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Beck D, Balen Topić M, Višković K, Papić N, Žic R, Sviben M, Meštrović T, Baković Kovačević A, Beck R. Double Trouble on the Lower Leg-Unique Human Coinfection with Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis Without Liver Involvement. Pathogens 2025; 14:343. [PMID: 40333125 PMCID: PMC12030567 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens14040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2025] [Revised: 03/19/2025] [Accepted: 03/27/2025] [Indexed: 05/09/2025] Open
Abstract
The tapeworms Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis cause two different clinical manifestations in humans: cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), respectively. Both forms of echinococcosis manifest primarily in the liver, while other organs or tissues are less frequently affected. Simultaneous occurrence of CE and AE is extremely rare, and all previously reported patients exhibited affected livers, while simultaneous infection without liver involvement has not yet been described. Herein, we present an exclusively extrahepatic E. granulosus and E. multilocularis coinfection localized between the calf muscles of a patient. Due to progressive painful local swelling, an abscess was suspected, but there was no improvement after the administration of multiple courses of antibiotics. When imaging diagnostics suggested a parasitic origin of the two identified cystic lesions, positive serology for both species indicated a dual infection. Albendazole therapy was started, and extensive surgical excision was performed. Both species were confirmed using PCR and sequencing from intraoperative samples. The current case shows that coinfection without liver involvement can occur, even in patients from low-incidence regions, which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with unusual clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Beck
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.); (N.P.); (R.Ž.); (M.S.)
| | - Mirjana Balen Topić
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.); (N.P.); (R.Ž.); (M.S.)
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljević”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Klaudija Višković
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljević”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Neven Papić
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.); (N.P.); (R.Ž.); (M.S.)
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljević”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Rado Žic
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.); (N.P.); (R.Ž.); (M.S.)
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Dubrava University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Sviben
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.); (N.P.); (R.Ž.); (M.S.)
- Microbiology Service, Parasitology Department, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Meštrović
- University Centre Varaždin, University North, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia;
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Adrijana Baković Kovačević
- Department of Health Ecology, Teaching Institute of Public Health “Dr. Andrija Štampar”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Relja Beck
- Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Rostami A, Lundström-Stadelmann B, Frey CF, Beldi G, Lachenmayer A, Chang BCH, Norouzian MM, Hemphill A, Gasser RB. Human Alveolar Echinococcosis-A Neglected Zoonotic Disease Requiring Urgent Attention. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:2784. [PMID: 40141427 PMCID: PMC11943292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26062784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2025] [Revised: 03/09/2025] [Accepted: 03/13/2025] [Indexed: 03/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in humans is caused by the larval (metacestode) stage of Echinococcus multilocularis, commonly known as the 'fox tapeworm'. This disease predominantly targets the liver and has an invasive growth pattern, allowing it to spread to adjacent and distant tissues. Due to its gradual progression and tumour-like characteristics, early diagnosis and prompt intervention are crucial, particularly as there are currently no highly effective vaccines or chemotherapeutics against AE. Current estimates suggest that ~10,500 new infections occur annually worldwide; however, more research is required to refine the prevalence and incidence data for both human and animal hosts in endemic areas of the world. This article discusses the biology of E. multilocularis, outlines aspects of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and management of AE, reviews its global distribution, annual incidence, and prevalence, highlights the role of molecular parasitology in advancing therapeutic strategies, and presents recommendations for improving the prevention and control of AE in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; (A.R.); (M.M.N.)
| | - Britta Lundström-Stadelmann
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (B.L.-S.); (G.B.)
- Reference Laboratory of Federal Office for Food Safety and Veterinary Affairs, Institute of Parasitology and Echinococcus, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Caroline F. Frey
- Reference Laboratory of Federal Office for Food Safety and Veterinary Affairs, Institute of Parasitology and Echinococcus, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Guido Beldi
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (B.L.-S.); (G.B.)
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department for Biomedical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anja Lachenmayer
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Bill C. H. Chang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Mohammad Mobin Norouzian
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; (A.R.); (M.M.N.)
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Reference Laboratory of Federal Office for Food Safety and Veterinary Affairs, Institute of Parasitology and Echinococcus, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
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Katsuno T, Sugiura Y, Morishita M, Osaki S, Suzuki M, Takasaki J, Iikura M, Izumi S, Hojo M, Sugiyama H. Spinal Echinococcosis in a Japanese Woman Living in Tokyo: Diagnostic Challenges in Non-endemic Areas and Public Health Implications. Intern Med 2025; 64:971-977. [PMID: 39135255 PMCID: PMC11986315 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.3713-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2025] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus spp., often affects the lungs and liver, and spinal involvement is rare. Echinococcus multilocularis is prevalent in Japan, particularly in Hokkaido. We herein report a rare case of spinal echinococcosis in a 31-year-old woman who was diagnosed in Tokyo. Spinal echinococcosis is uncommon and often leads to misdiagnoses. The patient likely contracted the disease via contaminated fresh produce transported from an endemic region. This study emphasizes the diagnostic challenges of spinal echinococcosis in non-endemic regions and highlights the public health concerns related to the spread of infections in non-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Katsuno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sugiura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Momoko Morishita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Shuhei Osaki
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Japan
| | - Manabu Suzuki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Jin Takasaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Iikura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Shinyu Izumi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hojo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Haruhito Sugiyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
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Rachel F, Luttermann C, Höper D, Conraths FJ, Dapprich J, Maksimov P. Typing of Echinococcus multilocularis by Region-Specific Extraction and Next-Generation Sequencing of the mitogenome. Front Microbiol 2025; 16:1535628. [PMID: 40092033 PMCID: PMC11906691 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1535628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2025] [Indexed: 03/19/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Infection by the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis may lead to a severe zoonosis in humans, alveolar echinococcosis, which may be fatal if left untreated. Typing is important to understand the epidemiology of this parasite, yet there is limited knowledge on the microdiversity of E. multilocularis on the local scale, since the typing resolution of established methods is restricted. Methods The mitogenome of E. multilocularis was used as the target regions to modify, apply and validate the Region-Specific Extraction (RSE) method in combination with Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and analysed bioinformatically. To validate the success and the accuracy of the RSE protocol, the mitogenomes of some E. multilocularis isolates were also analysed by the Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS). Results With the chosen combination of methods, the entire mitogenome (~13 kb) of E. multilocularis could be captured and amplified. The read depth (median ≥ 156X) was sufficient to detect existing SNPs. The comparison of mitogenome sequences extracted by RSE with mitogenome sequences obtained by WGS showed that the accuracy of the RSE method was consistently comparable to direct Whole-Genome Sequencing. Conclusion The results demonstrate that the RSE method in combination with NGS is suitable to analyse the microdiversity of E. multilocularis at the whole mitogenome level. For the capture and sequencing of large (several kb) genomic regions of E. multilocularis and other applications, this method can be very helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Rachel
- National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut - Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (FLI), Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christine Luttermann
- Laboratory for Antiviral Immunity, Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut - Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (FLI), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Laboratory for NGS-Based Pathogen Characterization and Animal Disease Diagnostics, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut - Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (FLI), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Franz Josef Conraths
- National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut - Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (FLI), Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Pavlo Maksimov
- National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut - Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (FLI), Greifswald, Germany
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Umhang G, Bastien F, Cartet A, Ahmad H, van der Ark K, Berg R, Bonelli P, Davidson RK, Deplazes P, Deksne G, Gargate MJ, Van der Giessen J, Jamil N, Jokelainen P, Karamon J, M'Rad S, Maksimov P, Oudni-M'Rad M, Muchaamba G, Oksanen A, Pepe P, Poulle ML, Rinaldi L, Samorek-Pieróg M, Santolamazza F, Santoro A, Santucciu C, Saarma U, Schnyder M, Villena I, Wassermann M, Casulli A, Boué F. Detection of Echinococcus spp. and other taeniid species in lettuces and berries: Two international multicenter studies from the MEmE project. Int J Food Microbiol 2025; 430:111059. [PMID: 39787752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 11/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2025] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
Cystic and alveolar echinococcosis are severe zoonotic diseases characterized by long asymptomatic periods lasting months or years. Viable Echinococcus spp. eggs released into the environment through the feces of canids can infect humans through accidental ingestion via hand-to-mouth contact or consumption of contaminated food or water. Both Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato are considered as foodborne parasites. However, when considering possible pathways of human infection, it appears that food and water-borne related variables do not significantly increase the risk of infection. Providing evidence-based data for the presence of DNA and, potentially, eggs in fresh produce is crucial in understanding foodborne transmission of Echinococcus spp. to humans. Two multicenter and multicountry studies were conducted within the One Health EJP framework to estimate the proportion of lettuces and berries contaminated by E. multilocularis, E. granulosus sensu lato, and other taeniid DNAs from a total of 12 European countries, Tunisia and Pakistan. A total of 1117 lettuces, 71 others vegetables, 300 strawberries, 130 blueberries and 50 others berries samples were collected and analysed by washing, sequential sieving and real-time PCRs. E. multilocularis DNA was detected in 1.2 % (7/570) of lettuce samples tested from the seven European endemic countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Latvia, the Netherlands, Poland and Switzerland) and in 2 % (2/100) from Pakistan. E. granulosus sensu lato DNA was identified in 1.3 % of lettuces (9/695) collected in five European endemic countries (France, Italy, Latvia, Poland and Portugal) and in 12 % (9/75) and 4 % (4/100) from Tunisia and Pakistan, respectively. All E. granulosus sensu lato samples were identified as E. granulosus sensu stricto (20/22), except for two identified as E. canadensis (2/22) from Latvia and Pakistan. Regarding berries, E. multilocularis DNA was detected in 5.4 % (n = 11/202) of strawberries, 7.3 % (6/82) of blueberries from the seven European endemic countries and 56 % (14/25) of blueberries from Pakistan. High contamination rates of E. granulosus sensu stricto were found outside of Europe, with 12.0 % (3/25) in blueberries from Pakistan and 81.3 %. (13/16) in strawberries from Tunisia. The total contamination rate of all taeniid species DNA in lettuces (5.3 %; 59/1117), others vegetables (5.6 %; 4/71) and berries (12.1 %; 58/480) suggests that the transfer of taeniid eggs from carnivore feces to food is not uncommon. Although we assume that eggs are the source of the DNA detected in this study, the viability of such eggs is unknown. The detection of Echinococcus species in lettuces and berries suggests a potential risk of foodborne human infection. The relative contribution of this risk remains to be estimated. Further studies on food and environmental contamination are necessary to cover different epidemiological contexts and social habits, leading to a better understanding of human infections by Echinococcus spp. eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Umhang
- Anses, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Malzéville, France.
