, Shahzad H, Fiaz H. Therapeutic and immunomodulatory role of probiotics in breast cancer: A mechanistic review. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:296. [PMID: 37486419 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03632-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer has become the most prevalent and noxious type of malignancy around the globe (Giaquinto et al., 2022). Multiple clinical strategies including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy have been in practice to manage breast cancer. Besides the protective roles of conventional remedial approaches, and non-reversible and deteriorative impacts like healthy cell damage, organ failure, etc., the world scientific community is in a continuous struggle to find some alternative biocompatible and comparatively safe solutions. Among novel breast cancer management/treatment options, the role of probiotics has become immensely important. The current review encompasses the prevalence statistics of breast cancer across the globe concerning developed and undeveloped counties, intestinal microbiota linkage with breast cancer, and association of breast microbiome with breast carcinoma. Furthermore, this review also narrates the role of probiotics against breast cancer and their mode of action. In Vivo and In Vitro studies under breast cancer research regarding probiotics are mechanistically explained. The current review systematically explains the immunomodulatory role of probiotics to prevent breast cancer. Last, but not the least, current review concludes the use of probiotics in the treatment of breast cancer through various mechanisms and future recommendations for molecular basis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Summer
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Umaima Fiaz
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Tahir
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ijaz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shumaila Mumtaz
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Mushtaq
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rida Khan
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Shahzad
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hashim Fiaz
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ammer-ul-din Medical College Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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Xu X, Qiao Y, Peng Q, Shi B. Probiotic Properties of Loigolactobacillus coryniformis NA-3 and In Vitro Comparative Evaluation of Live and Heat-Killed Cells for Antioxidant, Anticancer and Immunoregulatory Activities. Foods 2023; 12:foods12051118. [PMID: 36900635 PMCID: PMC10001366 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Some Latiactobacilli are often used as probiotics due to their functional activities, including antioxidant, anticancer and immunoregulation effect. Loigolactobacillus coryniformis NA-3 obtained from our laboratory is a promising probiotic according to the previous study. Coculture, the Oxford cup test and disk-diffusion methods were used to evaluate the probiotic properties and antibiotic resistance of L. coryniformis NA-3. The antioxidant activities of live and heat-killed L. coryniformis NA-3 were assessed via radicals' scavenging ability. The potential anticancer and immunoregulatory capacity was determined in vitro using cell lines. The results indicate that L. coryniformis NA-3 has antibacterial activity and cholesterol removal ability and is sensitive to most antibiotics. Dead L. coryniformis NA-3 can scavenge free radicals as well as live strains. Live L. coryniformis NA-3 can significantly inhibit the proliferation of colon cancer cells; however, dead cells cannot. After RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with live and heat-killed L. coryniformis NA-3, the production of NO, IL-6, TNF-α and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was induced. The increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in treated macrophages mediates the production of NO. In conclusion, L. coryniformis NA-3 showed potential probiotic properties, and the heat-killed strain also exhibited activities similar to those of live bacteria, suggesting the possible value of its further application in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries.
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12
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Pramanik S, Venkatraman S, Karthik P, Vaidyanathan VK. A systematic review on selection characterization and implementation of probiotics in human health. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:423-440. [PMID: 36911328 PMCID: PMC9992678 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are live bacteria found in food that assist the body's defence mechanisms against pathogens by reconciling the gut microbiota. Probiotics are believed to aid with gut health, the immune system, and brain function, among other factors. They've furthermore been shown to help with constipation, high blood pressure, and skin issues. The global probiotics market has been incrementally growing in recent years, as consumers' demand for healthy diets and wellness has continued to increase. This has prompted the food industry to develop new probiotic-containing food products, as well as researchers to explore their specific characteristics and impacts on human health. Although most probiotics are fastidious microorganisms that are nutritionally demanding and sensitive to environmental conditions, they become less viable as they are processed and stored. In this review we studied the current literature on the fundamental idea of probiotic bacteria, their medical benefits, and their selection, characterization, and implementations. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Pramanik
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRM IST), 603 203, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Swethaa Venkatraman
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRM IST), 603 203, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Pothiyappan Karthik
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Karpagam Academic of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
| | - Vinoth Kumar Vaidyanathan
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRM IST), 603 203, Kattankulathur, India
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13
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Patil S, Yadalam PK, Hosmani J, Khan ZA, Shankar VG, Shaukat L, Khan SS, Awan KH. Modulation of oral cancer and periodontitis using chemotherapeutic agents - A narrative review. Dis Mon 2023; 69:101348. [PMID: 35341589 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis, an inflammatory condition, is linked to a higher risk of developing oral cancer. Periodontitis may be a precipitating factor for tumorigenesis and the aggressiveness of specific cancer variants. Although genetics is considered the primary etiologic factor for the development of most cancers, many factors have come to be recognized in the initiation and progression of oral cancer. Consecutively, it is suggestive that periodontitis and oral cancer are distinct disease entities but share common pathogenic mechanisms. Oxidative stress and epigenetic mechanisms are among the most researched mechanisms responsible for initiating apoptotic mechanisms implicated in periodontitis and oral cancer. Current research aims to formulate therapeutic agents to intercede in these mechanisms via host modulation therapy and epigenetic therapy. These advances can revolutionize the treatment of periodontitis and oral cancer. This review aims to shed light on the common pathogenic mechanisms of these diseases and the various host modulation agents that could be beneficial in their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pradeep Kumar Yadalam
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, India
| | - Jagadish Hosmani
- Oral Pathology Division, Department of Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zafar Ali Khan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Lubna Shaukat
- Dow International Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Samar Saeed Khan
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery & Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamran Habib Awan
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah, United States.
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14
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Jha SK, Pandey S, Karn A, Panthi VK. Synbiotics in Gastroesophageal Cancer. SYNBIOTICS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CANCER 2023:305-314. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7550-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2025]
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15
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Lactobacillus pentosus MJM60383 Inhibits Lipid Accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans Induced by Enterobacter cloacae and Glucose. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010280. [PMID: 36613723 PMCID: PMC9820548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota are known to play an important role in obesity. Enterobacter cloacae, a Gram-negative bacterium, has been considered a pathogenic bacterium related to obesity in the gut. In this study, we established an obesity model of C. elegans by feeding E. cloacae combined with a high glucose diet (HGD), which significantly induced lipid accumulation. An anti-lipid mechanism study revealed that the fatty acid composition and the expression level of fat metabolism-related genes were altered by feeding E. cloacae to C. elegans under HGD conditions. Lactic acid bacteria that showed antagonistic activity against E. cloacae were used to screen anti-obesity candidates in this model. Among them, L. pentosus MJM60383 (MJM60383) showed good antagonistic activity. C. eleans fed with MJM60383 significantly reduced lipid accumulation and triglyceride content. The ratio of C18:1Δ9/C18:0 was also changed in C. elegans by feeding MJM60383. In addition, the expression level of genes related to fatty acid synthesis was significantly decreased and the genes related to fatty acid β-oxidation were up-regulated by feeding MJM60383. Moreover, MJM60383 also exhibited a high adhesive ability to Caco-2 cells and colonized the gut of C. elegans. Thus, L. pentosus MJM60383 can be a promising candidate for anti-obesity probiotics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that uses E. cloacae combined with a high-glucose diet to study the interactions between individual pathogens and probiotics in C. elegans.
