• efficacy
• functional gastrointestinal disorders
• irritable bowel syndrome
• prebiotics
• probiotics

• Fecal microbiota transplantation
• Gut microbiota
• Microplastics
• Radiation induced-intestinal injury
• Radiotherapy

• Animals
• Microplastics/toxicity
• Mice
• Polystyrenes/toxicity
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Male
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/radiation effects
• Intestines/radiation effects
• Intestines/drug effects
• Intestines/pathology
• Intestine, Small/radiation effects
• Intestine, Small/drug effects
• Intestine, Small/pathology
• Radiation Injuries/pathology

• endurance runners
• gastrointestinal injury and permeability
• probiotics

• Humans
• Probiotics/administration & dosage
• Double-Blind Method
• Lactobacillus plantarum
• Cross-Over Studies
• Male
• Adult
• Running/physiology
• Physical Endurance
• Female
• Pediococcus acidilactici
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Gastrointestinal Diseases
• Haptoglobins
• Middle Aged
• Protein Precursors/blood
• Permeability
• Cytokines/blood
• Young Adult
• Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood
• Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/blood
• Feces/microbiology
• Acute-Phase Proteins
• Carrier Proteins
• Membrane Glycoproteins

• ibd associated cancer
• ibs subtypes
• lifestyle factors & ibd
• prevalence of gerd
• treatment of ibs

• Auto-enconder
• Deep forest
• Graph convolution network
• Microbe-disease associations

• Humans
• Algorithms
• Computational Biology/methods
• Neoplasms

• No.2022KY0608 Young and Middle aged Teachers Research Basic Ability Improvement Project of Guangxi Universities
• No.0056/2020/AFJ Macau Science and Technology Development Funds Grant No.0056/2020/AFJ from the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
• Macau Science and Technology Development Funds Grant No.0056/2020/AFJ from the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China

• Crohn’s disease
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• immunosuppressive therapy
• metabolome
• microbiome
• treatment response
• ulcerative colitis

• Humans
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/microbiology
• Feces/microbiology
• Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
• Biomarkers/analysis

• cardiovascular health
• diet
• gut microbiota
• gut-cardiac axis
• heart-gut connection
• immune responses
• inflammation
• metabolites
• microbial influence
• nutrition

• Andrographis paniculata
• Lentilactobacillus kefiri
• colitis
• dextran sodium sulfate
• dysbiosis
• gut microbiota
• inflammatory bowel disease
• inflammatory mediators

• Lactobacillus acidophilus
• intestinal barriers
• intestinal microbiota
• probiotics
• ulcerative colitis

• cell biology
• immunology
• microbiology
• gastroenterology

• Ulcerative colitis
• familial adenomatous polyposis
• ileal pouch-anal anastomosis
• pouchitis

• Cell-free supernatant (CFS)
• Indomethacin
• NSAID-induced enterocolopathy
• NSAIDs
• Nitric oxide
• Oxidative markers
• Tumor necrosis factor alpha

• BACTERIAL INFECTION
• BIFIDOBACTERIA
• ENTERIC BACTERIAL MICROFLORA
• INTESTINAL MICROBIOLOGY

• Lactobacillus acidophilus
• Nanopore sequencing
• cognitive ability
• gut microbiome
• gut-brain axis

• Animals
• Biodiversity
• Brain-Gut Axis
• Cognition
• Disease Models, Animal
• Feces/microbiology
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
• Lactobacillus/genetics
• Lactobacillus/physiology
• Lactobacillus acidophilus/genetics
• Lactobacillus acidophilus/physiology
• Male
• Metagenome
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Neurodegenerative Diseases
• Probiotics/pharmacology
• Probiotics/therapeutic use
• RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics

• Captopril:
• DOCA
• Gut microbiota
• Hypertension

• Acetates
• Animals
• Blood Pressure
• Captopril/pharmacology
• Desoxycorticosterone
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Hypertension/chemically induced
• Hypertension/drug therapy
• Rats

• Canine
• Comparative genomics
• Host adaptation
• Lactobacillus acidophilus
• Pan-genome analysis

