• Animals
• Female
• Porphyromonas gingivalis/pathogenicity
• Porphyromonas gingivalis/metabolism
• Mice
• Neurons/metabolism
• Neurons/pathology
• Neurons/microbiology
• tau Proteins/metabolism
• Pregnancy
• Phosphorylation
• Brain/embryology
• Brain/metabolism
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
• Cerebral Cortex/embryology
• Bacterial Outer Membrane/metabolism

• adverse pregnancy outcomes
• bibliometric analysis
• bidirectional
• periodontal disease
• risk factors

• 16s RNA sequencing
• LPS
• amniotic fluid microbiota
• intrauterine inflammation (IUI)
• saliva microbiota

• Pregnancy
• Female
• Animals
• Mice
• Amniotic Fluid
• Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
• Escherichia coli
• Saliva
• Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
• Inflammation/pathology

• adverse pregnancy outcomes
• oral health
• periodontitis
• pregnancy

• chorioamnionitis
• maternal periodontitis
• obstetric complications
• periodontal disease
• placental microbiome
• prematurity

• adjunctive treatment
• host-modulation therapy
• melatonin
• periodontitis
• systemic comorbidities
• tissue destruction

• Humans
• Melatonin/pharmacology
• Melatonin/therapeutic use
• Quality of Life
• Periodontitis/drug therapy
• Antioxidants/therapeutic use
• Antioxidants/pharmacology

• Inflammation
• Liver diseases
• Oral health
• Periodontitis

• Humans
• Liver Cirrhosis
• Periodontitis/complications
• Periodontitis/microbiology
• Periodontitis/therapy
• Porphyromonas gingivalis

• Adverse pregnancy outcomes
• Neisseria
• Oral microbiota
• Periodontal disease
• Small for gestational age

Periodontal disease seems to be correlated with low vitamin D serum levels, preterm birth (PTB) and low birth weight (LBW), although the literature still lacks a consensus. This study aimed to investigate this correlation in a cohort of pregnant women over 20 weeks of gestation from the University Hospital “Maggiore della Carità”, Novara, Italy. We assessed serum levels of vitamin D and oral health status through the following indexes: Oral Hygiene Index (OHI), Plaque Control Record (PCR), Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI), and Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPTIN). Moreover, we assessed the number of PTB and LBW among the newborns. Out of 121 pregnant women recruited, 72 (mean age 29.91 ± 3.64 years) were included. There was a statistically significant correlation between preterm and OHI > 3 (p = 0.033), and between LBW and OHI > 3 (p = 0.005) and CPITN = 3 (p = 0.027). Both pregnant women with vitamin D deficiency ((25-hydroxy-vitamin D) < 30 ng/mL) and PTB plus LBW newborns were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with poor levels of all oral health status indexes during pregnancy. Furthermore, these conditions (women with hypovitaminosis D and combination of PTB and LBW) were shown to be significantly correlated (p < 0.001). Taken together, our findings reported a high prevalence of PTB and LBW with poor oral health and vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women.

• low birth weight
• oral hygiene
• periodontal disease
• pregnancy
• preterm birth
• vitamin D
• vitamin D deficiency

Because of hormonal and immunologic changes, there are significant changes in the oral microbiome that emerge during pregnancy. Recent evidence further suggests that there is an association between the presence of periodontal disease and a pregnancy‐associated oral dysbiosis. Although this oral dysbiosis and pathogenic periodontal bacteria are considered to be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, it is still not clear how an oral dysbiosis during pregnancy can modulate oral diseases and birth outcomes. To develop preventive or therapeutic interventions, it is critical to understand the oral microbiome changes that emerge during pregnancy and their association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. In the present review, we summarize the current literature on normal changes in the oral microbiome that occur during pregnancy; the pathogenic changes in the oral microbiome believed to occur in association with adverse pregnancy outcomes; and the association between the placental microbiome and the oral microbiome.

