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1
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Cordoba-Alvarado R, Romero-Fonnegra V, Cortes-Mejia N, Bejarano-Ramirez DF, Maldonado-Hoyos V, Sanchez-Garcia SJ, Vera-Torres A. Quality of life, anxiety, and depression improve at one-year after liver transplantation in patients with advanced liver disease. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2024; 3:1476952. [PMID: 39640493 PMCID: PMC11617532 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2024.1476952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 10/28/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Liver transplantation (LT) improves survival in end-stage liver disease. Several reports have addressed the impact of LT on patients' lives, beyond purely medical outcomes. Although the quality of life and mental health have been demonstrated to improve with this procedure, such studies are still missing in Latin America. Methods Patients who received LT at the Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá between 2017 and 2019 were assessed for quality of life (QoL), anxiety, and depression and they were followed up for one year after the procedure. Pre-transplant data were gathered at inclusion on the waiting list, while post-transplant data at 3- and 12 months after LT. European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) and European Quality of Life-Visual Analog Scale (EQ-VAS) instruments were used to evaluate QoL. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used for evaluating anxious and depressive symptoms. Results 115 recipients met the inclusion criteria. Mean pre-transplant EQ-VAS was 70.78, rising to 87.16 and 92.56 at 3- and 12-months, respectively. Improvements in all EQ-5D dimensions were found in response to LT. According to the HADS questionnaire, anxiety was reduced by 2.35 points and depression by 1.63 points after LT. Conclusion in the short term, LT is a successful strategy for enhancing QoL, anxiety, and depression in patients with liver disease. Long-term benefits must be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Cordoba-Alvarado
- Clinical Psychology Section, Transplant Services, Fundacion Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
- Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Nicolas Cortes-Mejia
- Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
- Division of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Diana Fernanda Bejarano-Ramirez
- Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Group, Graduate School, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | - Alonso Vera-Torres
- Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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Makhani SS, Lee S, Bernstein D. Preventing Readmissions for Hepatic Encephalopathy. Clin Liver Dis 2024; 28:345-358. [PMID: 38548444 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy is a strong predictor of hospital readmissions in patients with advanced liver disease. The frequent recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy and subsequent readmissions may lead to nonreversible organ dysfunction, resulting in a significant decrease of patient quality of life and increase of health care burden costs for patients and facilities. Many of these readmissions for hepatic encephalopathy are preventable. Multidisciplinary patient-centered care throughout the continuum is essential in the management of hepatic encephalopathy. Understanding the patient's daily functions and limitations in the outpatient setting is key to correctly identifying the cause of hospital admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima S Makhani
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Susan Lee
- Northwell Health Office of Access Strategy, 330 South Service Road, Melville, NY 11747, USA
| | - David Bernstein
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 240 East 38th Street, 23rd Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Huang CH, Yu TY, Tseng WEJ, Huang YT, Chang SH, Hsieh SY, Chien RN, Amodio P. Animal naming test is a simple and valid tool for detecting covert hepatic encephalopathy and predicting outcomes in Chinese-speaking regions: a preliminary study. Ann Med 2023; 55:2236013. [PMID: 37494454 PMCID: PMC10373624 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2236013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) implies high morbidity and mortality. The assessment of covert HE (CHE) [i.e. minimal HE (MHE) plus grade 1 HE] is often neglected in Taiwan. Therefore, the aim was to investigate the potential of the animal naming test (ANT1 and simplified ANT1 (S-ANT1)) for assessing CHE in Chinese-speaking regions, specifically Taiwan. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted, comprising 65 cirrhotic patients and 29 healthy controls (relatives of the patients). Patients were followed up every three months and censored after two years or until death. Hospitalization for overt HE (OHE) and mortality were considered. All subjects underwent ANT1, psychometric HE score (PHES), and mini-mental state examination (MMSE). The patients underwent an electroencephalogram (EEG) to detect slowing indicative of MHE. Cut-off values for ANT1 and S-ANT1 were assessed by ROC analysis and Youden's index, considering CHE as a reference. The prognostic values for OHE and OHE-free survival were assessed. RESULTS Preliminary analysis confirmed that PHES ≤-4 is a good discriminant point for abnormal results. CHE was found in 29 patients: 9 had MHE (PHES ≤ -4 or altered EEG) and 20 had grade 1 HE. ANT1 and S-ANT1 were found to have diagnostic values for CHE: AUC = 0.807, 0.786; cut off: 18 and 19, respectively. ANT1 and S-ANT1 were found to have prognostic value for OHE, number of hospitalization episodes for OHE, and OHE recurrence-free survival. CONCLUSIONS ANT1 shows promise as a tool for CHE detection, quantification, and follow-up in Taiwan and other Chinese-speaking regions.Key messagesThe animal naming test (ANT1) is a simple and valid semantic fluency test that can be easily performed in outpatient or bedside settings in one minute and can also be used as a tool for covert hepatic encephalopathy (CHE) detection, quantification, and follow-up in Taiwan, other Chinese-speaking regions, and many other countries.The diagnostic value of ANT1 and S-ANT1 for CHE were found to be significant, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) values of 0.807 and 0.786 respectively, and cut-off scores of 18 and 19.ANT1 and S-ANT1 have prognostic value for the first breakthrough of overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE), number of hospitalization episodes for OHE, and OHE recurrence-free survival, independent of the MELD score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hao Huang