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic conditions of unknown etiology and immunomediated pathogenesis. In the last years, the comprehension of the complex mechanisms involved in the intestinal mucosal homeostasis, and the analysis of the alterations potentially leading to inflammatory pathologic states, has consistently increased. Specifically, the extraordinary impulse in the field of research of the intestinal microbiome has opened the door to the investigation of possible novel approaches to the diagnosis, management and therapeutic applications in IBD. In line with that, administration of probiotic bacteria has been intensely evaluated, leading to much more exciting results in experimental models than in clinical practice. Considering the consistent heterogeneity of the available studies on probiotics, the increased knowledge of the properties of the single bacterial species would ideally lead to unravel potential mechanisms of action that may bring therapeutic applications in specific pathologic condition. Among the relevant molecular pathways for mucosal homeostasis maintenance, the vitamin D/vitamin D receptor (VDR) pathway has been intensely studied in the very last years. In fact, besides osteometabolic functions, the vitamin D exerts important homeostatic effects in the organism at multiple levels, such as immunomodulation, inflammation control, and microbiota regulation, which are likely to play a relevant role in intestinal mucosa protection. In the present review, recent findings about probiotic applications in IBD and mechanisms of action linking vitamin D/VDR pathway to IBD are reported. Available evidence for probiotic effect on vitamin D/VDR are reviewed and potential future application in IBD patients are discussed. At present, many aspects of IBD pathogenesis are still obscure, and current therapeutic options for IBD treatment are at best suboptimal. The increasing comprehension of the different pathways involved in IBD pathogenesis will lead to novel findings ideally leading to potential clinical applications. Microbiota manipulation and vitamin/VDR pathway appear a promising field for future research and therapeutic developments.

• homoestasis
• inflammatory bowel disease
• probiotics
• vitamin D
• vitamin D receptor

• gut barrier
• inflammatory bowel disease
• intestinal epithelium
• metabolites
• metabolome
• metabolomics
• microbiome

• 16s rRNA
• gut bacteria
• long-term efficacy
• low-intensity FMT
• ulcerative colitis

• F31 AA020702 NIAAA NIH HHS
• National High-tech Research and Development Program
• Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China

• drug delivery system
• formulation
• gut microbiota
• probiotic
• therapeutic adjuvant

• Ecosystem
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Pharmaceutical Preparations
• Probiotics
• Technology

The onset and manifestations of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is associated with several factors, and the pathophysiology involves various central and peripheral mechanisms. Most studies indicate that the management of gut microbiota could significantly affect the improvement of subjective disorders in patients with IBS. Numerous clinical trials have assessed the efficacy of probiotics for IBS with controversial conclusions. Several clinical trials have suggested that probiotics can improve global IBS symptoms, while others only improve individual IBS symptoms, such as bloating scores and abdominal pain scores. Only a few clinical trials have found no apparent effect of probiotics on IBS symptoms. Generally, probiotics appear to be safe for patients with IBS. However, the question of which probiotics should be used for certain IBS subtypes remains unresolved. In everyday practice, the dose of the recommended probiotic remains questionable, as well as how long the probiotic should be used in therapy. The use of probiotics in the M subtype and non-classified IBS is particularly problematic, in which combination therapy should be recommended due to the change in symptoms. Therefore, new approaches are needed in the design of clinical studies that should address certain subtypes of IBS.

• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Obstipation
• Diarrhoea
• Abdominal pain
• Probiotic
• Prebiotic
• Symbiotic
• Microbiota

• chitin–glucan
• gut microbiome
• immunomodulation
• intestinal barrier
• prebiotic

• Bifidobacterium breve/physiology
• Caco-2 Cells
• Chitin/pharmacology
• Coculture Techniques
• Cytokines/biosynthesis
• Enterocytes
• Fatty Acids, Volatile/biosynthesis
• Feces/microbiology
• Fermentation
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
• Glucans/pharmacology
• Humans
• Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
• Intestinal Mucosa/physiology
• Prebiotics/administration & dosage
• Probiotics/administration & dosage
• THP-1 Cells

• Gut microbiota
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Prebiotics
• Probiotics
• Remission
• Synbiotics

• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Humans
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/therapy
• Prebiotics
• Probiotics
• Synbiotics

• 31372453 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• 152102310260 Science and Technology Department of Henan Province

To analyze the ocular surface microbiome (OSM) profile in both eyes of individuals with unilateral keratitis.