• adverse pregnancy outcomes
• oral microbiome
• periodontal pathogens
• placental microbiome

• Low-birth-weight
• maternal periodontitis
• periodontitis
• preterm birth
• preterm low-birth-weight
• scaling and root planning

• 败血症
• 坏死性小肠结肠炎
• 菌群
• 早产儿
• sepsis
• necrotizing enterocolitis
• microbiome
• preterm infant

• Bacteria
• Gestational Age
• Humans
• Infant
• Infant, Newborn
• Infant, Premature
• Microbiota

Prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM) is a major factor that affects pregnancy outcome. Results from previous studies have suggested that there is an association between pregnant women, khat chewing and preterm birth, but evidence of association with PROM is sparse. This study therefore aims at identifying association between khat chewing in pregnancy and premature rupture of membranes in eastern Ethiopia.

A health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 1688 pregnant women who came for delivery service in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia between June to October in 2016. Data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire and checklist to extract data from the medical record. The association between khat and PROM was examined using logistic regression analysis. A statistical significance was declared at p-value < 0.05.

Of the 1688 pregnant women who participated in the study, 397 had prelabor rupture of the membranes, representing a proportion of 23.5% [(95% CI: (21.5, 25.6%)]. Of these 397 prelabor rupture of the membranes 198 (31.53%) were from Khat chewing mothers and, 199(18.77%) were from non-khat chewing mothers. After controlling for potential confounders, the multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed the odds of PROM was 1.51 times higher among khat chewed pregnant women [AOR = 1.51; 95% CI; (1.11, 2.07)] were had no khat chewing.

This study found a significant association between khat chewing in pregnancy and PROM. Efforts to reduce PROM need to consider prevention of khat chewing in pregnancy. A specific strategy need to protect pregnant women from khat chewing.

• Catha edulis
• Ethiopia
• Harar
• Khat plant
• PROM
• khat chewing
• pregnancy

• Porphyromonas gingivalis
• Pregnancy
• complications
• host
• microbe
• pathogen
• periodontitis

• Gestational diabetes
• Periodontal disease
• Periodontopathogens
• Pregnancy

The present study aims to estimate the possible relationship between periodontal pathogens in the oral cavity and the birth of Preterm Birth (PTB) and/or Low Birth Weight (LBW).

It’s a case- control study with the subgengival biofilm samples were collected from four sites up deeper until 48 hours postpartum and were processes by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for presence the periodontal pathogens Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Treponema denticola (Td),  Tannerella forsythia (Tf) e Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa). The mothers were divided into case grup (babies weighing < 2500g and/or gestational age < 37 weeks) and control group (babies weighing ≥ 2500g and gestational age ≥ 37 weeks). Chi-square test and the measure of association obtained by Odds Ratio (OR) were used to estimate the association between the variables.

Microbial analyses results showed no significant association between PTB and LBW with most periodontal pathogens in the oral cavity, even with association with the clinical presence of periodontitis.

given the high presence of periodontal pathogens in the biofilm subgengival of recent mothers, it is suggested that the findings of this research serve as the basis for future studies on the pathophysiology involved in the relationship between periodontitis and PTB and/or LBW.

Key words:Low Birth Weight Infant. Premature Infant. Periodontal Diseases. Bacteria. Polymerase Chain Reaction.

• periodontal disease
• pregnancy
• preterm birth and low-birth-weight infants

Cigarette users are more susceptible than non-smokers to periodontitis, a bacterial-induced, inflammation-driven, destructive disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth. We hypothesized that clinical periodontal findings and microbiological and/or inflammatory marker levels would be intermediate in those exposed to environmental tobacco smoke compared to active smokers and non-smokers.

Sixty individuals were recruited from a University periodontal clinic and assigned as non-smokers, active smokers or passive-smokers according to their self reports. Clinical periodontal measurements, comprising plaque index, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and bleeding on probing, were recorded at six sites per tooth. Cotinine levels were determined in whole saliva samples by EIA. Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis infection was determined by PCR, while matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentrations were determined by ELISA.