| | - Fanny Bastien
- Anses, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Malzéville, France
| | - Alexandra Cartet
- Anses, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Malzéville, France
| | - Haroon Ahmad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
| | - Kees van der Ark
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Berg
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Piero Bonelli
- WOAH and NRL for Echinococcosis, Animal Health, IZS della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gunita Deksne
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Riga, Latvia; Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Maria João Gargate
- National Reference Laboratory of Parasitic and Fungal Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doctor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joke Van der Giessen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Naila Jamil
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan
| | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute/State Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Selim M'Rad
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR12ES08, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Pavlo Maksimov
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Myriam Oudni-M'Rad
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR12ES08, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Gillian Muchaamba
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Authority, Animal Health Diagnostic Unit (FINPAR), Oulu, Finland
| | - Paola Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marie-Lazarine Poulle
- Epidémio-Surveillance et Circulation des Parasites dans les Environnements (ESCAPE), UR 7510, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France; CERFE, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Boult-aux-Bois, France
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Federica Santolamazza
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Azzurra Santoro
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Santucciu
- WOAH and NRL for Echinococcosis, Animal Health, IZS della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Urmas Saarma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Manuela Schnyder
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Villena
- Epidémio-Surveillance et Circulation des Parasites dans les Environnements (ESCAPE), UR 7510, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence de la Toxoplasmose, Centre de Ressources Biologiques Toxoplasma, CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - Marion Wassermann
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Department of Parasitology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Adriano Casulli
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Franck Boué
- Anses, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Malzéville, France
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Ollagnon M, Bresson-Hadni S, Spahr L, Rubbia-Brandt L, Toso C, Chappuis F. Alveolar echinococcosis in the canton of Geneva between 2010 and 2021: a descriptive analysis. Swiss Med Wkly 2025; 155:3863. [PMID: 39977361 DOI: 10.57187/s.3863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar echinococcosis is a rare but potentially severe parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis, endemic in many countries in the northern hemisphere, including Switzerland. While the liver is most commonly affected, other organs can also be involved either by contiguity or haematogenous spread. To date, there is no epidemiological or clinical data on alveolar echinococcosis in the canton of Geneva. OBJECTIVES To describe the demographic, epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic characteristics of alveolar echinococcosis in the canton of Geneva between 2010 and 2021. METHODS An investigation was conducted among physicians from Geneva University Hospitals (HUG) and the private sector likely to encounter patients diagnosed with alveolar echinococcosis between 2010 and 2021. All patients being treated in the canton of Geneva were included. After obtaining their consent, an epidemiological questionnaire was completed by patients, and a clinical questionnaire by their referring physicians. Demographic, epidemiological and clinical data were entered into REDCap, then extracted and analysed. RESULTS Of a total of 27 patients diagnosed with alveolar echinococcosis, 25 were included in the study; one patient did not provide his consent and one patient could not be contacted. The annual incidence of alveolar echinococcosis in the canton of Geneva was calculated at 0.24 cases per 100,000 inhabitants based on the subset (n = 14) domiciled in Geneva. The vast majority of patients (n = 24; 96%) were followed at HUG. The median age of patients was 55 years (range: 17-79) with a slight predominance of women (56%). Reported risk factors for alveolar echinococcosis included owning a vegetable garden (70.8%), often unfenced, practicing composting (69.6%), and owning a dog (58.3%) or a cat (58.3%). Four patients (16%) had an immunosuppressive condition. Only 52% of patients were symptomatic at the time of diagnosis. The liver was affected in most cases (n = 24; 96%), but one patient had a primary splenic location. Surgical resection for curative purposes was performed in 13 patients (52%). All patients received parasitostatic treatment with albendazole, discontinued in 5 patients (20%) due to drug-induced hepatitis. Three patients died (12%), of which two directly related to alveolar echinococcosis. CONCLUSION Alveolar echinococcosis, a rare but severe disease, is endemic in the canton of Geneva. The establishment of mandatory reporting of this disease in Switzerland would allow monitoring of its epidemiological evolution. Primary and secondary prevention measures, currently non-existent, could potentially lower the incidence and severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Ollagnon
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Solange Bresson-Hadni
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Spahr
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laura Rubbia-Brandt
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Toso
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Visceral Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Chappuis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Plum PE, Ausselet N, Kidd F, Noirhomme S, Garrino MG, Dili A, Hayette MP, Detry O, Leonard P, Motet C, Hites M, Bourgeois M, Montesinos I, Delaere B. EchiNam: multicenter retrospective study on the experience, challenges, and pitfalls in the diagnosis and treatment of alveolar echinococcosis in Belgium. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2025; 44:263-275. [PMID: 39585582 PMCID: PMC11754326 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-024-04996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 11/17/2024] [Indexed: 11/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this retrospective study was to collect epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, imaging, management, and follow-up data on cases of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) diagnosed and/or followed up within the Namur Hospital Network (NHN) in order to gather information on the challenges, pitfalls, and overall experience in the diagnosis and treatment of AE. METHODS EchiNam was a multicenter retrospective study. Patients diagnosed and/or treated for probable or confirmed AE in the NHN between 2002 and 2023 were included in the study. Patient selection was based on diagnosis codes, laboratory results, and albendazole (ABZ) dispensing. RESULTS A total of 22 AE cases were retrieved, of which four were classified as probable and 18 as confirmed cases. Nine patients were either asymptomatic or had symptoms attributed to another disease. Clinical examination yielded pathologic findings in 10 patients. The median duration from the first AE-suggestive laboratory abnormalities to diagnosis was 176 days, and the median duration from the first AE-related imaging abnormalities to diagnosis was 133 days. Overall, 12 patients underwent surgical resection, with only four achieving complete lesion resection. Nine patients experienced ABZ-related adverse effects, with temporary ABZ discontinuation in five. CONCLUSION Due to various factors such as a long incubation period and a lack of awareness among Belgian physicians, AE is often diagnosed at advanced disease stages. Treatment then becomes more complex or even suboptimal, resulting in prolonged therapy, higher risk of adverse effects, significantly impaired quality of life, poor prognosis, and higher mortality rates. Measures should be taken to achieve early diagnosis in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Emmanuel Plum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU UCL Namur (Site Godinne), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Dr Gaston Thérasse 1, Yvoir, 5530, Belgium.