In this prospective, cross-sectional study, the conjunctival OSM of adults (>18 years old) presenting to an ophthalmic emergency department with acute unilateral keratitis and controls without an acute infectious process was sampled. Samples underwent DNA amplification and 16S sequencing using Illumina MiSeq 250 and were analyzed using Qiime. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-sided Student t-test, diversity indices, and principal coordinate analysis. The main outcome measures included relative abundance and α and β diversity.

Bacterial DNA was recovered from all 34 eyes of 17 individuals with keratitis (mean age, 49.3 ± 17.5 years) and 16 eyes of controls (mean age, 56.6 ± 17.0 years). In the two culture-positive eyes, 16S aligned with culture results. Significant differences in α diversities were noted when comparing both eyes of individuals with keratitis to control eyes (all P < 0.05), but no significant differences between the eyes of an individual with keratitis. Principal coordinate analysis plots confirmed this finding, demonstrating separation between either eye of patients with keratitis and controls (both P < 0.01), however not between eyes in patients with unilateral keratitis. Both eyes of individuals with keratitis had greater abundance of Pseudomonas compared with controls both on compositional analysis and linear discriminant analysis.

Alterations in the OSM profile are detected in both eyes of individuals with unilateral keratitis compared with controls. Beyond the causative organism, a greater abundance of potential pathogens and lesser abundance of commensal organisms were found.

The OSM profile is altered in both eyes of individuals with unilateral keratitis, which may lend insight into the role of the microbiome in the pathophysiology of disease.

• adoptive cell therapy
• chronic inflammatory disorders
• immune homeostasis
• microbiota
• pediatric diseases
• regulatory T cells

• NADPH oxidase
• glucose oxidase
• host defense
• immune signaling
• lactobacilli
• microbiota
• reactive oxygen species
• redox medicine

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial joint degenerative disease with low-grade inflammation. The gut microbiome has recently emerged as an pathogenic factor of OA, and prebiotics supplementation could alleviate OA symptoms in animal models. However, the relationship between the gut microbiome and OA in the older female adults is hitherto not clear.

Here we studied the gut microbiome of 57 OA patients and their healthy controls by metagenome-wide association study based on previously published data. A significant reduction in the richness and diversity of gut microbiome were observed in OA patients. Bifidobacterium longum and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were decreased while Clostridium spp. was increased in the OA group. The functional modules, particularly the energetic metabolism and acetate production were also decreased in the OA patients. To evaluate the diagnostic value of identified species for elderly patients with OA, we constructed a set of random forest disease classifiers based on species differences between the two groups. Among them, 9 species reached the lowest classification error in the random forest cross validation, and the area under ROC of the model was 0.81.

Significant alterations in the gut microbial composition and function were observed between the older patients with OA and their controls, and a random forest classifier model for OA were constructed based on the differences in our study. Our study have identified several potential gut microbial targets in the elderly females with OA, which will facilitate the treatment of OA based on gut microbiota, is of great value in alleviating pain and improving the quality of life for them.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12859-021-04199-0.

• Classifier model
• Compositional and functional alterations
• Gut Microbiome
• Older females
• Osteoarthritis

• Crohn’s disease
• prebiotic
• probiotic
• synbiotic
• ulcerative colitis

• Intestinal dysbiosis
• bifidobacterium
• in-hospital mortality
• intensive care unit
• prognostic value
• scoring system

• Lactobacillus reuteri
• dextranomer microspheres
• necrotizing enterocolitis
• prematurity
• probiotics

• Animals
• Biofilms
• Dextrans
• Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/prevention & control
• Humans
• In Vitro Techniques
• Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
• Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
• Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
• Limosilactobacillus reuteri
• Microspheres
• Probiotics/therapeutic use
• Rats
• Rats, Sprague-Dawley

• R01 GM123482 NIGMS NIH HHS
• NIH R01 GM123482 NIH HHS

The role of the gut microbiota in health and disease is well recognized and the microbiota dysbiosis observed in many chronic diseases became a new therapeutic target. The challenge is to get a better insight into the functionality of commensal bacteria and to use this knowledge to select live biotherapeutics as new preventive or therapeutic products. In this study, we set up a screening approach to evaluate the functional capacities of a set of 21 strains isolated from the gut microbiota of neonates and adults. For this purpose, we selected key biological processes involved in the microbiome-host symbiosis and known to impact the host physiology i.e., the production of short-chain fatty acids and the ability to strengthen an epithelial barrier (Caco-2), to induce the release of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine after co-culture with human immune cells (PBMC) or to increase GLP-1 production from STC-1 endocrine cell line. This strategy highlighted fifteen strains exhibiting beneficial activities among which seven strains combined several of them. Interestingly, this work revealed for the first time a high prevalence of potential health-promoting functions among intestinal commensal strains and identified several appealing novel candidates for the management of chronic diseases, notably obesity and inflammatory bowel diseases.