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yang Yu
- College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Wei-En Johnny Tseng
- College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Section of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tung Huang
- Center for Big Data Analytics and Statistics, Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hung Chang
- College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Division, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Sen-Yung Hsieh
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Nan Chien
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Piero Amodio
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Gairing SJ, Schleicher EM, Galle PR, Labenz C. Prediction and prevention of the first episode of overt hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:02009842-202304010-00007. [PMID: 36930868 PMCID: PMC10027066 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is one of the most important complications of patients with liver cirrhosis. In addition, HE is associated with a dismal prognosis and has detrimental effects on patients' quality of life. Thus, it is of pivotal importance to identify patients at high risk for overt HE (OHE) in whom primary prophylaxis may be justified. In this narrative review, we aim to provide insight into predictors and prediction tools for a first-time episode of OHE and to scrutinize the current level of evidence of primary prophylaxis. In recent decades, several cognitive tests, composite scores, and blood-based biomarkers have been demonstrated to be predictive of a first-time episode of OHE. Among the best validated are the established tests for minimal HE, such as the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score, determination of the critical flicker frequency, Stroop EncephalApp, or the Animal Naming Test. Individualized risk stratification using blood-based biomarkers and cross-sectional imaging (sarcopenia and spontaneous portosystemic shunts) is coming to the fore, but validation in larger multicenter cohorts is often lacking. On the basis of current evidence, a recommendation for primary prophylaxis of a first episode of OHE cannot be made in general. Only 2 studies have investigated the prevention of a first-time OHE episode as the primary endpoint. In this narrative review, we provide a concise overview of the current evidence levels on prediction tools and pharmacological prevention of a first episode of OHE. In addition, we give an outlook on future research targets to improve knowledge on this important topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Gairing
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Cirrhosis Center Mainz (CCM), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva M Schleicher
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Cirrhosis Center Mainz (CCM), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter R Galle
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Cirrhosis Center Mainz (CCM), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Labenz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Cirrhosis Center Mainz (CCM), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Aspinall RJ, Hudson M, Ryder SD, Richardson P, Farrington E, Wright M, Przemioslo RT, Perez F, Kent M, Henrar R, Hickey J, Shawcross DL. Real-world evidence of long-term survival and healthcare resource use in patients with hepatic encephalopathy receiving rifaximin-α treatment: a retrospective observational extension study with long-term follow-up (IMPRESS II). Frontline Gastroenterol 2022; 14:228-235. [PMID: 37056320 PMCID: PMC10086718 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2022-102221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe survival of patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE), up to 5 years after initiation of rifaximin-α (RFX) treatment. Design/Method A retrospective, observational extension study within 9 National Health Service secondary/tertiary UK care centres. All patients had a clinical diagnosis of HE, were being treated with RFX and were included in the previous IMPRESS study which reported the 1-year experience. Demographics, clinical outcomes, selected cirrhosis-related complications, hospital admissions and attendances up to 5 years from RFX initiation were extracted from patient medical records and hospital electronic databases. The primary outcome measure was survival at 5 years post-initiation of RFX treatment. Results The study included 138 patients. The survival rate at 5 years post-initiation of RFX was 35% (95% CI 28.2% to 44.4%) overall and 36% (95% CI 26.1% to 45.4%) for patients with alcohol-related liver disease. Median survival from RFX initiation was 2.8 years (95% CI 2.0 to 3.8; n=136). Among 48 patients alive at 5 years, 69% remained on RFX treatment at the end of the observation period, 74% reported no cirrhosis-related complications and 24% (9/37) had received a liver transplant. Between 1 and 5 years post-initiation, total numbers of liver-related emergency department visits, inpatient admissions, intensive care unit admissions and outpatient visits were 84, 194, 3 and 709, respectively; the liver-related 30-day readmission rate was 37%. Conclusion Within UK clinical practice, RFX use in HE was associated with a 35% survival rate with high treatment adherence, 76% transplant-free survival rate, minimal healthcare resource and low rates of complications at 5 years post-initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Aspinall
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Mark Hudson
- Formerly Liver Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stephen D Ryder
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases at Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Paul Richardson
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Elizabeth Farrington
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Cornwall, UK
| | - Mark Wright
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Francisco Perez
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham, UK
| | - Melanie Kent
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham, UK
| | | | | | - Debbie L Shawcross