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16
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The conundrum of breast cancer and microbiome - A comprehensive review of the current evidence. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 111:102470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Wang Z, Li L, Wang S, Wei J, Qu L, Pan L, Xu K. The role of the gut microbiota and probiotics associated with microbial metabolisms in cancer prevention and therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1025860. [PMID: 36452234 PMCID: PMC9702994 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1025860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of elevated mortality worldwide. Thus, the development of drugs and treatments is needed to enhance the survival rate of the cancer-affected population. Recently, gut microbiota research in the healthy development of the human body has garnered widespread attention. Many reports indicate that changes in the gut microbiota are strongly associated with chronic inflammation-related diseases, including colitis, liver disease, and cancer within the intestine and the extraintestinal tract. Different gut bacteria are vital in the occurrence and development of tumors within the gut and extraintestinal tract. The human gut microbiome has significant implications for human physiology, including metabolism, nutrient absorption, and immune function. Moreover, diet and lifestyle habits are involved in the evolution of the human microbiome throughout the lifetime of the host and are involved in drug metabolism. Probiotics are a functional food with a protective role in cancer development in animal models. Probiotics alter the gut microbiota in the host; thus, beneficial bacterial activity is stimulated, and detrimental activity is inhibited. Clinical applications have revealed that some probiotic strains could reduce the occurrence of postoperative inflammation among cancer patients. An association network was constructed by analyzing the previous literature to explore the role of probiotics from the anti-tumor perspective. Therefore, it provides direction and insights for research on tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Wang
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Materia Medica Processing, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Lanqing Li
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Materia Medica Processing, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Shunshun Wang
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Materia Medica Processing, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Materia Medica Processing, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Linghang Qu
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Materia Medica Processing, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Lianhong Pan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Antitumor Natural Drugs, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Kang Xu
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Materia Medica Processing, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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18
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Beneficial Effects of Yoghurts and Probiotic Fermented Milks and Their Functional Food Potential. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172691. [PMID: 36076876 PMCID: PMC9455928 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic fermented milks and yoghurts are acidified and fermented by viable bacteria, usually L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus, resulting in a thicker product with a longer shelf life. They are a nutrition-dense food, providing a good source of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin B2, and vitamin B12. Additionally, they deliver high biological value proteins and essential fatty acids. There is accumulating evidence suggesting that yoghurt and fermented milk consumption is related to a number of health advantages, including the prevention of osteoporosis, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, as well as the promotion of gut health and immune system modulation. This review aims at presenting and critically reviewing the beneficial effects from the consumption of probiotic fermented milks in human health, whilst revealing potential applications in the food industry.
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19
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Dicks LMT, Vermeulen W. Do Bacteria Provide an Alternative to Cancer Treatment and What Role Does Lactic Acid Bacteria Play? Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091733. [PMID: 36144335 PMCID: PMC9501580 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. According to 2022 statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO), close to 10 million deaths have been reported in 2020 and it is estimated that the number of cancer cases world-wide could increase to 21.6 million by 2030. Breast, lung, thyroid, pancreatic, liver, prostate, bladder, kidney, pelvis, colon, and rectum cancers are the most prevalent. Each year, approximately 400,000 children develop cancer. Treatment between countries vary, but usually includes either surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. Modern treatments such as hormone-, immuno- and antibody-based therapies are becoming increasingly popular. Several recent reports have been published on toxins, antibiotics, bacteriocins, non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, phenylpropanoids, phenylflavonoids, purine nucleosides, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and enzymes with anticancer properties. Most of these molecules target cancer cells in a selective manner, either directly or indirectly through specific pathways. This review discusses the role of bacteria, including lactic acid bacteria, and their metabolites in the treatment of cancer.
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20
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Wahab S, Almaghaslah D, Mahmood SE, Ahmad MF, Alsayegh AA, Abu Haddash YM, Rahman MA, Ahamd I, Ahmad W, Khalid M, Usmani S, Ahmad MP, Hani U. Pharmacological Efficacy of Probiotics in Respiratory Viral Infections: A Comprehensive Review. J Pers Med 2022; 12:1292. [PMID: 36013241 PMCID: PMC9409792 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12081292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mortality and morbidity from influenza and other respiratory viruses are significant causes of concern worldwide. Infections in the respiratory tract are often underappreciated because they tend to be mild and incapacitated. On the other hand, these infections are regarded as a common concern in clinical practice. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, albeit this is becoming more challenging since many of the more prevalent infection causes have acquired a wide range of antimicrobial resistance. Resistance to frontline treatment medications is constantly rising, necessitating the development of new antiviral agents. Probiotics are one of several medications explored to treat respiratory viral infection (RVI). As a result, certain probiotics effectively prevent gastrointestinal dysbiosis and decrease the likelihood of secondary infections. Various probiotic bacterias and their metabolites have shown immunomodulating and antiviral properties. Unfortunately, the mechanisms by which probiotics are effective in the fight against viral infections are sometimes unclear. This comprehensive review has addressed probiotic strains, dosage regimens, production procedures, delivery systems, and pre-clinical and clinical research. In particular, novel probiotics' fight against RVIs is the impetus for this study. Finally, this review may explore the potential of probiotic bacterias and their metabolites to treat RVIs. It is expected that probiotic-based antiviral research would be benefitted from this review's findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia Almaghaslah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Esam Mahmood
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Faruque Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A. Alsayegh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya M. Abu Haddash
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Akhlaquer Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan Ahamd
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Safaa, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shazia Usmani
- Herbal Bioactive Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi Road, Lucknow 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Md Parwez Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Maldives National University, Male 20402, Maldives
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Abdoli M, Mohammadi G, Mansouri K, Khaledian S, Taran M, Martinez F. A review on anticancer, antibacterial and photo catalytic activity of various nanoparticles synthesized by probiotics. J Biotechnol 2022; 354:63-71. [PMID: 35724764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that have a significant effect on host health and they are widely used in preventing and treating diseases. Nowadays probiotics are present in food, drug and several commercial complement products. In recent years the use of probiotics in the nanotechnology area, especially in nanoparticle synthesis, has significantly been increased. In this review, after some introduction about probiotic and their advantages, all the nanoparticles produced by probiotics are reviewed and discussed. Furthermore, biosynthetic mechanisms of nanoparticles and its applications in cancer therapy, antibacterial and photo catalytic activities, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadese Abdoli
- Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Innovative Science and Technology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran; Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ghobad Mohammadi
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Salar Khaledian
- Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Innovative Science and Technology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran; Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Taran
- Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Innovative Science and Technology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Fleming Martinez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Farmacéutico-Fisicoquímicas, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Colombia
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22
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Fathima S, Shanmugasundaram R, Adams D, Selvaraj RK. Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Their Manipulation for Improved Growth and Performance in Chickens. Foods 2022; 11:1401. [PMID: 35626971 PMCID: PMC9140538 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut of warm-blooded animals is colonized by microbes possibly constituting at least 100 times more genetic material of microbial cells than that of the somatic cells of the host. These microbes have a profound effect on several physiological functions ranging from energy metabolism to the immune response of the host, particularly those associated with the gut immune system. The gut of a newly hatched chick is typically sterile but is rapidly colonized by microbes in the environment, undergoing cycles of development. Several factors such as diet, region of the gastrointestinal tract, housing, environment, and genetics can influence the microbial composition of an individual bird and can confer a distinctive microbiome signature to the individual bird. The microbial composition can be modified by the supplementation of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics. Supplementing these additives can prevent dysbiosis caused by stress factors such as infection, heat stress, and toxins that cause dysbiosis. The mechanism of action and beneficial effects of probiotics vary depending on the strains used. However, it is difficult to establish a relationship between the gut microbiome and host health and productivity due to high variability between flocks due to environmental, nutritional, and host factors. This review compiles information on the gut microbiota, dysbiosis, and additives such as probiotics, postbiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, which are capable of modifying gut microbiota and elaborates on the interaction of these additives with chicken gut commensals, immune system, and their consequent effects on health and productivity. Factors to be considered and the unexplored potential of genetic engineering of poultry probiotics in addressing public health concerns and zoonosis associated with the poultry industry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahna Fathima
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (S.F.); (D.A.); (R.K.S.)