• IBD
• ecosystem
• functional screening
• holobiont
• live biotherapeutic products (LBP)
• microbiome
• microbiota
• next generation probiotics (NGP)
• obesity

Early childhood is a critical stage for the foundation and development of the gut microbiome, large amounts of essential nutrients are required such as vitamin D. Vitamin D plays an important role in regulating calcium homeostasis, and deficiency can impair bone mineralization. In addition, most people know that breastfeeding is advocated to be the best thing for a newborn; however, exclusively breastfeeding infants are not easily able to absorb an adequate amount of vitamin D from breast milk. Understanding the effects of vitamin D supplementation on gut microbiome can improve the knowledge of infant health and development. A total of 62 fecal sample from healthy infants were collected in Taiwan. Of the 62 infants, 31 were exclusively breastfed infants and 31 were mixed- or formula-fed infants. For each feeding type, one subgroup of infants received 400 IU of vitamin D per day, and the remaining infants received a placebo. In total, there are 15 breastfed and 20 formula-fed infants with additional vitamin D supplementation, and 16 breastfed and 11 formula-fed infants belong to control group, respectively. We performed a comparative metagenomic analysis to investigate the distribution and diversity of infant gut microbiota among different types of feeding regimes with and without vitamin D supplementation. Our results reveal that the characteristics of infant gut microbiota not only depend on the feeding types but also on nutrients intake, and demonstrated that the vitamin D plays an important role in modulating the infant gut microbiota, especially increase the proportion of probiotics in breast-fed infants.

There is growing interest in new factors contributing to the genesis of eating disorders (EDs). Research recently focused on the study of microbiota. Dysbiosis, associated with a specific genetic susceptibility, may contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa, or binge eating disorder, and several putative mechanisms have already been identified. Diet seems to have an impact not only on modification of the gut microbiota, facilitating dysbiosis, but also on its recovery in patients with EDs.

This systematic review based on the PICO strategy searching into PubMed, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and Cochrane Library examined the literature on the role of altered microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of EDs.

Sixteen studies were included, mostly regarding AN. Alpha diversity and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels were lower in patients with AN, and affective symptoms and ED psychopathology seem related to changes in gut microbiota. Microbiota-derived proteins stimulated the autoimmune system, altering neuroendocrine control of mood and satiety in EDs. Microbial richness increased in AN after weight regain on fecal microbiota transplantation.

Microbiota homeostasis seems essential for a healthy communication network between gut and brain. Dysbiosis may promote intestinal inflammation, alter gut permeability, and trigger immune reactions in the hunger/satiety regulation center contributing to the pathophysiological development of EDs. A restored microbial balance may be a possible treatment target for EDs. A better and more in-depth characterization of gut microbiota and gut–brain crosstalk is required. Future studies may deepen the therapeutic and preventive role of microbiota in EDs.

• Anorexia nervosa
• binge eating disorder
• bulimia nervosa
• eating disorders
• microbiota

Immune cell function is influenced by metabolic conditions. Low-glucose, high-lactate environments, such as the placenta, gastrointestinal tract, and the tumor microenvironment, are immunosuppressive, especially for glycolysis-dependent effector T cells. We report that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺), which is reduced to NADH by lactate dehydrogenase in lactate-rich conditions, is a key point of metabolic control in T cells. Reduced NADH is not available for NAD⁺-dependent enzymatic reactions involving glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH). We show that increased lactate leads to a block at GAPDH and PGDH, leading to the depletion of post-GAPDH glycolytic intermediates, as well as the 3-phosphoglycerate derivative serine that is known to be important for T cell proliferation. Supplementing serine rescues the ability of T cells to proliferate in the presence of lactate-induced reductive stress. Directly targeting the redox state may be a useful approach for developing novel immunotherapies in cancer and therapeutic immunosuppression.