- Institute of Liver Studies, Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
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Jesudian AB, Ahmad M, Bozkaya D, Migliaccio-Walle K. Cost-Effectiveness of Rifaximin Treatment in Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2020; 26:750-757. [PMID: 32463782 PMCID: PMC10391162 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2020.26.6.750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complication of cirrhosis of the liver causing neuropsychiatric abnormalities. Clinical manifestations of overt HE result in increased health care resource utilization and effects on patient quality of life. While lactulose has historically been the mainstay of treatment for acute HE and maintenance of remission, there is an unmet need for additional therapeutic options with a favorable adverse event profile. Compared with lactulose alone, rifaximin has demonstrated proven efficacy in complete reversal of HE and reduction in the incidence of HE recurrence, mortality, and hospitalizations. Evidence suggests the benefit of long-term prophylactic therapy with rifaximin; however, there is a need to assess the economic impact of rifaximin treatment in patients with HE. OBJECTIVE To assess the incremental cost-effectiveness of rifaximin ± lactulose versus lactulose monotherapy in patients with overt HE. METHODS A Markov model was developed in Excel with 4 health states (remission, overt HE, liver transplantation, and death) to predict costs and outcomes of patients with HE after initiation of maintenance therapy with rifaximin ± lactulose to avoid recurrent HE episodes. Cost-effectiveness of rifaximin was evaluated through estimation of incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) or life-year (LY) gained. Analyses were conducted over a lifetime horizon. One-way deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess uncertainty in results. RESULTS The rifaximin ± lactulose regimen provided added health benefits despite an additional cost versus lactulose monotherapy. Model results showed an incremental benefit of $29,161 per QALY gained and $27,762 per LY gained with rifaximin ± lactulose versus lactulose monotherapy. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the rifaximin ± lactulose regimen was cost-effective ~99% of the time at a threshold of $50,000 per QALY/LY gained, which falls within the commonly accepted threshold for incremental cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS The clinical benefit of rifaximin, combined with an acceptable economic profile, demonstrates the advantages of rifaximin maintenance therapy as an important option to consider for patients at risk of recurrent HE. DISCLOSURES This analysis was funded by Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US. Salix and Xcenda collaborated on the methods, and Salix, Xcenda, Jesudian, and Ahmad collaborated on the writing of the manuscript and interpretation of results. Bozkaya and Migliaccio-Walle are employees of Xcenda. Ahmad reports speaker fees from Salix Pharmaceuticals, unrelated to this study. Jesudian reports consulting and speaker fees from Salix Pharmaceuticals, unrelated to this study. The results from this model were presented at AASLD: The Liver Meeting 2014; November 7-11; Boston, MA.
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Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy is a major neuropsychiatric complication of liver disease that affects 30% to 40% of cirrhotic patients. Hepatic encephalopathy is characterized by a brain dysfunction that is associated with neurologic complications. Those complications are associated with cognitive impairments, which negatively impacts patients' physical and mental health. In turn, hepatic encephalopathy poses a substantial economic and use burdens to the health care system. This article reviews the multidimensional aspects of the health care burden posed by hepatic encephalopathy.
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Rosenblatt R, Yeh J, Gaglio PJ. Long-Term Management: Modern Measures to Prevent Readmission in Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy. Clin Liver Dis 2020; 24:277-290. [PMID: 32245533 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent indication for hospitalization and represents a common manifestation of portal hypertension and decompensated liver disease that contributes to hospital readmissions. Multiple new techniques are being evaluated to assist in preventing readmissions in these high-risk patients. Techniques to improve medication adherence are paramount. The use of telemedicine and on-demand patient assessment is likely to diminish hospitalizations for HE. Wearable technology has the potential to assist in HE diagnosis and prevent HE progression, with an anticipated diminution in hospital readmissions. This article discusses current and potential future techniques to improve outcomes in these vulnerable patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Rosenblatt
- Department of Medicine, Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, NY-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, PH-14 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Johnathan Yeh
- Department of Medicine, Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, NY-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, PH-14 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Paul J Gaglio
- Department of Medicine, Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, NY-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, PH-14 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Jalilpiran Y, Tanideh N, Rahmdel S, Azarpira N, Mokhtari M, Mazloom Z. Protective effects of synbiotic soymilk fortified with whey protein concentrate and zinc sulfate against bile duct ligated-induced hepatic encephalopathy. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2020; 13:64-76. [PMID: 32190227 PMCID: PMC7069541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to compare the effects of synbiotic soymilk fortified with whey protein concentrate and zinc sulfate with lactulose on bile duct ligated-induced HE. BACKGROUND Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is seriously associated with neuromuscular and cognitive alterations. METHODS Eighty-two Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into seven groups (sham, bile duct ligation (BDL), BDL + lactulose, BDL + soymilk (SM), BDL + Synbiotic soymilk (SSM), BDL + SSM + whey protein concentrate (WPC), BDL + SSM + WPC + ZnSO4). Different SM products, lactulose, and normal saline were administered via oral gavage (2 mL/rat/day). The serum and liver markers as well as liver histopathology were assessed after 28 days. RESULTS The SM products significantly reduced the serum alanine aminotransferase, albumin, and ammonia (P < 0.05). The levels of aspartate aminotransferase, endotoxin, and liver interleukin-6 improved significantly in all treatments, except for those receiving SM. SSM and SSM + WPC + ZnSO4 were the only effective products in reducing serum alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the liver total antioxidant capacity was greater (P<0.05) in the SSM + WPC and SSM + WPC + ZnSO4 groups. The histopathological examinations confirmed the efficiency of all SM products in reducing liver fibrosis. Liver bile duct proliferation diminished only in the SSM + WPC and SSM + WPC+ ZnSO4 groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION This study showed the positive effects of different SM products, especially SSM + WPC and SSM + WPC + ZnSO4, on HE. Further studies are required to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Jalilpiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Tanideh
- Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samane Rahmdel
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maral Mokhtari
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mazloom
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Coronel-Castillo C, Contreras-Carmona J, Frati-Munari A, Uribe M, Méndez-Sánchez N. Efficacy of rifaximin in the different clinical scenarios of hepatic encephalopathy. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Coronel-Castillo CE, Contreras-Carmona J, Frati-Munari AC, Uribe M, Méndez-Sánchez N. Efficacy of rifaximin in the different clinical scenarios of hepatic encephalopathy. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA DE MEXICO (ENGLISH) 2020; 85:56-68. [PMID: 31836274 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmx.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy is a frequent complication in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and is associated with a high mortality rate. Costs attributed to the management of patients with cirrhosis are especially high due to complications, such as hepatic encephalopathy, given that they increase the number of days of hospital stay. Different drugs are currently used to treat hepatic encephalopathy, and the main ones are lactulose, L-ornithine L-aspartate (LOLA), and certain antibiotics, especially rifaximin-α (RFX). Even though many of them have been shown to be effective to greater or lesser degrees, it is important to understand the differences between them, so that every patient receives individualized treatment and the best option is chosen, in accordance with the different clinical scenarios. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze the evidence on the advantages and disadvantages of the individual or combined use of the 3 main treatments for hepatic encephalopathy, specifically taking into consideration their different degrees of efficacy, their impact on quality of life, prophylaxis, and cost reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Coronel-Castillo
- Unidad de Investigación en Hígado, Fundación Clínica Médica Sur, Ciudad de México, México
| | - J Contreras-Carmona
- Unidad de Investigación en Hígado, Fundación Clínica Médica Sur, Ciudad de México, México
| | - A C Frati-Munari
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Fundación Clínica Médica Sur, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M Uribe
- Unidad de Investigación en Hígado, Fundación Clínica Médica Sur, Ciudad de México, México
| | - N Méndez-Sánchez
- Unidad de Investigación en Hígado, Fundación Clínica Médica Sur, Ciudad de México, México; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
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Yanny B, Winters A, Boutros S, Saab S. Hepatic Encephalopathy Challenges, Burden, and Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach. Clin Liver Dis 2019; 23:607-623. [PMID: 31563214 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. The impact of HE on the health care system is similarly profound. The number of hospital admissions for HE has increased in the last 10-year period. HE is a huge burden to the patients, care givers, and the health care system. HE represents a "revolving door" with readmission, severely affects care givers, and has effects on cognition that can persists after liver transplant. This article reviews the current literature to discuss the challenges and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beshoy Yanny
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 1223 16th street, suite 3100, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA.
| | - Adam Winters
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 1223 16th street, suite 3100, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - Sandra Boutros
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, 200 medical plaza, 3rd floor, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sammy Saab
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 1223 16th street, suite 3100, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, 200 medical plaza, 3rd floor, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, 200 medical plaza, 3rd floor, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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13
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Rao BB, Sobotka A, Lopez R, Romero-Marrero C, Carey W. Outpatient telephonic transitional care after hospital discharge improves survival in cirrhotic patients. World J Hepatol 2019; 11:646-655. [PMID: 31528247 PMCID: PMC6717714 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v11.i8.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervention to improve outcomes in cirrhotic patients (CP) after hospital discharge often focus on 30 d readmission rate (RR). However, recent studies suggest dissociation between RR and survival. At our center, CP are now offered outpatient telephonic transitional care (OTTC) by a care coordinator for 30 d after hospital discharge.
AIM To determine the effect of OTTC on survival in CP.
METHODS In this cohort study from a tertiary center, CP who received OTTC formed the intervention group. They were compared with a control group discharged during the same period. Mortality and RR were compared between the groups.