| | - Nathalie Ausselet
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU UCL Namur (Site Godinne), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Dr Gaston Thérasse 1, Yvoir, 5530, Belgium
| | - François Kidd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU UCL Namur (Site Namur), Université catholique de Louvain, Namur, Belgium
| | - Séverine Noirhomme
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Régional de Namur (Site Namur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Maria-Grazia Garrino
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Centre Hospitalier Régional de Namur (Site Namur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Dili
- HPB Surgery Unit, CHU UCL Namur (Site Godinne), Université catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Marie-Pierre Hayette
- National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Liège (CHU Liège), Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Detry
- Department of Abdominal Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital of Liège (CHU Liège), Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Leonard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Liège (CHU Liège), Liège, Belgium
| | - Christian Motet
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maya Hites
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Bourgeois
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU UCL Namur (Site Godinne), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Dr Gaston Thérasse 1, Yvoir, 5530, Belgium
| | - Isabel Montesinos
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, CHU UCL Namur (Site Godinne), Université catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Delaere
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU UCL Namur (Site Godinne), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Dr Gaston Thérasse 1, Yvoir, 5530, Belgium
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8
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Baker E, DeBolt R, Smith E, Gerhold R, Wyrosdick H. Fecal prevalence and diversity of endoparasites in shelter dogs and cats from East Tennessee. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2025; 58:101212. [PMID: 40049999 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2025] [Accepted: 01/31/2025] [Indexed: 05/13/2025]
Abstract
Shelter animals are infected with a variety of endoparasites, and infections vary in severity and zoonotic potential. Data on parasite prevalence in Tennessee shelter animals are severely lacking. Fecal samples from 1111 dogs and 605 cats were collected from animal shelters from 2010 to 2023. Centrifugal fecal flotations using two separate solutions (Sheather's sugar and zinc sulfate) were performed, and parasites were identified to genus or species when possible. In total 43.5 % (263/605) of cats and 59.2 % (658/1111) of dogs were positive for at least one parasite on fecal flotation. Ancylostoma caninum and Trichuris vulpis were the most common species detected in dogs, while Toxocara cati and Cystoisospora felis were the most detected parasites in cats. This report provides valuable regional prevalence data of endoparasite infections in shelter animals in 8 counties in East Tennessee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Baker
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Rebekah DeBolt
- University of Tennessee Shelter Medicine Program, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Emma Smith
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Richard Gerhold
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Heidi Wyrosdick
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Csulak E, Csivincsik Á, Sréter T, Solymosi N, Danka J, Káposztás Z, Nagy G, Dezsényi B. Retrospective multidisciplinary analysis of human alveolar echinococcosis in Hungary using spatial epidemiology approaches. Sci Rep 2024; 14:31435. [PMID: 39733038 PMCID: PMC11682265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-83119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 12/11/2024] [Indexed: 12/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Human alveolar echinococcosis (HAE), which is caused by the larval stage of the Echinococcus multilocularis tapeworm, is an increasing healthcare issue in Hungary. Among the 40 known cases in the country, 25 were detected in the last five years. Our study aimed to reveal the geographically underlying risk factors associated potentially with these cases. We investigated the spatial pattern and the impact of potential risk factors of HAE by cluster analysis, and local and global regression models. Also, a questionnaire survey on the patients' lifestyle was implemented. We found two HAE hyperendemic foci in the country with very dissimilar biotic and climatic features, and controversial impact of different environmental factors. Four factors, viz. forest cover (β = 0.291, p < 0.0001), surface soil wetness (β = - 0.157, p = 0.033), fox infection rate (β = 0.369, p < 0.0001) and socio-economic development (β = - 0.216, p = 0.009), proved important countrywide. The most forested and the least developed districts showed the highest HAE risk. Among the patients, kitchen gardening (67.86%) and dog ownership (67.86%) seemed the riskiest activities. Our models detected an anomaly in one of the poorest regions of Hungary where all risk factors behaved contrary to that of the neighboring areas. This phenomenon was supposed to be the result of under-detection of the disease, and it called attention to the urgent priority of knowledge dissemination to the public and the healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Csulak
- Department of Surgery, Somogy County Teaching Hospital, Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Csivincsik
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary
| | - Tamás Sréter
- Laboratory Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Parasitology, National Center for Public Health and Pharmacy, Budapest, 1097, Hungary
| | - Norbert Solymosi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - József Danka
- Laboratory Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Parasitology, National Center for Public Health and Pharmacy, Budapest, 1097, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Káposztás
- Department of Surgery, Somogy County Teaching Hospital, Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nagy
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár Campus, Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary.
| | - Balázs Dezsényi
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation and Gastroenterology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1082, Hungary
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10
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European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). The European Union One Health 2023 Zoonoses report. EFSA J 2024; 22:e9106. [PMID: 39659847 PMCID: PMC11629028 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.9106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This report by the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of zoonoses monitoring and surveillance activities carried out in 2023 in 27 Member States (MSs), the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) and 10 non-MSs. Key statistics on zoonoses and zoonotic agents in humans, food, animals and feed are provided and interpreted historically. In 2023, the first and second most reported zoonoses in humans were campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis, respectively. For both agents, an increase in the absolute number of cases was observed in comparison with 2022. Fifteen MSs and the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) reached all the established targets in poultry populations with regard to the reduction in Salmonella prevalence for the relevant serovars. Salmonella samples from carcases of various animal species, and samples for Campylobacter quantification from broiler carcases, were more frequently positive when performed by the competent authorities than when own-checks were conducted. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) was the third most reported zoonotic agent in humans, followed by Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes and West Nile virus infections were the most severe zoonotic diseases, with the highest percentage of hospitalisations among cases and the highest case fatality rates. Twenty-seven MSs and the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) reported a slight decrease in food-borne outbreaks in 2023 overall in comparison with 2022, although the overall number of reported human cases and hospitalisations increased. Salmonella Enteritidis remained the most frequently reported causative agent for reported cases and food-borne outbreaks. Salmonella in 'eggs and egg products' was the agent/food pair of most concern. In 2023 this combination caused the largest number of outbreaks and cases among all agent/food combination and ranked second in number of hospitalisations. Salmonella was also the causative agent associated with the majority of multi-country outbreaks reported in the EU in 2023. This report also provides updates on brucellosis, echinococcosis, Q fever, rabies, toxoplasmosis, trichinellosis, tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis or M. caprae, and tularaemia.
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Tenzin C, Dendup T, Torgerson PR, Deplazes P, Zangmo S, Wangmo C, Tsheten T, Zangpo T. The burden and distribution of cystic echinococcosis in Bhutan: a retrospective study. Parasitology 2024; 151:1432-1440. [PMID: 39511989 PMCID: PMC12037339 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/15/2024]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus s.l. is a neglected zoonosis posing a significant public health challenge. Little is known about human CE in Bhutan. This study was conducted to gain an understanding of the burden, distribution, and potential risk factors of CE in Bhutan. From January 2015 to December 2019 data from Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital (JDWNRH) and 6 other district-level hospitals were reviewed. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. DALYs and Poisson regression models were used to estimate the burden and explore the relationship between cases and possible risk factors. A total of 159 cases were recorded. Most cases (145) were admitted to the surgical ward and 14 cases were referred to India. The average annual incidence was 4.4 cases per 100 000 population. The burden of disease was estimated to be approximately 39 DALYs per year for treatment-seeking cases, or possibly 80 DALYs per year including non-treatment seeking cases. This translates to approximately to 5.2 DALYs and 10.2 per 100 000 per year respectively. The commonest sites of infection were the liver (78%) and lungs (13%). Most cases were treated with surgery (>82%), and more than 47% were admitted to the hospital for >4 days. Policy interventions targeting community engagement, awareness, education, high risk occupational groups, females, and those living in the endemic districts of the central and western regions may yield larger gains. More studies and the institution of a surveillance system can help better guide policy interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tashi Dendup
- Save the Children International, Bhutan Country Office, Chang Geydaphu, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - P. R. Torgerson
- Section of Veterinary Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Medical and Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonam Zangmo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | | | - Tsheten Tsheten
- National Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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12
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Barosi R, Umhang G. Presence of Echinococcus eggs in the environment and food: a review of current data and future prospects. Parasitology 2024; 151:1416-1431. [PMID: 39428843 PMCID: PMC12052437 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/22/2024]
Abstract
Cystic and alveolar echinococcosis are considered the second and third most significant foodborne parasitic diseases worldwide. The microscopic eggs excreted in the feces of the definitive host are the only source of contamination for intermediate and dead-end hosts, including humans. However, estimating the respective contribution of the environment, fomites, animals or food in the transmission of Echinococcus eggs is still challenging. Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis seem to have a similar survival capacity regarding temperature under laboratory conditions. In addition, field experiments have reported that the eggs can survive several weeks to years outdoors, with confirmation of the relative susceptibility of Echinococcus eggs to desiccation. Bad weather (such as rain and wind), invertebrates and birds help scatter Echinococcus eggs in the environment and may thus impact human exposure. Contamination of food and the environment by taeniid eggs has been the subject of renewed interest in the past decade. Various matrices from endemic regions have been found to be contaminated by Echinococcus eggs. These include water, soil, vegetables and berries, with heterogeneous rates highlighting the need to acquire more robust data so as to obtain an accurate assessment of the risk of human infection. In this context, it is essential to use efficient methods of detection and to develop methods for evaluating the viability of eggs in the environment and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Barosi
- ANSES LRFSN, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Malzéville, France
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, University of Rouen Normandie, ESCAPE, Reims, France
| | - Gérald Umhang
- ANSES LRFSN, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Malzéville, France
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13
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Mihanovic I, Beck R, Petric M, Raskovic NM, Huljev AD, Perkovic D, Ivelja MP. The first case of alveolar echinococcosis from southern Croatia: progressive course of the disease in an immunocompromised patient. Germs 2024; 14:287-293. [PMID: 39776954 PMCID: PMC11703584 DOI: 10.18683/germs.2024.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