Quinn et al. report that lactate has an acidity-independent suppressive effect on effector T cell proliferation mediated through a shift from NAD⁺ to NADH (lactate-induced reductive stress). This impairs glycolysis and glucose-derived serine production, which is required for effector T cell proliferation.

• 3-phosphoglycerate
• T cell metabolism
• glycolysis
• immunometabolism
• lactate metabolism
• nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
• redox metabolism
• serine

Gut microbiota represent an interesting worldwide research area. Several studies confirm that microbiota has a key role in human diseases, both intestinal (such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, intestinal infectious diseases, irritable bowel syndrome) and extra intestinal disorders (such as autism, multiple sclerosis, rheumatologic diseases). Nowadays, it is possible to manipulate microbiota by administering prebiotics, probiotics or synbiotics, through fecal microbiota transplantation in selected cases. In this scenario, pancreatic disorders might be influenced by gut microbiota and this relationship could be an innovative and inspiring field of research. However, data are still scarce and controversial. Microbiota manipulation could represent an important therapeutic strategy in the pancreatic diseases, in addition to standard therapies. In this review, we analyze current knowledge about correlation between gut microbiota and pancreatic diseases, by discussing on the one hand existing data and on the other hand future possible perspectives.

• acute pancreatitis
• chronic pancreatitis
• diabetes mellitus
• gut microbiota
• microbiome
• microbiota
• pancreatic cystic neoplasms
• pancreatic diseases
• pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

In order to investigate the effect and appropriate dose of prebiotics, this study evaluated the effect of two levels of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) in cats. Twenty-four healthy adult cats were divided into three groups: no-XOS control diet with 1% cellulose; low XOS supplementation (LXOS) with 0.04% XOS and 0.96% cellulose; and high XOS supplementation (HXOS) with 0.40% XOS and 0.60% cellulose. Both XOS groups increased blood 3-hydroxybutyryl carnitine levels and decreased hexadecanedioyl carnitine levels. Both XOS treatments displayed an increased bacterial abundance of Blautia, Clostridium XI, and Collinsella and a decreased abundance of Megasphaera and Bifidobacterium. LXOS groups increased fecal pH and bacterial abundance of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus, decreased blood glutaryl carnitine concentration, and Catenibacterium abundance. HXOS group showed a more distinct microbiome profile and higher species richness, and an increased bacterial abundance of Subdoligranulum, Ruminococcaceae genus (unassigned genus), Erysipelotrichaceae genus, and Lachnospiraceae. Correlations between bacterial abundances and blood and fecal parameters were also observed. In conclusion, XOS could benefit feline gut health by altering microbiota; its effects dependant on the dose. The higher-dose XOS increased bacterial populations that possibly promoted intestinal fermentation, while the lower dose altered populations of carbohydrate-metabolic microbiota and possibly modulated host metabolism. Low-dose prebiotics may become a trend in future studies.

• cats
• gut health
• microbiome
• prebiotics
• xylooligosaccharides (XOS)

• L. alimentarius
• colitis
• enrichment
• iron deficiency
• iron supplementation

• Animals
• Cell Tracking
• Colitis/chemically induced
• Colitis/drug therapy
• Colitis/metabolism
• Cytokines/genetics
• Cytokines/metabolism
• Dextran Sulfate/adverse effects
• Fermented Foods/microbiology
• Humans
• Iron/analysis
• Iron/metabolism
• Lactobacillus/genetics
• Lactobacillus/isolation & purification
• Lactobacillus/physiology
• Male
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Oxidative Stress/drug effects
• Probiotics/administration & dosage
• Probiotics/analysis
• Tight Junction Proteins/genetics
• Tight Junction Proteins/metabolism

Alterations in the gut microbiota composition and diversity seem to play a role in the development of chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), leading to gut barrier disruption and induction of proinflammatory immune responses. This opens the door for the use of novel health-promoting bacteria. We selected five Parabacteroides distasonis strains isolated from human adult and neonates gut microbiota. We evaluated in vitro their immunomodulation capacities and their ability to reinforce the gut barrier and characterized in vivo their protective effects in an acute murine model of colitis. The in vitro beneficial activities were highly strain dependent: two strains exhibited a potent anti-inflammatory potential and restored the gut barrier while a third strain reinstated the epithelial barrier. While their survival to in vitro gastric conditions was variable, the levels of P. distasonis DNA were higher in the stools of bacteria-treated animals. The strains that were positively scored in vitro displayed a strong ability to rescue mice from colitis. We further showed that two strains primed dendritic cells to induce regulatory T lymphocytes from naïve CD4⁺ T cells. This study provides better insights on the functionality of commensal bacteria and crucial clues to design live biotherapeutics able to target inflammatory chronic diseases such as IBD.