RESULTS After OTTC introduction, 194 CP were discharged. After applying exclusion criteria, 169 CP (51% male, mean age 58 years ± 12 years) were included. OTTC group comprised 76 patients and was compared with 93 controls. Baseline disease and index admission related characteristics were not significantly different between the groups. The intervention group showed significantly higher 6 mo survival compared to controls (84.2% vs 68.8%; P = 0.03), while RR at 1, 3, and 6 mo were comparable. On multivariable analysis, the intervention group showed lower odds for mortality compared to the controls (hazard ratio: 0.4; 95% confidence interval: 0.2-0.82; P = 0.012), while higher model for end-stage liver disease scores were associated with higher mortality (hazard ratio: 1.05; 95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.1; P = 0.024).
CONCLUSION CP provided OTTC had higher 6 mo survival compared to controls without a difference in RR. Use of RR to gauge quality of care provided during hospitalization or subsequent transitional care programs should be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Bhagya Rao
- Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Anastasia Sobotka
- Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Rocio Lopez
- Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Carlos Romero-Marrero
- Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - William Carey
- Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
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14
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Kruger AJ, Aberra F, Black SM, Hinton A, Hanje J, Conteh LF, Michaels AJ, Krishna SG, Mumtaz K. A validated risk model for prediction of early readmission in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Ann Hepatol 2019; 18:310-317. [PMID: 31047848 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common complication in cirrhotics and is associated with an increased healthcare burden. Our aim was to study independent predictors of 30-day readmission and develop a readmission risk model in patients with HE. Secondary aims included studying readmission rates, cost, and the impact of readmission on mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS We utilized the 2013 Nationwide Readmission Database (NRD) for hospitalized patients with HE. A risk assessment model based on index hospitalization variables for predicting 30-day readmission was developed using multivariate logistic regression and validated with the 2014 NRD. Patients were stratified into Low Risk and High Risk groups. Cox regression models were fit to identify predictors of calendar-year mortality. RESULTS Of 24,473 cirrhosis patients hospitalized with HE, 32.4% were readmitted within 30 days. Predictors of readmission included presence of ascites (OR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.06-1.33), receiving paracentesis (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.26-1.62) and acute kidney injury (OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.00-1.22). Our validated model stratified patients into Low Risk and High Risk of 30-day readmissions (29% and 40%, respectively). The cost of the first readmission was higher than index admission in the 30-day readmission cohort ($14,198 vs. $10,386; p-value <0.001). Thirty-day readmission was the strongest predictor of calendar-year mortality (HR: 4.03; 95% CI: 3.49-4.65). CONCLUSIONS Nearly one-third of patients with HE were readmitted within 30 days, and early readmission adversely impacted healthcare utilization and calendar-year mortality. With our proposed simple risk assessment model, patients at high risk for early readmissions can be identified to potentially avert poor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kruger
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Fasika Aberra
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sylvester M Black
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alice Hinton
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - James Hanje
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lanla F Conteh
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anthony J Michaels
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Somashekar G Krishna
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Khalid Mumtaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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15
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Lee EW, Saab S, Kaldas F, Fletcher S, Busuttil RW, Durazo F, McWilliams JP, DiNorcia J, Padia SA, Kee ST. Coil-Assisted Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration (CARTO): An Alternative Treatment Option for Refractory Hepatic Encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; 113:1187-1196. [PMID: 29899437 DOI: 10.1038/s41395-018-0109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE) is a serious complication of liver dysfunction, which is associated with severe morbidity/mortality and healthcare resource utilization. OHE can be medically refractory due to spontaneous portosystemic shunts (SPSSs) and therefore a new treatment option for these SPSSs is critical. METHODS This is a retrospective study of 43 patients with medically refractory OHE, who underwent CARTO (Coil-Assisted Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration) procedures between June 2012 and October 2016. The patient demographic characteristics, technical and clinical outcomes with an emphasis on HE improvement, and complications are reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS The overall clinical success rate was 91% with a significant HE improvement. Eighty-one percent of patients had clinically significant improvement from OHE and 67% of patients had complete resolution of their HE symptoms during our follow-up period of 893 ± 585 days (range 36-1881 days, median 755.0 days). The median WH score improved from 3 (range 2-4) pre-CARTO to 1 (range 0-4) post-CARTO (p < 0.001). The median ammonia level significantly decreased from 134.5 pre-CARTO to 70.0 post-CARTO (p < 0.001) in 3 days. The overall mean survival was 1465.5 days (95% CI of 1243.0 and 1688.0 days). Only three patients had recurrent HE symptoms. There were 39.6% minor complication rate including new or worsened ascites and esophageal varices, and only 2.3% major complication rate requiring additional treatment (one patient with bleeding esophageal varices requiring treatment). No procedure-related death is noted. CONCLUSIONS CARTO appears to be a safe and effective treatment option for refractory overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE) due to spontaneous portosystemic shunts. CARTO could be an excellent addition to currently available treatment options for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Wolfgang Lee