Introduction Alveolar echinococcosis is one of the most pathogenic zoonoses caused by the larval forms of Echinococcus multilocularis. It is endemic in central Europe, but from 2001 to 2018, eight European countries reported their first cases of alveolar echinococcosis. These numbers testify to unprecedented spread of the infection. Case report We report the first case of alveolar echinococcosis from southern Croatia that was incidentally found in an immunocompromised 70-year-old male patient. He was admitted to the hospital due to macrohematuria and renal insufficiency. Diagnostic assessment of kidney impairment revealed a large liver infiltration whose radiographic appearance was suspicious of a cancer. Nevertheless, histopathological and molecular analysis of the liver biopsy confirmed alveolar echinococcosis. The lesion was irresectable due to expansion along the major liver vessels. Therefore, conservative treatment with albendazole was started and the existing immunosuppressive therapy was modulated. The control imaging following 11 months of albendazole treatment showed regression of the lesions. Conclusions It is not clear whether this case was imported or autochthonous, but it is evident that the incidence of alveolar echinococcosis is rising in Europe. Due to its rareness and malignant nature of the disease, it is often misdiagnosed or diagnosed late when radical surgical treatment is impossible to perform. Clinicians should be aware of this emerging parasitic disease, especially in immunocompromised patients, because every delay in reaching the diagnosis seriously hampers therapeutic efficacy. Better therapeutic options and standardized guidelines on the modulation of immunosuppressive therapy in these patients are highly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mihanovic
- MD, Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital of Split, Soltanska 1, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Relja Beck
- MD, PhD, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marin Petric
- MD, PhD, Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology, Allergology, and Clinical Immunology Division, University Hospital of Split, HR-21000 Split, Croatia, and University of Split School of Medicine, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Natasa Males Raskovic
- MD, Diagnostic and Intervention Radiology Department, University Hospital of Split, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Dunatov Huljev
- MD, Pathology, Judicial Medicine and Cytology Department, University Hospital of Split, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Dijana Perkovic
- MD, PhD, Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology, Allergology, and Clinical Immunology Division, University Hospital of Split, HR-21000 Split, Croatia, and University of Split School of Medicine, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Mirela Pavicic Ivelja
- MD, PhD, Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital of Split, HR-21000 Split, Croatia, and University of Split School of Medicine, HR-21000 Split, Croatia, and University Department of Health Studies of the University of Split, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
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14
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Luo X, Jiang P, Ma J, Li Z, Zhou J, Wei X, A J, Chai J, Lv Y, Cheng P, Cao C, A X. Circulating free DNA as a diagnostic marker for echinococcosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1413532. [PMID: 39021627 PMCID: PMC11251952 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1413532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Echinococcosis is a chronic zoonotic disease caused by tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified encapsulated disease as one of 17 neglected diseases to be controlled or eliminated by 2050. There is no accurate, early, non-invasive molecular diagnostic method to detect echinococcosis. The feasibility of circulating free DNA as a diagnostic method for echinococcosis has yielded inconclusive results in a number of published studies. However, there has been no systematic evaluation to date assessing the overall performance of these assays. We report here the first meta-analysis assessing the diagnostic accuracy of cfDNA in plasma, serum, and urine for echinococcosis. Methods We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and WeiPu databases up to 17 January 2024, for relevant studies. All analyses were performed using RevMan 5.3, Meta-DiSc 1.4, Stata 17.0, and R 4.3.1 software. The sensitivity, specificity, and other accuracy indicators of circulating free DNA for the diagnosis of echinococcosis were summarized. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were performed to identify sources of heterogeneity. Results A total of 7 studies included 218 patients with echinococcosis and 214 controls (156 healthy controls, 32 other disease controls (non-hydatid patients), and 26 non-study-targeted echinococcosis controls were included). Summary estimates of the diagnostic accuracy of cfDNA in the diagnosis of echinococcosis were as follows: sensitivity (SEN) of 0.51 (95% CI: 0.45-0.56); specificity (SPE) of 0.99 (95% CI: 0.97-0.99); positive likelihood ratio (PLR) of 11.82 (95% CI: 6.74-20.74); negative likelihood ratio (NLR) of 0.57 (95% CI: 0.41-0.80); diagnostic ratio (DOR) of 36.63 (95% CI: 13.75-97.59); and area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96-1.00). Conclusion Existing evidence indicates that the combined specificity of circulating cfDNA for echinococcosis is high. However, the combined sensitivity performance is unsatisfactory due to significant inter-study heterogeneity. To strengthen the validity and accuracy of our findings, further large-scale prospective studies are required.Systematic review registrationThe systematic review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews PROSPERO [CRD42023454158]. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Luo
- Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
| | | | | | - Zian Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Jianwu Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
| | | | - Jide A
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Jinping Chai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Yanke Lv
- Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | | | | | - Xiangren A
- Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
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15
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Sun T, Yang N, Li L, Zhang X, Liu H, Kusuman N, Chu J, Lü G, Aji T, Bi X, Lin R. sCD155 as a potential marker for diagnosing the vascular invasion in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Acta Trop 2024; 255:107203. [PMID: 38604326 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar Echinococcosis (AE) is a malignant zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis infection. Considering whether the lesion is accompanied by vascular invasion (VI) is crucial for treatment strategies. A cost-effective and convenient clinical diagnostic method is urgently needed to supplement current techniques. Consequently, we detected soluble CD155 (sCD155) as a potential biomarker for diagnosing VI in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE). METHODS Blood samples were from 42 AE patients and 49 healthy controls (HCs). Based on the computed tomography (CT) and contrast-enhanced CT, AE patients were further categorized into HAE with VI (VIAE; 27 cases) and HAE without VI (NVAE; 15 cases). The sCD155 concentration was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Correlations between sCD155 expression levels and clinicopathological features of AE patients were analyzed using SPSS and GraphPad Prism software. RESULTS The sCD155 concentrations in AE patients were significantly higher than in HCs. The serum sCD155 level significantly differed between the VIAE and NVAE groups. The univariate analysis showed that VI of AE was significantly correlated with the sCD155 level when the sCD155 was greater than 11 ng/mL. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the multivariable analysis showed that sCD155 had an independent effect on VI of HAE. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that sCD155 could differentially diagnose VI of HAE at the cut-off value of 11.08 ng/mL with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.75. The sensitivity and specificity were 74.07 % and 66.67 %, respectively; the positive and negative predictive values were 74.07 % and 60.00 %, respectively. CONCLUSION The sCD155 could be a VI biomarker for HAE. Elevated sCD155 levels are indicative of an increased likelihood of concomitant VI in HAE patients, necessitating a thorough evaluation of vascular impairment and the formulation of individualized management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Nuerbaiti Kusuman
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Jin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Guodong Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Tuerganaili Aji
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Diseases, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, PR China.
| | - Xiaojuan Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China.
| | - Renyong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China.
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16
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Khuroo MS, Khuroo NS, Rather AA. A Case Series and Literature Review of Alveolar Echinococcosis in Kashmir, India: An Emerging Endemic Zone for Echinococcus multilocularis. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:794. [PMID: 39063549 PMCID: PMC11277966 DOI: 10.3390/life14070794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A prospective study on 110 patients with echinococcosis at Dr. Khuroo's Medical Clinic, Srinagar, Kashmir, India, from March 2019 to April 2024 identified 12 cases (4 males, 8 females; mean age of 46.58 ± 11.97 years) of Alveolar echinococcosis (AE). Two patients were detected through ultrasound examinations carried out for unrelated causes; one presented with features of liver abscess, and nine had pain in the right upper quadrant for a mean period of 2.2 ± 1.79 years. All had the liver as the primary organ involved, with 15 tumor masses of a mean maximum diameter of 9.22 ± 3.21 cm and volume of 426 ± 374.61 cm3. Tumors placed centrally had invaded vessels and the biliary tract in eight patients, and those placed peripherally had invaded the liver capsule and adjacent organs in nine patients. Histologic examination of liver biopsies or resected organs revealed necrotic lesions, calcifications, and granulomatous inflammation with slender, thin-walled vesicles of bizarre configuration that stained strongly eosinophilic with periodic acid Schiff. Two patients had segmental liver resections; one was treated with liver aspiration, while the other nine with advanced disease received chemotherapy with albendazole along with praziquantel. Patients showed clinical improvement on a median follow-up of 12 months (range 1 to 60 months); however, MRI T2-weighted images and 18F-FDG-PET-CECT scans in two patients showed active disease on follow-up at one and five years, respectively. A systematic review detected 146 cases of AE in India from 1980 to April 2024. Twenty cases were from foreign countries, mostly from Central Asian republics, and 118 (93.65%) of the remaining 126 Indian patients were permanent residents of Kashmir Valley. The disease affected a population of 79,197 residing in 22 villages from 5 border districts of the valley. These villages were either high in or adjacent to the Himalayan mountain range. Disease prevalence in the affected population was 146.47/105 (males 131.53/105 and females 163.18/105) and the incidence was 12.41/105/year (males 11.16/105/year and females 13.81/105/year). Possible causes of the emergence of AE are discussed, and future directions for research to face this challenge arebeen identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sultan Khuroo
- Digestive Diseases Centre, Dr. Khuroo’s Medical Clinic, Kashmir, Srinagar 190010, India;
| | - Naira Sultan Khuroo
- Digestive Diseases Centre, Dr. Khuroo’s Medical Clinic, Kashmir, Srinagar 190010, India;
| | - Ajaz Ahmad Rather
- Department of Surgery and Registrar Academics, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences Medical College and Hospital, Bemina, Kashmir, Srinagar 190010, India;
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17
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Aydin Y, Ulas AB, Aksungur N, Eroglu A. Surgical Approach in the Pulmonary Alveolar Echinococcus. Arch Bronconeumol 2024; 60:385-387. [PMID: 38461111 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2024.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yener Aydin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Ali Bilal Ulas
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Nurhak Aksungur
- Department of General Surgery, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Atilla Eroglu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Toews E, Musiani M, Smith A, Checkley S, Visscher D, Massolo A. Risk factors for Echinococcus multilocularis intestinal infections in owned domestic dogs in a North American metropolis (Calgary, Alberta). Sci Rep 2024; 14:5066. [PMID: 38429417 PMCID: PMC10907371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Human alveolar echinococcosis is increasingly documented in Alberta, Canada. Its causative agent, Echinococcus multilocularis (Em), can be transmitted to humans by infected dogs. We assessed the prevalence and associated risk factors for Em infections in domestic dogs in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. In this cross-sectional study that coupled collection and assessment of dog feces with a survey on potential risk factors, 13 of 696 (Bayesian true prevalence, 2.4%; 95% CrI: 1.3-4.0%) individual dogs' feces collected during August and September 2012 were qPCR positive for Em. Sequencing two of these cases indicated that both were from the same Em European strain responsible for human infections in Alberta. Likelihood of intestinal Em was 5.6-times higher in hounds than other breeds, 4.6-times higher in dogs leashed at dog parks than those allowed off-leash, 3.1-times higher in dogs often kept in the backyard during spring and summer months than those rarely in the yard, and 3.3-times higher in dogs living in neighbourhoods bordering Bowmont park than those in other areas of Calgary. This situation warrants surveillance of dog infections as a preventative measure to reduce infections in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Toews
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marco Musiani
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anya Smith
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sylvia Checkley
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Darcy Visscher
- Department of Biology, The King's University, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Volta 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.