• IBD
• colitis
• functional screening
• holobiont
• immune response
• live biotherapeutic products (LBP)
• microbiota
• probiotics

• Adult
• Animals
• Bacteroidetes/genetics
• Bacteroidetes/immunology
• Bacteroidetes/isolation & purification
• Caco-2 Cells
• Colitis/chemically induced
• Colitis/immunology
• Colitis/microbiology
• DNA, Bacterial/genetics
• DNA, Bacterial/metabolism
• Disease Models, Animal
• Feces/microbiology
• Female
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology
• Humans
• Infant, Newborn
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/immunology
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/microbiology
• Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
• T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
• Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid/adverse effects

Dysregulation of gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function has emerged as potential mechanisms underlying digestive diseases, yet targeted therapies are lacking The purpose of this investigation was to assess the efficacy of UCC118, a characterized probiotic strain, on exercise‐induced GI permeability in healthy humans. In a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover study, seven healthy adults received 4 weeks of daily UCC118 or placebo supplementation. GI hyperpermeability was induced by strenuous treadmill running performed before and after each supplementation period. While running, participants ingested 5 g of lactulose, rhamnose, and sucrose. Urine was collected before, immediately after, and every hour for 5 h after exercise to assess GI permeability. Metagenomic sequencing was performed on fecal homogenates collected prior to exercise to identify changes in microbial diversity and taxon abundances. Inflammatory biomarkers were assessed from blood and fecal homogenates collected prior to and immediately following the cessation of exercise. Exercise significantly induced intestinal permeability of lactulose, rhamnose, and sucrose (P < 0.001). UCC118 significantly reduced sucrose (Δ = −0.38 ± 0.13 vs. 1.69 ± 0.79; P < 0.05) recovery, with no substantial change in lactulose (Δ = −0.07 ± 0.23 vs. 0.35 ± 0.15; P = 0.16) or rhamnose (Δ = −0.06 ± 0.22 vs. 0.48 ± 0.28; P = 0.22). Taxonomic sequencing revealed 99 differentially regulated bacteria spanning 6 taxonomic ranks (P < 0.05) after UCC118 supplementation. No differences in plasma IL‐6 or fecal zonulin were observed after UCC118 supplementation. The results described herein provide proof of principle that 4 weeks of UCC118 supplementation attenuated exercise‐induced intestinal hyperpermeability. Further research is warranted to investigate the as‐yet‐to‐be defined molecular processes of intestinal hyperpermeability and the effects of probiotic supplementation.

Dysregulation of gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function have emerged as potential mechanisms underlying digestive diseases, yet targeted therapies are lacking. In a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover study, 7 healthy adults 30 received 4 weeks of daily UCC118 or placebo supplementation. UCC118 significantly reduced sucrose recovery. Taxonomic sequencing revealed 99 differentially regulated gut microbes by UCC118. The results herein provide proof of principle that UCC118 supplementation can reduce intestinal hyperpermeability.

• Verrucomicrobia
• Exercise
• UCC118
• gastrointestinal permeability
• microbiome
• probiotic supplementation

The rapid development of metagenomics, metabolomics, and metatranscriptomics provides novel insights into the intestinal microbiota factors linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Multiple microorganisms play a role in intestinal health; these include bacteria, fungi, and viruses that exist in a dynamic balance to maintain mucosal homeostasis. Perturbations in the intestinal microbiota disrupt mucosal homeostasis and are closely related to IBD in humans and colitis in mice. Therefore, preventing or correcting the imbalance of microbiota may serve as a novel prevention or treatment strategy for IBD. We review the most recent evidence for direct or indirect interventions targeting intestinal microbiota for treatment of IBD in order to overcome the current limitations of IBD therapies and shed light on personalized treatment options.

• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Pro/Prebiotics
• Fecal microbiota transplantation
• Herbal medicines
• Clinical application

• Animals
• Colitis
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/therapy
• Intestines
• Mice
• Microbiota