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Daniel Adams
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (S.F.); (D.A.); (R.K.S.)
| | - Ramesh K. Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (S.F.); (D.A.); (R.K.S.)
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23
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Microbiome-based therapeutics: Opportunity and challenges. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 191:229-262. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Davoodvandi A, Fallahi F, Tamtaji OR, Tajiknia V, Banikazemi Z, Fathizadeh H, Abbasi-Kolli M, Aschner M, Ghandali M, Sahebkar A, Taghizadeh M, Mirzaei H. An Update on the Effects of Probiotics on Gastrointestinal Cancers. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:680400. [PMID: 34992527 PMCID: PMC8724544 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.680400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their increasing prevalence, gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are regarded as an important global health challenge. Microorganisms residing in the human GI tract, termed gut microbiota, encompass a large number of living organisms. The role of the gut in the regulation of the gut-mediated immune responses, metabolism, absorption of micro- and macro-nutrients and essential vitamins, and short-chain fatty acid production, and resistance to pathogens has been extensively investigated. In the past few decades, it has been shown that microbiota imbalance is associated with the susceptibility to various chronic disorders, such as obesity, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, psychiatric disorders, and various types of cancer. Emerging evidence has shown that oral administration of various strains of probiotics can protect against cancer development. Furthermore, clinical investigations suggest that probiotic administration in cancer patients decreases the incidence of postoperative inflammation. The present review addresses the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of action of probiotics against GI cancers. The safety of the most commercial probiotic strains has been confirmed, and therefore these strains can be used as adjuvant or neo-adjuvant treatments for cancer prevention and improving the efficacy of therapeutic strategies. Nevertheless, well-designed clinical studies are still needed for a better understanding of the properties and mechanisms of action of probiotic strains in mitigating GI cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Davoodvandi
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Fallahi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vida Tajiknia
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zarrin Banikazemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hadis Fathizadeh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan Faculty of Medicine Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abbasi-Kolli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Maryam Ghandali
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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25
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Cerro EDD, Lambea M, Félix J, Salazar N, Gueimonde M, De la Fuente M. Daily ingestion of Akkermansia mucciniphila for one month promotes healthy aging and increases lifespan in old female mice. Biogerontology 2021; 23:35-52. [PMID: 34729669 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-021-09943-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ingestion of certain probiotics has been suggested as a promising nutritional strategy to improve aging. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the daily intake, for a month, of a new probiotic Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) (2 × 108 cfu/100µL PBS) on behavior, as well as function and redox state of immune cells of old female ICR-CD1 mice (OA group). For this, several behavioral tests were performed, and function and oxidative-inflammatory stress parameters of peritoneal leukocytes were analyzed in OA group, in a group of the same age that did not take AKK (old control, OC group) and in another adult control (AC) group. The results showed, in OA group, a significant improvement of several behavioral responses (coordination, balance, neuromuscular vigor, exploratory ability and anxiety like-behaviors), as well as in immune functions (chemotaxis, phagocytosis, NK activity and lymphoproliferation) and in oxidative stress parameters (glutathione peroxidase and reductase activities, oxidized glutathione and lipid oxidation concentrations) of the peritoneal leukocytes in comparison to those observed in OC group. In addition, peritoneal immune cells from the OA group released lower basal concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α) compared to those from the OC group. The values of parameters in OA were similar to those in AC group. These improvements in the old mice receiving the probiotic were reflected in an increase in their lifespan. In conclusion, our data indicate that AKK supplementation for a short period could be a good nutritional strategy to promote healthy longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Díaz-Del Cerro
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Unity of Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Investigation 12 de Octubre Hospital (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Lambea
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Unity of Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Judith Félix
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Unity of Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Investigation 12 de Octubre Hospital (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Salazar
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, IPLA-CSIC, Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, ISPA, Asturias, Spain
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, IPLA-CSIC, Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, ISPA, Asturias, Spain
| | - Mónica De la Fuente
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Unity of Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.
- Institute of Investigation 12 de Octubre Hospital (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
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Won G, Choi SI, Park N, Kim JE, Kang CH, Kim GH. In Vitro Antidiabetic, Antioxidant Activity, and Probiotic Activities of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Strains. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3181-3191. [PMID: 34213618 PMCID: PMC8289794 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder, is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from humans and food products and investigate the probiotic properties of the selected four strains. The hypoglycemic activity of the isolated strains was examined by evaluating the α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. The antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Four strains (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MG4229, MG4296, MG5025, and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei MG5012) exhibited potent α-glucosidase inhibitory (>75%) and α-amylase inhibitory (>85%) activities, which were comparable to those of acarbose (>50%; 1000 μg/mL). Similarly, the radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of the four strains were comparable to those of ascorbic acid (50 μg/mL). Additionally, the probiotic properties of the four selected strains were examined based on acid and bile salt tolerance, auto-aggregation ability, and antibiotic resistance. The four strains were resistant to pH 2 (>50% of survivability) and 0.5% bile salt (>80% of survivability). Therefore, we suggest that the selected strains with hypoglycemic, antioxidant, probiotic properties can potentially prevent diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- GaYeong Won
- Department of Health Functional New Materials, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, 01369, Korea
| | - Soo-Im Choi
- Department of Health Functional New Materials, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, 01369, Korea
| | - NaYeong Park
- Department of Health Functional New Materials, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, 01369, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- MEDIOGEN, Co., Ltd., Jecheon, 27159, Korea
| | | | - Gun-Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, 01369, Korea.