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Delling C, Helm C, Heinze P, Friedman M, Böttcher D. First report of infection with metacestode stages of Echinococcus multilocularis in a kulan ( Equus hemionus kulan) from Slovakia. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 22:80-83. [PMID: 37736617 PMCID: PMC10509565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
While the principle definitive host of the zoonotic cestode Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe is the red fox, several rodent species act as main intermediate hosts. Among others, e.g., humans, dogs, and pigs, also horses have been described to act as aberrant hosts in highly endemic regions. Here, a case of an E. multilocularis infection in a kulan (Equus hemionus kulan) is described. The five years old kulan from a zoo in Slovakia was transported to an animal park in Germany. The animal had to be euthanized within a few weeks after the import due to its poor general state of health. The pathological examination revealed a nodular mass in the liver as an incidental finding. By histological examination of the mass, a pyogranulomatous and necrotizing inflammation and intralesional fragments of amorphous eosinophil layers were detected. The suspected diagnosis of E. multilocularis infection was confirmed by PCR addressing parts of the genes 12S rRNA and the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2, showing very high identities with isolates from France, Slovakia and the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Delling
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christiane Helm
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peggy Heinze
- Tierpark Chemnitz, Nevoigtstraße 18, 09117, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Miroslava Friedman
- Zoologická záhrada Košice, Ulica k Zoologickej záhrade 1, 040 01, Košice-Kavečany, Slovakia
| | - Denny Böttcher
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Weber TF, Mokry T, Stojkovic M. Echinococcoses - A Primer for Radiologists. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2023; 195:1106-1121. [PMID: 37467780 DOI: 10.1055/a-2114-1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) echinococcoses are zoonotic parasitoses that may pose diagnostic problems due to their relative rarity in Middle Europe. METHODS Based on a recent literature search and the observation of casuistics from a national echinococcosis treatment center, epidemiological, radiological, and therapeutic fundamentals are presented and important differences between AE and CE are discussed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION AE and CE must be regarded as completely different diseases, which differ from each other in every significant aspect. This applies not only to the epidemiological background of the patients but also to the biology of the diseases and their respective imaging features. KEY POINTS · AE and CE are very distinct from one another and must be considered separately.. · AE is endemic in Middle Europe and is known as malignant parasitosis due to its destructive growth form.. · CE is primarily seen in Middle Europe in individuals with migration background and has a rather benign character.. CITATION FORMAT · Weber TF, Mokry T, Stojkovic M. Die Echinokokkosen - Einblicke aus Sicht der Radiologie. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2023; 195: 1106 - 1121.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Frederik Weber
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theresa Mokry
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
- Radiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marija Stojkovic
- Tropical Medicine, Department of Infectiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). The European Union One Health 2022 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J 2023; 21:e8442. [PMID: 38089471 PMCID: PMC10714251 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This report by the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of the zoonoses monitoring and surveillance activities carried out in 2022 in 27 Member States (MSs), the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) and 11 non-MSs. Key statistics on zoonoses and zoonotic agents in humans, food, animals and feed are provided and interpreted historically. In 2022, the first and second most reported zoonoses in humans were campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis, respectively. The number of cases of campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis remained stable in comparison with 2021. Nineteen MSs and the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) achieved all the established targets in poultry populations for the reduction of Salmonella prevalence for the relevant serovars. Salmonella samples from carcases of various animal species, and samples for Campylobacter quantification from broiler carcases, were more frequently positive when performed by the competent authorities than when own checks were conducted. Yersiniosis was the third most reported zoonosis in humans, followed by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Listeria monocytogenes infections. L. monocytogenes and West Nile virus infections were the most severe zoonotic diseases, with the most hospitalisations and highest case fatality rates. In 2022, reporting showed an increase of more than 600% compared with 2021 in locally acquired cases of human West Nile virus infection, which is a mosquito-borne disease. In the EU, the number of reported foodborne outbreaks and cases, hospitalisations and deaths was higher in 2022 than in 2021. The number of deaths from outbreaks was the highest ever reported in the EU in the last 10 years, mainly caused by L. monocytogenes and to a lesser degree by Salmonella. Salmonella and in particular S. Enteritidis remained the most frequently reported causative agent for foodborne outbreaks. Norovirus (and other calicivirus) was the agent associated with the highest number of outbreak human cases. This report also provides updates on brucellosis, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), echinococcosis, rabies, toxoplasmosis, trichinellosis, infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (focusing on Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae) and tularaemia.
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Furtado Jost R, Müller N, Marreros N, Moré G, Antoine L, Basso W, Frey CF. What is the role of Swiss domestic cats in environmental contamination with Echinococcus multilocularis eggs? Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:353. [PMID: 37807080 PMCID: PMC10561489 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05983-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the domestic cat as definitive host for Echinococcus multilocularis and thus in environmental contamination with eggs has not yet been entirely resolved. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of E. multilocularis and other gastrointestinal parasites in Swiss domestic cats and to compare the diagnostic sensitivity of different methods for the detection of intestinal taeniid infection. METHODS Faecal samples from 146 cats were included in the study. Faecal samples only were available from 55 cats; for the other 91 cats, necropsy was performed in addition to faecal sample testing. All (n = 146) faecal samples were analysed by a combined sedimentation/flotation technique (44% ZnCl2) and by the sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin (SAF) sedimentation technique; when sufficient material was available (n = 121 samples) the Baermann-Wetzel technique was also used. Additionally, all samples were analysed by two coproantigen (copro)-quantitative PCRs (qPCR): (i) a multiplex qPCR able to detect and differentiate between E. multilocularis, Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Taenia spp./other cestodes (CEST-qPCR) and (ii) an E. multilocularis-specific qPCR (EM-qPCR). Finally, the intestines were examined macroscopically and microscopically for parasite stages at necropsy (n = 91) and using an intestinal scraping technique (IST) (n = 64). RESULTS Of the 146 cats examined, 24 (17.1%) were infected by intestinal parasites, namely Hydatigera (syn. Taenia) taeniaeformis (8.9%), Toxocara cati (6.1%), Capillaria sp. (3.4%), hookworms (3.4%), Mesocestoides litteratus (1.4%), Giardia sp. (1.4%), Cystoisospora rivolta (1.4%), Cystoisospora felis (0.7%), Toxoplasma gondii (0.7%), Hammondia hammondi (0.7%) and Strongyloides sp. (0.7%). Necropsy and the IST revealed adult H. taeniaeformis in 12 animals, of which eight faecal samples were positive by the CEST-qPCR (sensitivity = 67%) and six samples by the sedimentation/flotation technique (sensitivity = 50%). No E. multilocularis infection was detected in the sampled cats. Using Bayesian latent class analysis, the mean posterior prevalence probability was 0.0% (95% confidence interval 0-0.83%) for E. multilocularis. CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence of E. multilocularis infection among the 146 cats examined, suggesting that the prevalence of this parasite is low (< 1%) in the Swiss domestic cat population. Nonetheless, some of the sampled cats were infected by parasites that have rodents as intermediate hosts, demonstrating successful predation by these cats, and some were infected with zoonotic parasites. Cats therefore should not be disregarded as potential hosts for E. multilocularis and other zoonotic parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Furtado Jost
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nelson Marreros
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Länggasse 85, 3052, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Gastón Moré
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Loic Antoine
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Walter Basso
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Caroline F Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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23
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Ma T, Wang Q, Hao M, Xue C, Wang X, Han S, Wang Q, Zhao J, Ma X, Wu X, Jiang X, Cao L, Yang Y, Feng Y, Gongsang Q, Scheffran J, Fang L, Maude RJ, Zheng C, Ding F, Wu W, Jiang D. Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors for cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in China: an analysis of a national population-based field survey. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:181. [PMID: 37270512 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis are neglected tropical diseases that WHO has prioritized for control in recent years. Both diseases impose substantial burdens on public health and the socio-economy in China. In this study, which is based on the national echinococcosis survey from 2012 to 2016, we aim to describe the spatial prevalence and demographic characteristics of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis infections in humans and assess the impact of environmental, biological and social factors on both types of the disease. METHODS We computed the sex-, age group-, occupation- and education level-specific prevalences of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis at national and sub-national levels. We mapped the geographical distribution of echinococcosis prevalence at the province, city and county levels. Finally, by analyzing the county-level echinococcosis cases combined with a range of associated environmental, biological and social factors, we identified and quantified the potential risk factors for echinococcosis using a generalized linear model. RESULTS A total of 1,150,723 residents were selected and included in the national echinococcosis survey between 2012 and 2016, of whom 4161 and 1055 tested positive for cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, respectively. Female gender, older age, occupation at herdsman, occupation as religious worker and illiteracy were identified as risk factors for both types of echinococcosis. The prevalence of echinococcosis was found to vary geographically, with areas of high endemicity observed in the Tibetan Plateau region. Cystic echinococcosis prevalence was positively correlated with cattle density, cattle prevalence, dog density, dog prevalence, number of livestock slaughtered, elevation and grass area, and negatively associated with temperature and gross domestic product (GDP). Alveolar echinococcosis prevalence was positively correlated with precipitation, level of awareness, elevation, rodent density and rodent prevalence, and negatively correlated with forest area, temperature and GDP. Our results also implied that drinking water sources are significantly associated with both diseases. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of geographical patterns, demographic characteristics and risk factors of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in China. This important information will contribute towards developing targeted prevention measures and controlling diseases from the public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ma
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mengmeng Hao
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chuizhao Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shuai Han
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiangshan Zhao
- Xingjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Xianglin Wu
- Ningxia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaming Yang
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Quzhen Gongsang
- Tibet Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Jürgen Scheffran
- Institute of Geography, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, University of Hamburg, 20144, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Liqun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Richard James Maude
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Canjun Zheng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Fangyu Ding
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Weiping Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Dong Jiang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carrying Capacity Assessment for Resource and Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, China.