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. UCLA Pfleger Liver Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. UCLA Pfleger Liver Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sammy Saab
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. UCLA Pfleger Liver Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. UCLA Pfleger Liver Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. UCLA Pfleger Liver Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fady Kaldas
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. UCLA Pfleger Liver Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. UCLA Pfleger Liver Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Savannah Fletcher
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. UCLA Pfleger Liver Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ronald W Busuttil
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. UCLA Pfleger Liver Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. UCLA Pfleger Liver Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Francisco Durazo
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. UCLA Pfleger Liver Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. UCLA Pfleger Liver Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Justin P McWilliams
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. UCLA Pfleger Liver Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph DiNorcia
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. UCLA Pfleger Liver Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. UCLA Pfleger Liver Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Siddharth A Padia
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. UCLA Pfleger Liver Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen T Kee
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. UCLA Pfleger Liver Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Dumont-UCLA Transplant Center, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Sieg E, Mai Q, Mosti C, Brook M. The utility of neuropsychological consultation in identifying medical inpatients with suspected cognitive impairment at risk for greater hospital utilization. Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 33:75-89. [PMID: 29732903 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1465124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This was a retrospective study designed to examine the relationship between inpatient neuropsychological status and future utilization costs. METHODS We completed a retrospective chart review of 280 patients admitted to a large academic medical center who were referred for bedside neuropsychological evaluation. Patients were grouped based on neuropsychological recommendation regarding level of supportive needs post-discharge (low, moderate, high). Level of support was used as a gross surrogate indicator of cognitive status in this heterogeneous sample. We also included patients who refused assessment. Outcome variables included time to readmission, number of emergency department visits, inpatient admissions, length of hospitalization, and total costs of hospitalizations, 30 days and 1 year following discharge. RESULTS Multivariate analysis indicated patients who refused assessment had higher inpatient service utilization (number of ED visits, number of admissions, and total cost of hospitalization) compared to those with moderate needs. Also, high needs patients had higher total cost of hospitalization at 1 year, and those with low needs used the ED more, compared to those with moderate needs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings replicate prior studies linking refusal of neuropsychological evaluation to higher service utilization costs, and suggest a nonlinear relationship between cognitive impairment severity and future costs for medical inpatients (different groups incur different types of costs). Results preliminarily highlight the potential utility of inpatient neuropsychological assessment in identifying patients at risk for greater hospital utilization, which may allow for the development of appropriate interventions for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Sieg
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Northwestern Memorial Hospital , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Quan Mai
- c Northwestern University, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute , Northwestern Enterprise Data Warehouse , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Caterina Mosti
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Northwestern Memorial Hospital , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Michael Brook
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Northwestern Memorial Hospital , Chicago , IL , USA
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17
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Seraj SM, Campbell EJ, Argyropoulos SK, Wegermann K, Chung RT, Richter JM. Hospital readmissions in decompensated cirrhotics: Factors pointing toward a prevention strategy. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:6868-6876. [PMID: 29085229 PMCID: PMC5645619 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i37.6868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To reduce readmissions and improve patient outcomes in cirrhotic patients through better understanding of readmission predictors.
METHODS We performed a single-center retrospective study of patients admitted with decompensated cirrhosis from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2013 (n = 222). Primary outcomes were time to first readmission and 30-d readmission rate due to complications of cirrhosis. Clinical and demographic data were collected to help describe predictors of readmission, along with care coordination measures such as post-discharge status and outpatient follow-up. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to describe variables associated with readmission.
RESULTS One hundred thirty-two patients (59.4%) were readmitted at least once during the study period. Median time to first and second readmissions were 54 and 93 d, respectively. Thirty and 90-d readmission rates were 20.7 and 30.1 percent, respectively. Predictors of 30-d readmission included education level, hepatic encephalopathy at index, ALT more than upper normal limit and Medicare coverage. There were no statistically significant differences in readmission rates when stratified by discharge disposition, outpatient follow-up provider or time to first outpatient visit.