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Neveling DP, Dicks LMT. Probiotics: an Antibiotic Replacement Strategy for Healthy Broilers and Productive Rearing. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:1-11. [PMID: 32556932 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens develop resistance to antibiotics at a rate much faster than the discovery of new antimicrobial compounds. Reports of multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from broilers, and the possibility that these strains may spread diseases amongst humans, prompted many European countries to ban the inclusion of antibiotics in feed. Probiotics added to broiler feed controlled a number of bacterial infections. A combination of Enterococcus faecium, Pediococcus acidilactici, Bacillus animalis, Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus reuteri decreased the colonisation of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella Enteritidis in the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) of broilers, whereas Bacillus subtilis improved feed conversion, intestinal morphology, stimulated the immune system and inhibited the colonisation of Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli and Salmonella Minnesota. Lactobacillus salivarius and Pediococcus parvulus improved weight gain, bone characteristics, intestinal morphology and immune response, and decreased the colonisation of S. Enteritidis. Lactobacillus crispatus, L. salivarius, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens decreased the Salmonella count and led to an increase in lysozyme and T lymphocytes. Probiotics may also improve feed digestion through production of phytases, lipases, amylases and proteases or stimulate the GIT to secrete digestive enzymes. Some strains increase the nutritional value of feed by production of vitamins, exopolysaccharides and antioxidants. Bacteriocins, if produced, regulate pathogen numbers in the GIT and keep pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory reactions in balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deon P Neveling
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Leon M T Dicks
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
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In vivo evidence: Repression of mucosal immune responses in mice with colon cancer following sustained administration of Streptococcus thermophiles. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4751-4761. [PMID: 34354463 PMCID: PMC8324971 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have attracted considerable attention because of their ability to ameliorate disease and prevent cancer. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory effects of a Streptococcus thermophilus probiotic on the intestinal mucosa azoxymethane-induced colon cancer. Sixty female mice were divided into four groups (n = 15 each). One group of untreated mice was used as a control (C group). Another mouse group was injected with azoxymethane once weekly for 8 weeks to induce colon cancer (CC group). Finally, two groups of mice were continuously treated twice per week from week 2 to 16 with either the Lactobacillus plantarum (Lac CC group) or S. thermophilus (Strep CC group) bacterial strain pre-and post-treatment as performed for the CC group. Remarkably, Tlr2, Ifng, Il4, Il13, Il10, and Tp53 transcription were significantly downregulated in the Strep CC intestinal mucosa group. Additionally, IL2 expression was decreased significantly in the Strep CC mouse serum, whereas TNFα was remarkably elevated compared to that in the CC, Lac CC, and untreated groups. This study suggested that Streptococcus thermophilus did not interrupt or hinder colon cancer development in mice when administered as a prophylactic.
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Comparison of Cell-Free Extracts from Three Newly Identified Lactobacillus plantarum Strains on the Inhibitory Effect of Adipogenic Differentiation and Insulin Resistance in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6676502. [PMID: 33954196 PMCID: PMC8064791 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6676502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and associated metabolic disorders, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes, are rapidly becoming serious global health problems. It has been reported that Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) extracts have the beneficial activities of antiobesity and antidiabetes, although few studies have compared the beneficial effects among various L. plantarum extracts. In this study, three new L. plantarum (named LP, LS, and L14) strains were identified, and the antiobesogenic and diabetic effects of their extracts were investigated and compared using 3T3-L1 cells in vitro. Lipid accumulation in maturing 3T3-L1 cells was significantly decreased by the addition of LS and L14 extracts. The mRNA expression levels of Pparγ, C/ebpα, Fabp4, Fas, and Dgat1 were significantly decreased by the addition of LP, LS, and L14 extracts. Interestingly, the protein expression levels of PPARγ, C/EBPα, FABP4, and FAS were downregulated in mature 3T3-L1 cells with the addition of the L14 extract. Moreover, the LS and L14 extract treatments stimulated glucose uptake in maturing adipocytes. The L14 extract treatments exhibited a significant reduction in TNF-α protein expression, which is a key factor of insulin resistance in adipocytes. Of the three extracts, L14 extract markedly reduced adipogenic differentiation and insulin resistance in vitro, suggesting that the L14 extract may be used as a therapeutic agent for obesity-associated metabolic disorders.
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Nataraj BH, Shivanna SK, Rao P, Nagpal R, Behare PV. Evolutionary concepts in the functional biotics arena: a mini-review. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:487-496. [PMID: 33936839 PMCID: PMC8050181 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00818-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, the attempts to elucidate the role of beneficial microorganisms in shaping human health are becoming fairly apparent. The functional impact conferred by such microbes is not only transmitted by viable cells or their metabolites but also through non-viable cells. Extensive research to unveil the protective action of such wonder bugs has resulted in categorizing the beneficial microflora and their bioactive metabolites into a variety of functional biotic concepts based on their intended applications in various forms. In the modern era, these are often termed as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, next-generation probiotics, psychobiotics, oncobiotics, pharmabiotics, and metabiotics. Currently, the concept of traditional probiotics is being widened to include microbes beyond lactic acid bacteria. Indeed, this diversification has broadened the functional food portfolio from food to pharmaceuticals. In this context, the present review aims to summarize the existing biotic concepts and their differences thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaprabhu H. Nataraj
- Technofunctional Starters Lab, National Collection of Dairy Cultures (NCDC), Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Insititute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Sonu K. Shivanna
- Dairy Chemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Insititute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Prabha Rao
- Dairy Microbiology Department, Dairy Science College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560024 India
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27101 USA
| | - Pradip V. Behare
- Technofunctional Starters Lab, National Collection of Dairy Cultures (NCDC), Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Insititute, Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
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31
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Salek Farrokhi A, Mohammadlou M, Abdollahi M, Eslami M, Yousefi B. Histone Deacetylase Modifications by Probiotics in Colorectal Cancer. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 51:754-764. [PMID: 31808058 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-019-00338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that epigenetic modifications of histone (acetylation/deacetylation) participate in a critical role in cancer progression by the regulation of gene expression. Several processes could be regulated by deacetylation of histone and non-histone proteins such as apoptosis, proliferation, cell metabolism, differentiation, and DNA repair. Hence, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) are employed as a hopeful group of anti-cancer drugs that could inhibit tumor cell proliferation or apoptosis. The elimination of the acetylation marks that take place as an essential epigenetic change in cancer cells is associated to HDAC expression and activity. In this regard, it has been reported that class I HDACs have a vital role in the regulation of tumor cell proliferation. OBJECTIVES: In this review, we discuss whether gut origin microorganisms could promote cancer or tumor resistance and explain mechanisms of these processes. CONCLUSIONS: According to the enormous capacity of the metabolism of the intestine microbiota, bacteria are likely to convert nutrients and digestive compounds into metabolites that regulate epigenetic in cancer. The effect of the food is of interest on epigenetic changes in the intestinal mucosa and colonocytes, as misleading nucleotide methylation may be a prognostic marker for colorectal cancer (CRC). Since epigenetic changes are potentially reversible, they can serve as therapeutic targets for preventing CRC. However, various mechanisms have been identified in the field of prevention, treatment, and progression of cancer by probiotics, which include intestinal microbiota modulation, increased intestinal barrier function, degradation of potential carcinogens, protective effect on intestinal epithelial damage, and increased immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Salek Farrokhi
- Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohammadlou
- Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Maryam Abdollahi
- Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Majid Eslami
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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32
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Jang HJ, Son S, Kim JA, Jung MY, Choi YJ, Kim DH, Lee HK, Shin D, Kim Y. Characterization and Functional Test of Canine Probiotics. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:625562. [PMID: 33763044 PMCID: PMC7982664 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.625562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics can modulate the composition of gut microbiota and benefit the host animal health in multiple ways. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), mainly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, are well-known microbes with probiotic potential. In the present study, 88 microbial strains were isolated from canine feces and annotated. Among these, the four strains CACC517, 537, 558, and 566 were tested for probiotic characteristics, and their beneficial effects on hosts were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo; these strains exhibited antibiosis, antibiotic activity, acid and bile tolerance, and relative cell adhesion to the HT-29 monolayer cell line. Byproducts of these strains increased the viability and decreased oxidative stress in mouse and dog cell lines (RAW264.7 and DH82, respectively). Subsequently, when the probiotics were applied to the clinical trial, changes in microbial composition and relative abundance of bacterial strains were clearly observed in the experimental animals. Experimental groups before and after the application were obviously separated from PCA analysis of clinical results. Conclusively, these results could provide comprehensive understanding of the effects of probiotic strains (CACC517, 537, 558, and 566) and their industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jun Jang
- Department of Research and Development, Center for Industrialization of Agricultural and Livestock Microorganisms, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - Seungwoo Son
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea.,The Animal Molecular Genetics & Breeding Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ae Kim
- Department of Research and Development, Center for Industrialization of Agricultural and Livestock Microorganisms, Jeongeup-si, South Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Min Young Jung
- Department of Research and Development, Center for Industrialization of Agricultural and Livestock Microorganisms, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Jae Choi
- Department of Research and Development, Center for Industrialization of Agricultural and Livestock Microorganisms, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kim
- Department of Research and Development, Center for Industrialization of Agricultural and Livestock Microorganisms, Jeongeup-si, South Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Hak Kyo Lee
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea.,The Animal Molecular Genetics & Breeding Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Donghyun Shin
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea.,The Animal Molecular Genetics & Breeding Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Yangseon Kim
- Department of Research and Development, Center for Industrialization of Agricultural and Livestock Microorganisms, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
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Abstract
In recent years, the consumption of over-the-counter probiotics to promote health has grown rapidly worldwide and become an independent industry. In medicine, various studies have demonstrated that probiotics can help improve the immune system and intestinal health. They are usually safe, but in some rare cases, they may cause concerning adverse reactions. Although the use of probiotics has been widely popularized in the public, the results of many probiotic clinical trials are contradictory. Particularly in cancer patients, the feasibility of probiotic management providing benefits by targeting cancer and lessening anticancer side effects requires further investigation. This review summarizes the interactions between probiotics and the host as well as current knowledge on the pros and cons of utilizing probiotics in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanwu Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Runming Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Khan AA, Nema V, Khan Z. Current status of probiotics for prevention and management of gastrointestinal cancers. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:413-422. [PMID: 33034210 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1828858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastrointestinal cancers contribute to a significant number of cancer- associated mortality. The gastrointestinal tract harbors a multitude of microorganisms, known as the microbiota. Recently, the microbiota is considered to be an accessory organ resulting in several health benefits. The microbiota is involved in almost all aspects of an individual ranging from managing behavior to controlling metabolism, immune status and the response to a disease. Researchers are observing the modulation of microbiota in almost every disease, including cancer. Probiotics are microorganisms that can help to alter the host microbiota toward a healthy state thus providing benefits from many diseases including cancer. AREAS COVERED We explored the current status of the use of probiotics in cancer patients. Although probiotic bacteria can provide significant benefits to individuals suffering from cancer, the number of cancer-specific clinical products containing probiotics is not comparable to research studies showing their benefits. The lack of available products is due to several factors including a lack of risk assessment data of beneficial probiotics in cancer patients. EXPERT OPINION Laboratory investigations indicate a huge potential of probiotics for the prevention and management of gastrointestinal cancer, but more clinical studies are required to support their application in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Arif Khan
- Division of Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vijay Nema
- Division of Molecular Biology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars- Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, USA
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Rai N, Singh AK, Keshri PK, Barik S, Kamble SC, Singh SK, Kumar R, Mishra P, Kotiya D, Gautam V. Probiotics for Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers. PROBIOTIC RESEARCH IN THERAPEUTICS 2021:191-209. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8214-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2025]
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Wang Y, You Y, Tian Y, Sun H, Li X, Wang X, Wang Y, Liu J. Pediococcus pentosaceus PP04 Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia by Regulating Lipid Metabolism in C57BL/6N Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:15154-15163. [PMID: 33300795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Pediococcus pentococcus PP04 isolated from the Northeast pickled cabbage had good gastrointestinal tolerance and can colonize in the intestine stably. C57BL/6N mice were fed a high-fat diet to build animal models and treated with Pediococcus pentosaceus PP04 to evaluate the antihyperlipidemia effect. After 8 weeks, the indicators of hyperlipidemia, liver injury, and inflammation were measured. The treatment of P. pentosaceus PP04 reduced the gain of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), free fatty acids (FFAs), leptin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) significantly. The western blotting results suggested P. pentosaceus PP04 ameliorated high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia by the AMPK signaling pathway, which stimulated lipolysis via upregulation of PPARα and inhibited lipogenesis by downregulation of SREBP-1c, fatty acid synthase (FAS), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) mainly. Furthermore, P. pentosaceus PP04 improved high-fat diet-induced oxidative stress effectively by triggering the Nrf2/CYP2E1 signaling pathway that enhanced the antioxidant activity including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ying You
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Haiyue Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Province Innovation Center for Food Biological Manufacture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- National Processing Laboratory for Soybean Industry and Technology, Changchun 130118, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jingsheng Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun 130118, China
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37