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24
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Kwiedor I, Kratzer W, Schlingeloff P, Schmidberger J. [Spread and Development of Alveolar Echinococcosis in Germany, 1992-2018]. DAS GESUNDHEITSWESEN 2023; 85:258-265. [PMID: 34872118 PMCID: PMC11248785 DOI: 10.1055/a-1670-7485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
GOAL OF THE STUDY Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a rare parasitosis caused by the pathogen Echinococcus multilocularis. There is an increase in the number of cases in many countries. The aim of the study was to investigate the current prevalence and the change in the geographical distribution pattern. METHODOLOGY Data were collected retrospectively for the period 1992-2018 using the registered cases in the national disease register for AE in Germany. Statistical analysis was performed using the SAS statistical analysis system version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, N.C., USA). RESULTS The study population of n=569 patients included n=322 (56,59%) women and n=247 (43,40%) men. The mean average age of patients with alveolar echinococcosis at first presentation was 53,90±17,54 years (median: 56,00 years). The Moran's I test statistic showed a positive spatial autocorrelation for the period 1992-2018 corresponding to a heterogeneous distribution of disease cases in Germany (I=0,4165; Z=10,9591, p=0,001). An increase in age- and sex-specific prevalence could be determined for the entire study period (1992-2018). The overall prevalence in the period 1992-2018 was 0,71 cases per 100,000 population. The determination of the prevalence for the period 1992-2018 resulted in 0,31 cases for men and 0,40 cases for women per 100,000 population. In the period 1992-1996, no AE cases had been registered in 11/16 (68,8%) federal states (Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein und Thüringen). The evaluation recently shows an increased occurrence of cases in the federal states of Hessen, Rheinland-Pfalz and Nordrhein-Westfalen. CONCLUSIONS The analysis shows a rise in prevalence and an increasing number of cases outside the classic endemic areas of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Kwiedor
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Ulm,
Ulm, Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Ulm,
Ulm, Deutschland
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25
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Visscher DR, Toews E, Pattison J, Walker PD, Kemna C, Musiani M, Massolo A. Host spatiotemporal overlap in a park with high endemicity of Echinococcus multilocularis. FRONTIERS IN PARASITOLOGY 2023; 2:1161108. [PMID: 39816820 PMCID: PMC11732005 DOI: 10.3389/fpara.2023.1161108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2025]
Abstract
Background There has been a spate of recent cases of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in Alberta, Canada. Alveolar echinococcosis is caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, which is prevalent among coyote populations and present in domestic dogs in Alberta. Methods and results Using qPCR, we estimated the seasonal fecal prevalence of E. multilocularis in coyotes and dogs in a multiuse recreation area close to Edmonton, Alberta, where we also setup remote cameras to model seasonal changes in the overlap in temporal activity and the spatial intensity of use among coyotes, humans, and dogs, as a proxy of potential transmission. We detected E. multilocularis in 18 of 137 wild canid feces and none in 44 dog feces. After correcting for the qPCR test's sensitivity and specificity, we estimated at 15.7% (9.7-22.7%, 95% CrI) the true fecal prevalence for coyotes. Temporal overlap between coyotes and both humans and dogs increased in the fall and winter relative to the spring and summer. Coyote intensity of use showed seasonal variations and was higher on maintained trails and locations closer to visitor parking and at sites with high intensity of dog use. Conclusions Our results reinforce the need of an integrated approach, typical of both One-Health and Eco-Health, to park management for minimizing the likelihood of transmission where human and dog activity results in significant overlap with the one of the natural definitive hosts of zoonotic parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy R. Visscher
- Department of Biology, The King’s University, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Biological Science, University of AB, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Emilie Toews
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jesse Pattison
- Department of Biology, The King’s University, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Philip D. Walker
- Department of Biological Science, University of AB, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Colborne Kemna
- Department of Biology, The King’s University, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marco Musiani
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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26
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Guo B, Zhao L, Zhao L, Mi R, Zhang X, Wang B, Guo G, Ren Y, Qi W, Zhang Z. Survey and Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto from Livestock and Humans in the Altai Region of Xinjiang, China. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010134. [PMID: 36678482 PMCID: PMC9866323 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the metacestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.), is an important zoonotic parasite, endemic in the Altai region of China. It is a serious human health risk and causes livestock losses. To evaluate the prevalence, genetic variation, and population structure of CE, 2898 sheep and 703 cattle were examined from October 2019 to mid-February 2020 in the Altai region (Altai, Habahe, Fuhai, and Buerjin). Sheep had an infection rate of 4.52% (131/2898) and cattle had an infection rate of 4.84% (34/703). In total, 180 cyst isolates were obtained, including 131 sheep, 34 cattle, and 15 from CE human patients. The cysts were investigated using mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (cox1). Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) results showed that, among the two genotypes of E. granulosus s.s., there were 22 different haplotypes (Haps). Phylogenetic analysis and parsimony network indicated that seventeen (77.27%) Haps belonged to the sheep strain (G1 genotype) and five Haps (22.73%) belonged to the buffalo strain (G3 genotype). Hap3 was the most common haplotype (65.00%, 112/180), which belongs to the G1 genotype. Hap18−Hap22 were found in human samples, indicating that sheep and cattle reservoirs of human CE. Molecular diversity indices revealed the high levels of haplotype diversity and relatively low levels of nucleotide diversity. Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs tests displayed that the Altai population had a significant deviation from neutrality. Based on pairwise fixation index (Fst) values, a low level of genetic differentiation was found between the populations of E. granulosus s.s. isolated from different regions. The present survey findings represent an epidemiological survey of CE in the Altai region where there were two genotypes simultaneously and will provide more information on the genetic structure of E. granulosus s.s. within this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830013, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 Xi Chang‘an Avenue, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Rongsheng Mi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830013, China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830013, China
| | - Gang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Wenjing Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830013, China
- Correspondence:
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Differentiation of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis with a hemangioma-like pattern compared to typical liver hemangioma using contrast-enhanced ultrasound: a pilot study. Infection 2023; 51:159-168. [PMID: 35776381 PMCID: PMC9879800 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Echinococcus multilocularis infects humans as a false intermediate host, primarily with intrahepatic manifestation. Incorrect diagnostic interpretation of these liver tumors, especially the hemangioma-like pattern, can lead to progressive disease. The aim of the study was to investigate the differentiation of typical hemangioma and a hemangioma-like pattern of E. multilocularis using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). METHODS This prospective clinical pilot study comprised patients with hemangioma (n = 14) and patients with alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and hemangioma-like pattern (n = 7). Inclusion criteria were the detection of a liver lesion according to a hemangioma-like pattern on E. multilocularis Ulm classification-ultrasound (EMUC-US) and "confirmed" or "probable" AE according to WHO case definition. The comparison group had hepatic hemangioma with typical B-scan sonographic morphology. All participants underwent conventional and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. RESULTS The patient group comprised five men (71.4%) and two women (28.6%) with a mean average age of 64.1 ± 11.2 years. The patient group with hemangioma comprised nine female subjects (64.3%) and five male subjects (35.7%) with a mean average age of 56.1 ± 12.0 years. Early arterial bulbous ring enhancement (p < 0.0001) and iris diaphragm phenomenon could only be visualized in the patients with hemangioma (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the patients with hemangioma exhibited hyperenhancement in the late phase (p = 0.0003). In contrast, the patients exhibited typical early arterial rim enhancement (p < 0.0001) and, in the portal venous and late phase, complete or incomplete non-enhancement (black hole sign; p = 0.0004). CONSLUSION The behavior of hemangioma-like AE lesions and typical liver hemangiomas is significantly different on CEUS. AE should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis, especially in high-endemic areas.