CONCLUSION Readmissions are challenging aspect of care for cirrhotic patients and risk continues beyond 30 d. More initiatives are needed to develop enhanced, longitudinal post-discharge systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak M Seraj
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Emily J Campbell
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Sarah K Argyropoulos
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Kara Wegermann
- Duke University Hospital, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Raymond T Chung
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA 02114, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - James M Richter
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA 02114, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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18
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Hudson M, Radwan A, Di Maggio P, Cipelli R, Ryder SD, Dillon JF, Cash WJ, Przemioslo RT, Wright M, Shawcross DL, Jalan R, Saksena S, Allison M, Richardson P, Farrington E, Aspinall RJ. The impact of rifaximin-α on the hospital resource use associated with the management of patients with hepatic encephalopathy: a retrospective observational study (IMPRESS). Frontline Gastroenterol 2017; 8:243-251. [PMID: 29067149 PMCID: PMC5641856 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2016-100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare all-cause and liver-related hospital resource use in the 6 and 12 months pre-rifaximin-α and post-rifaximin-α initiation in UK patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE). DESIGN A UK multicentre, retrospective, observational study. Patients' medical records were reviewed for demographics, clinical outcomes and adverse events (AEs) to rifaximin-α. Details of hospital admissions/attendances in the 6 and 12 months pre-rifaximin-α and post-rifaximin-α initiation were extracted from hospital electronic databases. SETTING 13 National Health Service centres. PATIENTS 207 patients with HE who initiated rifaximin-α between July 2008 and May 2014. Hospital resource use data were available for 145/207 patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Change in mean number of liver-related hospital bed days/patient (total and critical care) between the 6 months pre-rifaximin-α and post-rifaximin-α initiation. RESULTS Comparing the 6 months pre-rifaximin-α and post-rifaximin-α initiation in alive patients at the end of the observation period (N=114): there were significant reductions in the mean number of hospitalisations/patient (liver-related 1.3 to 0.5, p<0.001; all-cause 1.9 to 0.9, p<0.001), hospital bed days/patient (liver-related 17.8 to 6.8, p<0.001; all-cause 25.4 to 10.6, p<0.001), 30-day hospital readmissions/patient (liver-related 0.5 to 0.2, p=0.039; all-cause 0.8 to 0.4, p=0.024) and emergency department (ED) attendances/patient (all-cause, 1.0 to 0.5, p<0.001). The mean critical care bed days/patient reduced significantly for all-cause admissions (1.3 to 0.3, p=0.049); non-significant reduction for liver-related admissions. 4% of patients (9/207) developed AEs. CONCLUSIONS In UK clinical practice, treatment with rifaximin-α for HE is well-tolerated and associated with significant reductions in hospitalisations, bed days (including critical care), ED attendances and 30-day readmissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hudson
- Liver Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Amr Radwan
- UK Medical Affairs, Norgine, Harefield, UK
| | | | | | - Stephen D Ryder
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases at Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - John F Dillon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ninewells Hospital and The School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | | | - Mark Wright
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Debbie L Shawcross
- Institute of Liver Studies and Transplantation, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, University College London Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sushma Saksena
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham, UK
| | - Michael Allison
- Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Richardson
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Liverpool & Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Elizabeth Farrington
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Cornwall, UK
| | - Richard J Aspinall
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
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19
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Suraweera D, Sundaram V, Saab S. Evaluation and Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy: Current Status and Future Directions. Gut Liver 2017; 10:509-19. [PMID: 27377741 PMCID: PMC4933409 DOI: 10.5009/gnl15419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy is a spectrum of neurocognitive manifestations often seen in patients with liver injury or rarely in patients with portosystemic shunting without liver injury. It can be divided into minimal (covert) hepatic encephalopathy and overt hepatic encephalopathy, depending on the severity. Patients with hepatic encephalopathy have compromised clinical outcomes, decreased quality of life, and increased healthcare utilization, often resulting in a heavy financial and personal burden on caregivers. The diagnosis remains largely clinical, with the exclusion of possible other causes for the altered mental status. Current treatment strategies include nonabsorbable disaccharides and antibiotics. This review will focus on the diagnosis, management and clinical impact of hepatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinay Sundaram
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sammy Saab
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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20
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Saab S, Suraweera D, Au J, Saab EG, Alper TS, Tong MJ. Probiotics are helpful in hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Liver Int 2016; 36:986-93. [PMID: 26561214 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major complication of cirrhosis and is associated with decreased survival and increased health care utilization. AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of probiotics in the management minimal hepatic encephalopathy HE (MHE) and overt HE (OHE) in comparison to no treatment/placebo and lactulose. METHODS The main outcomes measured were mortality, improvement in MHE, progression to OHE in patients with MHE and hospitalization. We calculated odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Study heterogeneity was assessed using the I(2) statistic. RESULTS Fourteen studies totalling 1152 patients were included in the analysis. The use of probiotics had no impact on the overall mortality when compared to either lactulose (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.47-2.44, P = 0.88) or no treatment/placebo (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.42-1.14, P = 0.15). When probiotics was compared to no treatment/placebo, it was associated with a significant improvement in MHE (OR: 3.91, 95% CI: 2.25-6.80, P < 0.00001), decreased hospitalization rates (OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.33-0.86, P = 0.01) and decreased progression to overt hepatic encephalopathy (OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.26-0.60, P < 0.0001). However when compared to lactulose, probiotics did not show a significant difference in improvement of MHE (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.52-1.27, P = 0.35), hospitalization rates (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.52-1.99, P = 0.96) or progression to overt hepatic encephalopathy (OR: 1.24, 95% CI 0.73-2.10, P = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS Overall the use of probiotics was more effective in decreasing hospitalization rates, improving MHE and preventing progression to OHE in patients with underlying MHE than placebo, but similar to that seen with lactulose. The use of probiotics did not affect mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Saab