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Samanta S. Potential Impacts of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Cancer Prevention. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 22:605-628. [PMID: 33305713 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621999201210220442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a serious problem throughout the world. The pathophysiology of cancer is multifactorial and is also related to gut microbiota. Intestinal microbes are the useful resident of the healthy human. They play various aspects of human health including nutritional biotransformation, flushing of the pathogens, toxin neutralization, immune response, and onco-suppression. Disruption in the interactions among the gut microbiota, intestinal epithelium, and the host immune system are associated with gastrointestinal disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp.) have been regarded as beneficial to health and shown to play a significant role in immunomodulation and displayed preventive role against obesity, diabetes, liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, tumor progression, and cancer. OBJECTIVE The involvement of gut microorganisms in cancer development and prevention has been recognized as a balancing factor. The events of dysbiosis emphasize metabolic disorder and carcinogenesis. The gut flora potentiates immunomodulation and minimizes the limitations of usual chemotherapy. The significant role of prebiotics and probiotics on the improvement of immunomodulation and antitumor properties has been considered. METHODS I had reviewed the literature on the multidimensional activities of prebiotics and probiotics from the NCBI website database PubMed, Springer Nature, Science Direct (Elsevier), Google Scholar database to search relevant articles. Specifically, I had focused on the role of prebiotics and probiotics in immunomodulation and cancer prevention. RESULTS Prebiotics are the nondigestible fermentable sugars that selectively influence the growth of probiotic organisms that exert immunomodulation over the cancerous growth. The oncostatic properties of bacteria are mediated through the recruitment of cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, approaches have also been taken to use probiotics as an adjuvant in cancer therapy. CONCLUSION The present review has indicated that dysbiosis is the crucial factor in many pathological situations including cancer. Applications of prebiotics and probiotics exhibit the immune-surveillance as oncostatic effects. These events increase the possibilities of new therapeutic strategies for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptadip Samanta
- Department of Physiology, Midnapore College, Midnapore, Paschim Medinipur, 721101, West Bengal,. India
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Cuevas-González PF, González-Córdova AF, Vallejo-Cordoba B, Aguilar-Toalá JE, Hall FG, Urbizo-Reyes UC, Liceaga AM, Hernandez-Mendoza A, García HS. Protective role of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts as dietary carcinogen-binding agents - a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:160-180. [PMID: 32901514 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1813685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The importance of food contaminants in the link between diet and cancer has been widely demonstrated. Therefore, different physical and chemical strategies for the control of human exposure to such dietary carcinogens has been explored; however, most of these strategies are complex, costly, and have low efficiency which limited their applications. Hence, microbiological methods have been receiving more attention. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast may act as dietary carcinogen-binding agents. This review describes the promising protective role of strains belonging mainly to the Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Saccharomyces genera by acting as dietary carcinogen-binding agents. This property suggests that these microorganisms may have a protective role by reducing the bioaccessibility of dietary carcinogens, thereby decreasing their toxic effects. The mechanisms by which the binding process takes place have not been completely elucidated; thus, the possible underlying mechanisms and factors influencing carcinogens-binding will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Cuevas-González
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - A F González-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - B Vallejo-Cordoba
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - J E Aguilar-Toalá
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - F G Hall
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - U C Urbizo-Reyes
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - A M Liceaga
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - A Hernandez-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - H S García
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, UNIDA, Veracruz, Mexico
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Byberg L, Warensjö Lemming E. Milk Consumption for the Prevention of Fragility Fractures. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2720. [PMID: 32899514 PMCID: PMC7551481 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Results indicating that a high milk intake is associated with both higher and lower risks of fragility fractures, or that indicate no association, can all be presented in the same meta-analysis, depending on how it is performed. In this narrative review, we discuss the available studies examining milk intake in relation to fragility fractures, highlight potential problems with meta-analyses of such studies, and discuss potential mechanisms and biases underlying the different results. We conclude that studies examining milk and dairy intakes in relation to fragility fracture risk need to study the different milk products separately. Meta-analyses should consider the doses in the individual studies. Additional studies in populations with a large range of intake of fermented milk are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Byberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden;
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Pourramezan Z, Oloomi M, Kasra-Kermanshahi R. Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Lactobacillus Hilgardii Strain AG12a. Int J Prev Med 2020; 11:132. [PMID: 33088460 PMCID: PMC7554445 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_307_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been proven that probiotic Lactobacillus bacteria have inhibitory effects on human cancer cell lines. The aim of this study is to isolate and characterize the antioxidant probiotic Lactobacillus and determine the possible anticancer activities of the selected strain. Methods One of the Lactobacillus strain isolated from camel doogh sample showed the high antioxidant activity by using of different methods such as resistance to hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and superoxide anions. The antioxidant strain was characterized by sequencing of 16S rRNA V2-V3 regions and the 16S-23S intergenic spacer (ITS). The methanol extract of this strain supernatant was fractionated using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and antioxidant activity of fractions was detected by 0.1% of DPPH through TLC-DPPH bioautography. In vitro anticancer activity of each fraction was investigated by using MTT and flow cytometry methods. Results According to the phylogenetic results, the antioxidant Lactobacillus strain was closely related to Lactobacillus hilgardii strain E91 (Accession No. EF536365). After fractionation and anti-proliferation assessments of Lactobacillus hilgardii strain AG12a extracellular materials, one of the antioxidant fraction (F4) showed maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 of 535.27 μg/mL). MTT assay of the F4 fraction demonstrated cytotoxic activity against Caco-2 with the IC50 value of 299.05 μg/mL. The cell death activity of the fraction was confirmed by flow cytometry with 30.925. Conclusions In this study, the anticancer and apoptotic properties of Lactobacillus hilgardii against Caco-2 cell line was reported for the first time. The isolated bioactive fraction from the extracellular methanol extract needs to be further investigated in human studies of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Pourramezan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mana Oloomi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouha Kasra-Kermanshahi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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Probiotic Potential of Lactic Acid Starter Cultures Isolated from a Traditional Fermented Sorghum-Millet Beverage. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:7825943. [PMID: 32831844 PMCID: PMC7424372 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7825943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starter cultures, Lb. plantarum MNC 21, L. lactis MNC 24, and W. confusa MNC 20, isolated from a traditionally fermented sorghum-millet beverage from Uganda. The cultures were examined for tolerance to acid and bile salts, bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, antibiotic susceptibility, biogenic amine production, mucin degradation, hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, adherence to the ileum, coaggregation, and antimicrobial properties against selected pathogenic species. Lb. rhamnosus yoba 2012, a known probiotic, was the reference. The isolates were tolerant to acid (pH = 3) and bile (1%). W. confusa MNC 20 and Lb. plantarum MNC 21 exhibited medium BSH activity (11-15 mm diameter of hydrolysis zone) while L. lactis and Lb. rhamnosus yoba 2012 exhibited low BSH activity (<10 mm diameter of hydrolysis zone). All isolates lacked mucolytic activity. Lb. plantarum MNC 21 and W. confusa MNC 20 produced agmatine. The candidate and reference microorganisms were resistant to 10 of 21 and 5 of 21 antibiotics, respectively. The isolates exhibited hydrophobic, auto-aggregation and coaggregation properties. These three properties were exhibited more (p < 0.05) by the reference than the potential probiotics. The ability of the potential probiotics to attach onto the goat ileum (7.3-8.0 log cfu/cm2) was comparable to that of Lb. rhamnosus yoba 2012 (7.6 log cfu/cm2). The four LAB inhibited E. coli, S. aureus, and S. enterica to the same extent (p < 0.05). The findings indicated potential probiotic activity of the starter cultures. However, further in vivo examination of these isolates is required to confirm their probiotic capabilities.