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Guo Q, Wang M, Zhong K, Li J, Jiang T, Ran B, Shalayiadang P, Zhang R, Tuergan T, Aji T, Shao Y. Application of hepatic lobe hyperplasia techniques in the treatment of advanced hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: a single-centre experience. BMC Surg 2022; 22:415. [PMID: 36474286 PMCID: PMC9724394 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-022-01864-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to investigate clinical efficiency and application indications of hepatic lobe hyperplasia techniques for advanced hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (AE) patients. METHODS A retrospective case series covering 19 advanced hepatic AE patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from September 2014 to December 2021 and undergoing hepatic lobe hyperplasia techniques due to insufficient remnant liver volume were analyzed. Changes of liver function, lesions volume, remnant liver volume, total liver volume before and after operation have been observed. RESULTS Among the patients, 15 underwent portal vein embolization (PVE). There was no statistical difference in total liver volume and lesions volume before and after PVE (P > 0.05). However, the remnant liver volume was significantly increased after PVE (P < 0.05). The median monthly increase rate in future liver remnant volume (FLRV) after PVE stood at 4.49% (IQR 3.55-7.06). Among the four patients undergoing two-stage hepatectomy (TSH), FLRV was larger than that before the first stage surgery, and the median monthly increase rate in FLRV after it stood at 3.34% (IQR 2.17-4.61). Despite no statistical difference in total bilirubin (TBil), albumin (Alb), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in all patients with PVE, four patients who underwent TSH showed a decrease in ALT, AST and GGT. During the waiting process before the second stage operation, no serious complications occurred in all patients. CONCLUSIONS For patients suffering from advanced hepatic AE with insufficient FLRV, PVE and TSH are safe and feasible in promoting hepatic lobe hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- grid.412631.3Department of Hepatobiliary and Echinococcosis Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China ,Clinical Medical Research Center of Echinococcosis and Hepatobiliary Disease of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Maolin Wang
- grid.412631.3Department of Hepatobiliary and Echinococcosis Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China ,Clinical Medical Research Center of Echinococcosis and Hepatobiliary Disease of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Kai Zhong
- grid.412631.3Department of Hepatobiliary and Echinococcosis Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China ,Clinical Medical Research Center of Echinococcosis and Hepatobiliary Disease of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Jialong Li
- grid.412631.3Department of Hepatobiliary and Echinococcosis Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China ,Clinical Medical Research Center of Echinococcosis and Hepatobiliary Disease of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Tiemin Jiang
- grid.412631.3Department of Hepatobiliary and Echinococcosis Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China ,Clinical Medical Research Center of Echinococcosis and Hepatobiliary Disease of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Bo Ran
- grid.412631.3Department of Hepatobiliary and Echinococcosis Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China ,Clinical Medical Research Center of Echinococcosis and Hepatobiliary Disease of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Paizula Shalayiadang
- grid.412631.3Department of Hepatobiliary and Echinococcosis Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China ,Clinical Medical Research Center of Echinococcosis and Hepatobiliary Disease of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Ruiqing Zhang
- grid.412631.3Department of Hepatobiliary and Echinococcosis Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China ,Clinical Medical Research Center of Echinococcosis and Hepatobiliary Disease of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Talaiti Tuergan
- grid.412631.3Department of Hepatobiliary and Echinococcosis Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China ,Clinical Medical Research Center of Echinococcosis and Hepatobiliary Disease of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Tuerganaili Aji
- grid.412631.3Department of Hepatobiliary and Echinococcosis Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China ,Clinical Medical Research Center of Echinococcosis and Hepatobiliary Disease of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Yingmei Shao
- grid.412631.3Department of Hepatobiliary and Echinococcosis Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China ,Clinical Medical Research Center of Echinococcosis and Hepatobiliary Disease of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830054 Xinjiang China
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European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Zancanaro G. Annual assessment of Echinococcus multilocularis surveillance reports submitted in 2022 in the context of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2018/772. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07686. [PMID: 36570348 PMCID: PMC9773726 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This report is part of the Echinococcus multilocularis surveillance scientific reports which are presented annually by EFSA to the European Commission and are intended to assess the sampling strategy, data collection and detection methods used by Finland, Ireland, United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) and Norway in their respective surveillance programmes. The surveillance programmes of these four countries were evaluated by checking the information submitted by each of them and verifying that the technical requirements were fulfilled as laid down in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2018/772 of 21 November 2017 supplementing Regulation (EU) No 576/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to preventive health measures for the control of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in dogs, and repealing Delegated Regulation (EU) No 1152/2011. The information was divided into four different categories for assessment: the type and sensitivity of the detection method, the selection of the target population, the sampling strategy and the methodology. For each category, the main aspects that need to be considered in order to accomplish the technical requirements of the legislation were checked against compliance of several criteria. Three of the countries participating in this surveillance (Finland, Ireland and Norway (mainland)) succeeded in the fulfilment of the technical legal requirements foreseen in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2018/772 concerning these four different categories. United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) fulfils those requirements, only assuming a diagnostic test sensitivity value of 0.99 (value provided by the national reference laboratory, higher than the conservative sensitivity value suggested by EFSA, i.e. 0.78). None of the four countries recorded positive samples in the 12-month reporting period.
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European Food Safety Authority, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. The European Union One Health 2021 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07666. [PMID: 36524203 PMCID: PMC9745727 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This report of the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of zoonoses monitoring and surveillance activities carried out in 2021 in 27 MSs, the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) and nine non-MSs. Key statistics on zoonoses and zoonotic agents in humans, food, animals and feed are provided and interpreted historically. In 2021, the first and second most reported zoonoses in humans were campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis, respectively. Cases of campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis increased in comparison with 2020, but decreased compared with previous years. In 2021, data collection and analysis at the EU level were still impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and the control measures adopted in the MSs, including partial or total lockdowns. Sixteen MSs and the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) achieved all the established targets in poultry populations for reduction in Salmonella prevalence for the relevant serovars. Salmonella samples from carcases of various animal species and samples for Campylobacter quantification from broiler carcases were more frequently positive when performed by the competent authorities than when own-checks were conducted. Yersiniosis was the third most reported zoonosis in humans, followed by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Listeria monocytogenes infections. L. monocytogenes and West Nile virus infections were the most severe zoonotic diseases, with the most hospitalisations and highest case fatality rates. Overall, MSs reported more foodborne outbreaks and cases in 2021 than in 2020. S. Enteritidis remained the most frequently reported causative agent for foodborne outbreaks. Salmonella in 'eggs and egg products' and in 'mixed foods' were the agent/food pairs of most concern. Outbreaks linked to 'vegetables and juices and products thereof' rose considerably compared with previous years. This report also provides updates on brucellosis, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), echinococcosis, rabies, toxoplasmosis, trichinellosis, tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis or M. caprae, and tularaemia.
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First detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in Bosnia and Herzegovina. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY: PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2022; 19:269-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wang LY, Qin M, Gavotte L, Wu WP, Cheng X, Lei JX, Yan J, Frutos R. Societal drivers of human echinococcosis in China. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:385. [PMID: 36271415 PMCID: PMC9587573 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcosis is a parasitic zoonotic disease that threatens human health and economic development. In China, 370 counties are endemic for echinococcosis. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has the most patients and people at risk. Therefore, analyzing the societal factors related to susceptibility to the disease is critical for efficient prevention and control of echinococcosis. METHODS The demographic characteristics and lifestyle of echinococcosis cases were clustered using K-means cluster analysis to determine the main factors of risk of echinococcosis. RESULTS Middle-aged and young people as well as those with a low education level and herdsmen are at risk of contracting echinococcosis. Nomadism, domestic and feral dogs in the surrounding environment, and drinking heavily polluted natural surface water are the main behavioral risk factors. The cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) cluster analysis focused on female, middle-aged, and young people, winter settlement and summer nomadism, and domestic and feral dogs in the surrounding environment. There were significant differences in lifestyle between Qinghai-Tibet Plateau cases and non-Qinghai-Tibet-Plateau cases. CONCLUSION According to the distribution of cases and CE and AE, this study identified the factors of risk of echinococcosis in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and non-Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Adapted control techniques appropriate for the various epidemic areas should be established to serve as a reference for echinococcosis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Wang
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research), Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic DiseasesWHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical DiseasesNational Centre for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control, Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa, China.,Espace-Dev, UMR 228, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Cirad, UMR 17, Intertryp, Campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Min Qin
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research), Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic DiseasesWHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical DiseasesNational Centre for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Laurent Gavotte
- Espace-Dev, UMR 228, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Wei-Ping Wu
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research), Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic DiseasesWHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical DiseasesNational Centre for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xixi Cheng
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research), Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic DiseasesWHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical DiseasesNational Centre for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xi Lei
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research), Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic DiseasesWHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical DiseasesNational Centre for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yan
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Roger Frutos
- Cirad, UMR 17, Intertryp, Campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.