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Au
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elena G Saab
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tori S Alper
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Myron J Tong
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Liver Center, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, USA
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21
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Bajaj JS, Reddy KR, Tandon P, Wong F, Kamath PS, Garcia-Tsao G, Maliakkal B, Biggins SW, Thuluvath PJ, Fallon MB, Subramanian RM, Vargas H, Thacker LR, O’Leary JG. The 3-month readmission rate remains unacceptably high in a large North American cohort of patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2016; 64:200-8. [PMID: 26690389 PMCID: PMC4700508 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In smaller single-center studies, patients with cirrhosis are at a high readmission risk, but a multicenter perspective study is lacking. We evaluated the determinants of 3-month readmissions among inpatients with cirrhosis using the prospective 14-center North American Consortium for the Study of End-Stage Liver Disease cohort. Patients with cirrhosis hospitalized for nonelective indications provided consent and were followed for 3 months postdischarge. The number of 3-month readmissions and their determinants on index admission and discharge were calculated. We used multivariable logistic regression for all readmissions and for hepatic encephalopathy (HE), renal/metabolic, and infection-related readmissions. A score was developed using admission/discharge variables for the total sample, which was validated on a random half of the total population. Of the 1353 patients enrolled, 1177 were eligible on discharge and 1013 had 3-month outcomes. Readmissions occurred in 53% (n = 535; 316 with one, 219 with two or more), with consistent rates across sites. The leading causes were liver-related (n = 333; HE, renal/metabolic, and infections). Patients with cirrhosis and with worse Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score or diabetes, those taking prophylactic antibiotics, and those with prior HE were more likely to be readmitted. The admission model included Model for End-Stage Liver Disease and diabetes (c-statistic = 0.64, after split-validation 0.65). The discharge model included Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, proton pump inhibitor use, and lower length of stay (c-statistic = 0.65, after split-validation 0.70). Thirty percent of readmissions could not be predicted. Patients with liver-related readmissions consistently had index-stay nosocomial infections as a predictor for HE, renal/metabolic, and infection-associated readmissions (odds ratio = 1.9-3.0). CONCLUSIONS Three-month readmissions occurred in about half of discharged patients with cirrhosis, which were associated with cirrhosis severity, diabetes, and nosocomial infections; close monitoring of patients with advanced cirrhosis and prevention of nosocomial infections could reduce this burden. (Hepatology 2016;64:200-208).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmohan S. Bajaj
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leroy R. Thacker
- Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA
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22
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Benzing C, Krezdorn N, Förster J, Hinz A, Krenzien F, Atanasov G, Schmelzle M, Hau HM, Bartels M. Health-related quality of life and affective status in liver transplant recipients and patients on the waiting list with low MELD scores. HPB (Oxford) 2016; 18:449-55. [PMID: 27154809 PMCID: PMC4857066 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2016.01.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study seeks to examine the impact of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) on Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and mental health in patients with different MELD scores. METHODS Patients who has undergone orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) or were on the waiting list for OLT were submitted to HRQoL and depression/anxiety assessment by questionnaire: Short-Form 36 (SF-36), Questions on Life Satisfaction (FLZ-M), Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4). Data were analysed following division of patients into three groups: pretransplant patients with a MELD score <10, ≥10, and OLT recipients. RESULTS The surveys were sent to 940 consecutive patients within one week in June 2013. Of these 940 patients, 869 (92.4%) met the inclusion criteria. In total, 291 (33.5%) eligible questionnaires (OLT group: 235, MELD <10: 25; MELD _10: 31) were suitable for analysis. General health (GH), vitality (VIT), and mental health (MH) were lower in both pretransplant groups compared to the OLT group (all p < 0.05). Anxiety and depression were higher in the MELD <10 group than in the OLT group (anxiety: p < 0.05; depression: p < 0.01). DISCUSSION Patients with low MELD scores seem to benefit from OLT with regards to HRQoL and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Benzing
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Campus Virchow, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Campus Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Correspondence Christian Benzing, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Campus Virchow, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany. Tel: +49 (0) 30 450 652 359. Fax: +49 (0) 30 450 552 900.
| | - Nicco Krezdorn
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neubergstr. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Förster
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Hinz
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felix Krenzien
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Campus Virchow, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Campus Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georgi Atanasov
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Campus Virchow, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Campus Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Schmelzle
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Campus Virchow, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Campus Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Michael Hau
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Bartels
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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