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Wan Mohd Kamaluddin WNF, Rismayuddin NAR, Ismail AF, Mohamad Aidid E, Othman N, Mohamad NAH, Arzmi MH. Probiotic inhibits oral carcinogenesis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 118:104855. [PMID: 32801092 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This systematic review aimed to investigate the effects if probiotics can inhibit oral carcinogenesis. DESIGN PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and PLOS databases were searched up to February 2020 to identify randomised controlled trials that fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tool was used for quality assessment of articles. This review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA-P) 2015 protocol guidelines. RESULT The initial search retrieved 774 articles. Of these, only five articles were included in the qualitative synthesis. Two out of the five papers were further analysed for quantitative synthesis in meta-analysis. The majority of the included studies were found to be of "moderate quality". The qualitative synthesis found four probiotics that exhibited potential therapeutic effects in oral carcinogenesis, includingAcetobacter syzygii, AJ2, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus salivarius REN. Among them, the application of L. salivarius REN resulted in a 95 % lower risk for developing oral cancer (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION It is known that probiotics have the potential to inhibit oral carcinogenesis, thus supporting the hypothesis of the study. The ability of L. salivarius REN to inhibit the development of oral cancer suggested that this bacterium can be a potential inhibitory agent against oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Nur Fatihah Wan Mohd Kamaluddin
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Kulliyyah of Nursing, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; Cluster of Oral Cancer Research International Islamic University Malaysia (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Alia Risma Rismayuddin
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Kulliyyah of Nursing, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; Cluster of Oral Cancer Research International Islamic University Malaysia (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Faisal Ismail
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; Cluster of Oral Cancer Research International Islamic University Malaysia (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Edre Mohamad Aidid
- Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia; Cluster of Oral Cancer Research International Islamic University Malaysia (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Noratikah Othman
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Kulliyyah of Nursing, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; Cluster of Oral Cancer Research International Islamic University Malaysia (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Noor Afifah Hanin Mohamad
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Kulliyyah of Nursing, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; Cluster of Oral Cancer Research International Islamic University Malaysia (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
- Department of Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; Cluster of Oral Cancer Research International Islamic University Malaysia (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
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Behera SS, El Sheikha AF, Hammami R, Kumar A. Traditionally fermented pickles: How the microbial diversity associated with their nutritional and health benefits? J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Hussain A, Kwon MH, Kim HK, Lee HS, Cho JS, Lee YI. Anti-Obesity Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum LB818 Is Associated with Regulation of Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Fed Obese Mice. J Med Food 2020; 23:750-759. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Legesse Bedada T, Feto TK, Awoke KS, Garedew AD, Yifat FT, Birri DJ. Probiotics for cancer alternative prevention and treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110409. [PMID: 32563987 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a fatal malignancy with high clinical significance and remains one of the major causes of illness and death. It has no suitable cure existing till now. The safety and stability of the standard chemotherapeutics drugs and synthetic agents used to manage cancer are doubtful. These agents are affecting the quality of life or contributing for development of drug resistance and are not affordable to the majority of the patients. Therefore, scientists are looking into clinical management of the cancer with high efficiency. This review focuses on the role of probiotics as alternative prevention and treatment of cancer. In this regard, we discuss the alternative cancer biotherapeutic drugs including live or dead probiotics and their metabolites, such as short chain fatty acids, inhibitory compounds of protein, polysaccharide, nucleic acid and ferrichrome in in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. We also discuss the effectiveness of these biotherapeutics in prevention and treatment of various types of cancer linked with probiotic bacterial or fungal strains, probiotic dose, and time of exposure. More in vivo mainly clinical trials are necessary to further reveal and approve the significant role of live and dead probiotics as well as their metabolic products in cancer prevention and treatment. Finally, the majority of the positive results provided by probiotic treatments are limited to experimental settings. To minimize side effects associated with probiotics, short and long term effect studies in the direction of methodology standardization are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Legesse Bedada
- Public Health Microbiology Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, P. O. Box: 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Tatek Kasim Feto
- Public Health Microbiology Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, P. O. Box: 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Kaleab Sebsibe Awoke
- Public Health Microbiology Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, P. O. Box: 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Asnake Desalegn Garedew
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, P. O. Box: 1176, Ethiopia.
| | - Fitsum Tigu Yifat
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, P. O. Box: 1176, Ethiopia.
| | - Dagim Jirata Birri
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, P. O. Box: 1176, Ethiopia.
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The effect of synbiotic on glycemic profile and sex hormones in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors following a weight-loss diet: A randomized, triple-blind, controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:394-403. [PMID: 32698957 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The investigation was designed to assess the effects of synbiotic supplementation on glycemic profile, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and sex hormones in overweight and obese postmenopausal breast cancer survivors (BCSs) who had hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer. METHODS This randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 76 overweight and obese BCSs aged 57.43 (5.82) years. All participants were given a specified low calorie diet and were randomly assigned into two groups to intake 109 CFU/day of synbiotic supplement (n = 38) or placebo (n = 38) for 8 weeks. Body composition, physical activity, glycemic profile, IGF-1, estradiol, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks. RESULTS A significant reduction in serum insulin (median change (Q1, Q3) from baseline of -1.05 (-2.36, 0.32) μIU/mL; P = 0.006) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (mean change (SD) from baseline of -4.0 (0.9); P = 0.007) were seen over the 8 weeks in the synbiotic group. However, no significant changes were observed in serum insulin, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, IGF-1, estradiol, testosterone, DHEA-S and sex hormone binding globulin between-groups at the end of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS Overall, as the 8-week synbiotic consumption compared with placebo had insignificant-reducing effects on glycemic profile, IGF-1 and sex hormones among overweight and obese postmenopausal BCSs, synbiotics may exert considerable beneficial consequences, which need to be further assessed in future clinical trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION IRCT, IRCT2015090223861N1. Registered 02 February 2017, http://www.irct.ir: IRCT2015090223861N1.