Study groups were subsequently reassigned in accordance with the cotinine data. The smoker group exhibited higher mean PD and CAL values compared to the non-smoker group (p<0.05). Passive-smokers exhibited PD and CAL values smaller than those of the active smokers and greater than those of the non-smokers, but the differences were not statistically significant. PD and CAL values correlated with cotinine concentrations (p<0.05). P. gingivalis infection was noted in most subjects, irrespective of smoking status. T. denticola infection was noted in 4/23 (17.4%) smokers, 0/16 (0%) environmentally-exposed recruits and 2/21 (9.5%) non-smokers. Salivary MMP-8 and IL-8 levels were lower in smokers compared to both non-smokers and passive-smokers but the differences were not significant (all p>0.05).

The present clinical periodontal findings provide further support for a negative, dose-related effect of tobacco exposure on periodontal health. The tendency for a more prevalent detection of T. denticola and for a suppressed inflammatory response observed in the smokers may partly explain the increased susceptibility to periodontal tissue destruction, but needs to be verified in larger scale studies.

• bacteria
• cytokines
• environmental tobacco smoke
• matrix metalloproteinases
• saliva

Little is known about the effect of long-term diet patterns on the composition and functional potential of the human salivary microbiota. In the present study, we sought to contribute to the ongoing elucidation of dietary effects on the oral microbial community by examining the diversity, composition and functional potential of the salivary microbiota in 160 healthy vegans and omnivores using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. We further sought to identify bacterial taxa in saliva associated with host inflammatory markers. We show that compositional differences in the salivary microbiota of vegans and omnivores is present at all taxonomic levels below phylum level and includes upper respiratory tract commensals (e.g. Neisseria subflava, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and Rothia mucilaginosa) and species associated with periodontal disease (e.g. Campylobacter rectus and Porphyromonas endodontalis). Dietary intake of medium chain fatty acids, piscine mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and dietary fibre was associated with bacterial diversity, community structure, as well as relative abundance of several species-level operational taxonomic units. Analysis of imputed genomic potential revealed several metabolic pathways differentially abundant in vegans and omnivores indicating possible effects of macro- and micro-nutrient intake. We also show that certain oral bacteria are associated with the systemic inflammatory state of the host.

Periodontal disease is very common during pregnancy. Although it has been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes, systematic reviews have reached discrepant conclusions on these links. Therefore, we conducted a systematic overview of systematic reviews studying the association between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes. We searched 6 online databases up to November 2016 and hand-searched references and citations of eligible papers. Systematic reviews of studies comparing pregnancy outcomes among women with and without periodontal disease were eligible for inclusion. Primary outcomes were maternal mortality, preterm birth, and perinatal mortality. Two reviewers extracted data and assessed risk of bias of individual systematic reviews. Findings are described in tabular and narrative form. Twenty-three systematic reviews (including between 3 and 45 studies) were included. None reported the association between periodontal disease and maternal or perinatal mortality. Systematic reviews with the lowest risk of bias consistently demonstrated positive associations between periodontal disease and preterm birth (relative risk, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 2.0; 17 studies, 6,741 participants), low birth weight (LBW; relative risk, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.1; 10 studies, 5,693 participants), preeclampsia (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.4; 15 studies, 5,111 participants), and preterm LBW (relative risk 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3 to 8.8; 4 studies, 2,263 participants). Based on these figures, estimated population-attributable fractions for periodontal disease were 5% to 38% for preterm birth, 6% to 41% for LBW, and 10% to 55% for preeclampsia. In terms of limitations, as several primary studies did not adjust for confounding, meta-analyses may have overestimated the strength of the associations under study. Due to substantial overlap in included primary studies, we could not aggregate results across reviews. Consistent evidence from systematic reviews with low risk of bias indicates that pregnant women with periodontal disease are at increased risk of developing preeclampsia and delivering a preterm and/or LBW baby (PROSPERO: CRD42015030132).

Knowledge Transfer Statement: This study highlights that periodontal disease is an important risk factor for several common adverse pregnancy outcomes. Clinicians should be aware of this link to guide risk selection. Research is needed to develop novel preventive and treatment strategies.

• gingivitis
• low birth weight
• maternal mortality
• periodontitis
• preeclampsia
• preterm birth

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium considered to be an important pathogen of periodontal disease that is also implicated in adverse pregnancy outcome (APO). Until recently, our understanding of the role of P. gingivalis in APO has been limited and sometimes contradictory. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of past and current research on P. gingivalis that addresses some of the controversies concerning the role of this organism in the pathogenesis of APO.