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Sharma M, Shukla G. Administration of Metabiotics Extracted From Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus MD 14 Inhibit Experimental Colorectal Carcinogenesis by Targeting Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Front Oncol 2020; 10:746. [PMID: 32670864 PMCID: PMC7326139 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: The cellular microenvironment, diet, and lifestyle play a key role in the occurrence of colorectal cancer. Due to its rising trend, attempts are being made to devise novel biointerventions as adjunct to conventional therapies to prevent this deadly disease. "Metabiotics," the beneficial metabolic signatures of probiotics are emerging as potential anticancer agent due to their ability to alter metabolic processes in the gut lumen and reduce the severity of colon carcinogenesis. Although beneficial attributes of metabiotics have been elucidated in vitro, yet their anticancer mechanism in vivo needs to be explored. Thus, the present study was performed to envisage anticancer potential of metabiotic extract obtained from indigenous probiotic, Lactobacillus rhamnosus MD 14, in early experimental colon carcinogenesis. Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were daily administered with low, medium, and high dose of metabiotic extract orally along with a single dose of weekly intraperitoneal injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine up to 6 weeks and monitored for the markers of early colon carcinogenesis. Results: It was observed that the medium dose of metabiotic extract attenuated early colon carcinogenesis by reducing fecal procarcinogenic enzymes, oxidants, aberrant crypt foci, vis-à-vis downregulating oncogenes [K-ras, β-catenin, Cox-2, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)] and upregulating tumor suppressor p53 gene leading to almost normal colon histology. Conclusions: It can be suggested that metabiotics modulate experimental colorectal cancer and could be used as a promising alternative of probiotics, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geeta Shukla
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Ahmadi S, Wang S, Nagpal R, Wang B, Jain S, Razazan A, Mishra SP, Zhu X, Wang Z, Kavanagh K, Yadav H. A human-origin probiotic cocktail ameliorates aging-related leaky gut and inflammation via modulating the microbiota/taurine/tight junction axis. JCI Insight 2020; 5:132055. [PMID: 32302292 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a major risk factor of morbidity and mortality in older adults. Although its precise etiology is unknown, low-grade inflammation in older adults is commonly associated with increased intestinal epithelial permeability (leaky gut) and abnormal (dysbiotic) gut microbiota. The increasing older population and lack of treatments to reduce aging-related microbiota dysbiosis, leaky gut, and inflammation culminates in a rise in aging-related comorbidities, constituting a significant public health concern. Here, we demonstrate that a human-origin probiotic cocktail containing 5 Lactobacillus and 5 Enterococcus strains isolated from healthy infant gut prevented high-fat diet-induced (HFD-induced) microbiota dysbiosis, leaky gut, inflammation, metabolic dysfunctions, and physical function decline in older mice. Probiotic-modulated gut microbiota primarily reduced leaky gut by increasing tight junctions, which in turn reduced inflammation. Mechanistically, probiotics modulated microbiota in a way to increase bile salt hydrolase activity, which in turn increased taurine abundance in the gut that stimulated tight junctions and suppressed gut leakiness. Furthermore, in Caenorhabditis elegans, taurine increased life span, reduced adiposity and leaky gut, and enhanced physical function. The results suggest that such probiotic therapies could prevent or treat aging-related leaky gut and inflammation in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokouh Ahmadi
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shalini Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine-Endocrinology and Metabolism.,Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Core
| | - Atefeh Razazan
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sidharth P Mishra
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xuewei Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kylie Kavanagh
- Department of Pathology-Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.,Biomedical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Hariom Yadav
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
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A novel kefir product (PFT) inhibits Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice via induction of apoptosis and immunomodulation. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:127. [PMID: 32345289 PMCID: PMC7189677 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The popularity of fermented foods such as kefir, kuniss, and tofu has been greatly increasing over the past several decades, and the ability of probiotic bacteria to exert anticancer effects has recently become the focus of research. While we have recently demonstrated the ability of the novel kefir product PFT (Probiotics Fermentation Technology) to exert anticancer effects in vitro, here we demonstrate its ability to inhibit Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in mice. METHODS Mice were inoculated intramuscularly with EAC cells to develop solid tumors. PFT was administered orally (2 g/kg/day) to mice 6 days/week, either 2 days before tumor cell inoculation or 9 days after inoculation to mice bearing solid tumors. Tumor growth, blood lymphocyte levels, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, apoptotic regulator expression, TNF-α expression, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), PCNA, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in tumor cells were quantitatively evaluated by flow cytometry or RT-PCR. Further studies in vitro were carried out where EAC cells along with several other human cancer cell lines were cultured in the presence of PFT (0-5 mg/mL). Percent cell viability and IC50 was estimated by MTT assay. RESULTS Our data shows that PFT exerts the following: 1) inhibition of tumor incidence and tumor growth; 2) inhibition of cellular proliferation via a marked decrease in the expression of tumor marker PCNA; 3) arrest of the tumor cell cycle in the sub-G0/G1 phase, signifying apoptosis; 4) induction of apoptosis in cancer cells via a mitochondrial-dependent pathway as indicated by the up-regulation of p53 expression, increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, decrease in the polarization of MMP, and caspase-3 activation; and 5) immunomodulation with an increase in the number of infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and an enhancement of TNF-α expression within the tumor. CONCLUSIONS PFT reduces tumor incidence and tumor growth in mice with EAC by inducing apoptosis in EAC cells via the mitochondrial-dependent pathway, suppressing cancer cell proliferation, and stimulating the immune system. PFT may be a useful agent for cancer prevention.
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Hradicka P, Beal J, Kassayova M, Foey A, Demeckova V. A Novel Lactic Acid Bacteria Mixture: Macrophage-Targeted Prophylactic Intervention in Colorectal Cancer Management. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030387. [PMID: 32168834 PMCID: PMC7142725 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common forms of cancer. Its onset from chronic inflammation is widely accepted. Moreover, dysbiosis plays an undeniable role, thus the use of probiotics in CRC has been suggested. They exhibit both anti- and pro-inflammatory properties and restore balance in the microbiota. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory properties of six lactobacilli with probiotic features in an in vitro model of macrophage-like cells and to test these pooled probiotics for their anti-tumour properties in a chemically induced CRC model using Wistar male rats. Upon co-culture of M1- and M2-like macrophages with lactobacilli, cytokine release (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-23) and phagocytic activity using fluorescent-labelled bacteria were tested. The effects of orally administered probiotics on basic cancer and immune parameters and cytokine concentration (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18) in colon tumours were studied. Tested lactobacilli exhibited both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties in in vitro conditions. In vivo study showed that the administration of probiotics was able to decrease multiplicity, volume and total tumour numbers, restore colon length (p < 0.05) and increase IL-18 production (p < 0.05) in tumour tissue. These data indicate both an immunomodulatory effect of probiotics on distinct macrophage subsets and a protective effect against chemically-induced CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hradicka
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Srobarova 2, 041 54 Kosice, Slovak; (P.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Jane Beal
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK;
| | - Monika Kassayova
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Srobarova 2, 041 54 Kosice, Slovak; (P.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Andrew Foey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK;
| | - Vlasta Demeckova
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Srobarova 2, 041 54 Kosice, Slovak; (P.H.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence:
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