• Porphyromonas gingivalis
• decidual macrophages
• defective deep placentation
• fetal growth restriction
• preeclampsia
• preterm delivery
• uterine NK cells

• Amniotic fluid
• intra-amniotic inflammation
• microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity
• periodontitis
• preterm birth
• probing pocket depth

• Collaboration
• Dental practitioners
• Interprofessional relationships
• Oral health
• Primary care providers
• Rural and remote health

• Dysbiosis
• Intestinal tract
• Late-onset sepsis
• Microbiota
• Necrotizing enterocolitis
• Oral cavity
• Skin

• Cancer
• cardiovascular diseases
• infertility
• osteoporosis
• periodontal disease
• systemic diseases
• women’s health

• Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology
• Female
• Humans
• Osteoporosis/epidemiology
• Periodontal Diseases/epidemiology
• Periodontitis/epidemiology
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Outcome
• Women's Health

Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), a Gram-negative microaerophilic bacterium, is a predominant cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Despite its importance as a major foodborne pathogen, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying C. jejuni stress survival and pathogenesis is limited. Inorganic polyphosphate (poly P) has been shown to play significant roles in bacterial resistance to stress and virulence in many pathogenic bacteria. C. jejuni contains the complete repertoire of enzymes required for poly P metabolism. Recent work in our laboratory and others have demonstrated that poly P controls a plethora of C. jejuni properties that impact its ability to survive in the environment as well as to colonize/infect mammalian hosts. This review article summarizes the current literature on the role of poly P in C. jejuni stress survival and virulence and discusses on how poly P-related enzymes can be exploited for therapeutic/prevention purposes. Additionally, the review article identifies potential areas for future investigation that would enhance our understanding of the role of poly P in C. jejuni and other bacteria, which ultimately would facilitate design of effective therapeutic/preventive strategies to reduce not only the burden of C. jejuni-caused foodborne infections but also of other bacterial infections in humans.

• Campylobacter jejuni
• Stress tolerance
• Inorganic polyphosphate
• Virulence
• Colonization/infection

• Animals
• Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry
• Bacterial Adhesion
• Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
• Biofilms
• Campylobacter Infections/microbiology
• Campylobacter jejuni/enzymology
• Campylobacter jejuni/pathogenicity
• Cell Movement
• Cell Survival
• Chickens
• Drug Resistance, Microbial
• Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
• Humans
• Polyphosphates/metabolism
• Stress, Physiological
• Virulence

• Porphyromonas gingivalis
• fluorescent encoding nanospheres
• magnetic encoding nanospheres
• oral microbiota
• periodontitis

• Pregnancy
• amniotic fluid
• periodontitis
• preeclampsia
• preterm birth

• Asthma/complications
• Europe
• Female
• Gingival Hemorrhage/complications
• Gingival Hemorrhage/physiopathology
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/complications

Intrauterine presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), a common oral pathobiont, is implicated in preterm birth. Our aim was to determine if the location of Pg within placental and/or umbilical cord sections was associated with a specific delivery diagnosis at preterm delivery (histologic chorioamnionitis, chorioamnionitis with funisitis, preeclampsia, and preeclampsia with HELLP-syndrome, small for gestational age). The prevalence and location of Pg within archived placental and umbilical cord specimens from preterm (25 to 32 weeks gestation) and term control cohorts were evaluated by immunofluorescent histology. Detection of Pg was performed blinded to pregnancy characteristics. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate independent effects of gestational age, being small for gestational age, specific preterm delivery diagnosis, antenatal steroids, and delivery mode, on the odds of having Pg in the preterm tissue. Within the preterm cohort, 49 of 97 (51%) placentas and 40 of 97 (41%) umbilical cord specimens were positive for Pg. Pg within the placenta was significantly associated with shorter gestation lengths (OR 0.63 (95%CI: 0.48–0.85; p = 0.002) per week) and delivery via caesarean section (OR 4.02 (95%CI: 1.15–14.04; p = 0.03), but not with histological chorioamnionitis or preeclampsia. However, the presence of Pg in the umbilical cord was significantly associated with preeclampsia: OR 6.73 (95%CI: 1.31–36.67; p = 0.02). In the term cohort, 2 of 35 (6%) placentas and no umbilical cord term specimens were positive for Pg. The location of Pg within the placenta was different between preterm and term groups in that Pg within the villous mesenchyme was only detected in the preterm cohort, whereas Pg associated with syncytiotrophoblasts was found in both preterm and term placentas. Taken together, our results suggest that the presence of Pg within the villous stroma or umbilical cord may be an important determinant in Pg-associated adverse pregnancy outcomes.

• Cytokines. periodontal diseases
• periodontitis
• pregnancy outcome
• premature birth
• prostaglandin E2

• Animals
• Campylobacter Infections/epidemiology
• Campylobacter Infections/pathology
• Campylobacter Infections/prevention & control
• Campylobacter Infections/transmission
• Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology
• Communicable Diseases, Emerging/pathology
• Communicable Diseases, Emerging/prevention & control
• Communicable Diseases, Emerging/transmission
• Disease Reservoirs
• Food Microbiology
• Humans
• Incidence
• Prevalence
• Risk Factors

• CRP
• gestational diabetes
• gingivitis
• periodontopathogens
• pregnancy

• Adult
• Bacteria, Anaerobic/isolation & purification
• Biomarkers/blood
• C-Reactive Protein/analysis
• Case-Control Studies
• Cotinine/analysis
• Dental Plaque Index
• Diabetes, Gestational/blood
• Diabetes, Gestational/microbiology
• Female
• Gingivitis/blood
• Gingivitis/microbiology
• Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification
• Humans
• Periodontal Index
• Periodontal Pocket/classification
• Porphyromonas gingivalis/isolation & purification
• Pregnancy
• Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/blood
• Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/microbiology
• Pregnancy Outcome
• Saliva/chemistry
• Saliva/microbiology
• Treponema denticola/isolation & purification
• Young Adult

• R01 DE017680 NIDCR NIH HHS
• R01 DE019826 NIDCR NIH HHS

• inflammation
• periodontal diseases
• pregnancy
• preterm birth

Recently, the dental literature has focused mainly on the microbial colonization of healthy full-term infants and their mothers or caretakers. However, oral microbial acquisition by premature infants has not been adequately investigated, and the correlation between pre-term birth and the presence of cariogenic and periodontal pathogens has not been determined. The aim of this study was to identify the presence and quantities of representative cariogenic and periodontal pathogens in the oral cavities of 12-month-old infants and compare the occurrence of these microbes between a cohort of pre-term infants with very low birthweights and a control cohort comprising full-term infants.

The research cohort was composed of 69 one-year-old infants, of whom 24 were born prematurely with very low birthweights and 45 of whom were carried to full term. Information regarding the infants’ gestational age, mode of delivery, general health status, birthweight and antibiotic use were obtained from hospital records and through oral interviews. At 12 months of age, both groups of infants were examined, and unstimulated saliva samples from the dorsum of the tongue and dental plaque samples were collected. The microorganisms (Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp., Actinomyces spp., Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Peptostreptococcus micros, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum) were identified and their quantities were evaluated using a PCR-based method. The chi-squared and Fisher’s factorial tests were used for the statistical evaluations.

The infants had a high prevalence of cariogenic microbes and of Fusosbacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Cariogenic microbes were detected in 91.7% of the very low birthweight infants and in all full-term infants. Periodontal pathogens were present in 83% of the pre-term infants and in 96% of the full-term infants. A significant difference was found between the cohorts in terms of the presence of S. mutans. Most of the very low birthweight infants had negative values of this microbe, while the full-term infants had positive values.

This study confirms the early transmission of representative cariogenic and periodontal pathogens to the oral cavity of one-year-old infants and a higher prevalence of S. mutans in full-term infants than in premature infants.

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is widely employed for the separation of nucleic acids or protein, but it is rarely applied in the quantification ofEscherichia coli(E. coli).