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Anuk T, Çantay H. Determination of Factors Affecting Human Transmission of Echinococcus granulosus Parasite: A Case-control Study, Turkey. TURKIYE PARAZITOLOJII DERGISI 2022; 46:201-206. [PMID: 36094121 DOI: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2022.73792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Through this study we aimed to determine the risk factors affecting the transmission of Echinococcus granulosus to humans. METHODS This case-control study included a study group comprising of 107 people who underwent surgery for hydatid cyst and a control group comprising of 107 people. Place of living, age, and sex were taken as matching factors. A chi-square analysis was used for paired comparisons in the study. The variables that were significantly related in paired comparisons were included in the logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Hydatid cyst disease was seen 3.661 [confidence interval (CI) =1.650-8.123] times more often in individuals with an education period of 11 years or less compared to those with 12 years or above, 3.427 (CI=1.470-7.991) times more in those with a toilet outside the house compared to those with a toilet inside the house, and 5.540 (CI=2.088-14.697) times more in individuals who took a shower 8 times a month or less compared to those who take a shower 9 times or more. CONCLUSION Individuals with a low level of education and who do not pay attention to environmental and personal hygiene are at risk for hydatid cyst disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgut Anuk
- University of Health Sciences, Erzurum Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hasan Çantay
- Kafkas University Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Kars, Turkey
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Maimaitinijiati Y, AJi T, Jiang TM, Ran B, Shao YM, Zhang RQ, Guo Q, Wang ML, Wen H. Approaches to reconstruction of inferior vena cava by ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation in 114 patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:4351-4362. [PMID: 36159005 PMCID: PMC9453774 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i31.4351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is most commonly found in retrohepatic inferior vena cava (RHIVC). Ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation (ELRA) can better realize the radical resection of end-stage hepatic AE with severely compromised hepatocaval confluences, and reconstruction of the affected vessels. Currently, there is a scarcity of information regarding RHIVC reconstruction in ELRA.
AIM To propose reasonable RHICV reconstruction strategies for ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation.
METHODS We retrospectively summarized the clinical data of 114 patients diagnosed with hepatic AE who treated by ELRA in our department. A total of 114 patients were divided into three groups according to the different reconstruction methods of RHIVC: Group A with original RHIVC being repaired and reconstructed (n = 64), group B with RHIVC being replaced (n = 43), and group C with RHIVC being resected without reconstruction (n = 7). The clinical data of patients, including the operation time, anhepatic phase, intraoperative blood loss, complications and postoperative hospital stay, were analyzed and the patients were routinely followed up. The normally distributed continuous variables were expressed as means ± SD, whereas the abnormally distributed ones were expressed as median and analyzed by analysis of variance. Survival curve was plotted by the Kaplan-Meier method.
RESULTS All patients were routinely followed up for a median duration of 52 (range, 12-125) mo. The 30 d mortality rate was 7.0% (8/114) and 7 patients died within 90 d. Among all subjects, the inferior vena cava (IVC)-related complication rates were 17.5% (11/63) in group A and 16.3% (7/43) in group B. IVC stenosis was found in 12 patients (10.5%), whereas thrombus was formed in 6 patients (5.3%). Twenty-two patients had grade III or higher complications, with the complication rates being 17.2%, 16.3%, and 57.1% in the three groups. The average postoperative hospital stay in the three groups was 32.3 ± 19.8, 26.7 ± 18.2, and 51.3 ± 29.4 d (P = 0.03), respectively.
CONCLUSION ELRA can be considered a safe and feasible option for end-stage hepatic AE patients with RHIVC infiltration. The RHIVC reconstruction methods should be selected appropriately depending on the defect degree of AE lesions in IVC lumen. The RHIVC resection without any reconstruction method should be considered with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusufukadier Maimaitinijiati
- State Key Laboratory on Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Clinical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Tuerganaili AJi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Tie-Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory on Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Clinical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Bo Ran
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ying-Mei Shao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
- Xinjiang Organ Transplant Institution, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Rui-Qing Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Mao-Lin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory on Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, The First Clinical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
- Xinjiang Organ Transplant Institution, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
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Schmidberger J, Uhlenbruck J, Schlingeloff P, Maksimov P, Conraths FJ, Mayer B, Kratzer W. Dog Ownership and Risk for Alveolar Echinococcosis, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1597-1605. [PMID: 35850154 PMCID: PMC9328925 DOI: 10.3201/eid2808.212514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human alveolar echinococcosis is caused by the parasite Echinococcus multilocularis, and dog ownership has been identified as a risk factor. We sought to specify the factors of dog ownership underlying this risk by conducting a case–control study among dog owners in Germany. The analysis revealed an increased odds ratio of ≈7-fold for dog owners whose dogs roam unattended in fields, 13-fold for dog owners who feed their dogs organic waste daily, 4-fold for dog owners who take their dog to a veterinarian only in case of illness, and 10-fold for dog owners who have never been informed by a veterinarian about the risk for infection. The results highlight the risk for infection associated with various factors of dog ownership and the value of veterinarians informing owners about prevention.
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Comparative genomic analysis of Echinococcus multilocularis with other tapeworms. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhang T, Li B, Liu Y, Liu S. Risk Factors Associated With Echinococcosis in the General Chinese Population: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Front Public Health 2022; 10:821265. [PMID: 35655451 PMCID: PMC9152270 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.821265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echinococcosis is a severe zoonotic disease that imposes a substantial burden on human life. This meta-analysis aimed to summarize available data on the prevalence of human echinococcosis and identify the key risk factors for echinococcosis in the Chinese general population. Methods Relevant studies were comprehensively searched in the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chongqing VIP Information (VIP), Wanfang and SinoMed databases until August 22, 2020. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The I2 and Q statistics were calculated to evaluate the heterogeneity, and potential sources of heterogeneity were identified using sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis. Publication bias was estimated by funnel plots and Egger's test. Results A total of 1026 studies were identified through the database search, of which 26 were eligible for this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of AE and CE were 2.88% and 5.66%, respectively. Ethnicity (OR = 2.93, 95% CI: 1.81–4.75; I2 = 0), herdsman occupation (OR = 2.66, 95% CI: 2.25–3.14; I2 = 8.0%), not washing hands before meals (OR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.34–4.28; I2 = 82.8%) and being female (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.26–1.66; I2 = 33.9%) were risk factors for AE. The top five risk factors for CE were ethnicity (OR = 3.18, 95% CI: 1.55–6.52; I2 = 79.2%), nomadism (OR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.65–4.47; I2 = 55.8%), drinking nonboiled water (OR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.36–4.47; I2 = 85.7), feeding viscera to dogs (OR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.89–2.91; I2 = 21.5%), and herdsman occupation (OR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.67–2.86; I2 = 85.1%). Conclusions This study generalized articles that have contributed to our current understanding of the epidemic of human echinococcosis (AE and CE) in China over the years. The results support that the ethnicity and dog-related factors are major risk factors for both CE and AE. The identification of echinococcosis risk factors may aid researchers and policymakers in improving surveillance and preventive measures aimed at reducing Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Public Health, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yuying Liu
- Department of Public Health, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Shou Liu
- Department of Public Health, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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Sanna M, Antti O, Anu N, Antti S. Dispersal of taeniid eggs: Experimental faecal contamination of forest environment followed by DNA detection in wild berries. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 27:e00152. [PMID: 35479263 PMCID: PMC9035390 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand Taeniidae epidemiology, the principles of egg-dispersion dynamics under natural conditions must be known. In this study, non-zoonotic Taenia laticollis was used as a model parasite for the family Taeniidae (including Echinococcus spp.). An experiment to investigate dispersion from contaminated faeces to the surroundings was performed both with bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus) and lingonberries (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), both of which are commercially harvested wild berries in Finland. For this experiment, 30 g of fox faeces was inoculated with 30,000 T. laticollis eggs for the bilberry experiment and 100,000 eggs for the lingonberry experiment. The faecal material was placed in the middle of good berry growth areas in four locations for bilberries and eight locations for lingonberries. After 41–42 days, berries at different distances (0–15 m) from the original contamination spot were collected and delivered to our laboratory. DNA was extracted from washed and sieved material and analysed using T. laticollis-specific semi-quantitative SYBR Green real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Taenia laticollis-specific DNA was recovered from 67% (8/12) of bilberry samples but not reliably from any of the lingonberry samples 0% (0/24), although the exposure dose was higher for those. The qPCR results suggest that under natural conditions, taeniid egg dispersion from the contamination spot is demonstrated but attachment is berry specific. The surface of bilberries may be more adhesive for taeniid eggs than the waxier and harder pericarp of the lingonberries or there might be a difference in the dispersal mechanism caused by different biotopes.
Experimental dispersal of non-zoonotic taeniid eggs was used as a model for pathogenic Taeniidae as Echinococcus spp. Taeniid DNA was detected from wild bilberries under natural conditions after over a month from different distances. Parasitic egg dispersal was evident to bilberries but not to the lingonberries.
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Porter E, Seguin MA, Estrada M, Szlosek D, Massolo A, Visscher DR. Assessing the potential for infections of Echinococcus multilocularis in dogs in a hotspot of human alveolar echinococcosis infections in North America. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 29:100704. [PMID: 35256128 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis is a zoonotic tapeworm, whose metacestode larval stage is the etiological agent for alveolar echinococcosis in humans and is a parasite of emerging concern according to the World Health Organization which is difficult to diagnose and has a case mortality rate of >90% when left untreated. Echinococcus multilocularis requires two mammalian hosts to complete its lifecycle: wild and domestic canids as definitive hosts, and small mammals (mostly rodents) as intermediate ones. Because of their close relations with humans, domestic dogs have been indicated as a mean of infection to people. Human alveolar echinococcosis has historically been rare in North America, however, since 2013, at least seventeen diagnoses have been confirmed in Alberta, Canada. Because of this unprecedented series of cases, assessing the frequency of infections in dogs in Alberta is key to estimate risk for dog owners and animal health professionals. This study was carried out in Edmonton to determine the frequency of E. multilocularis infection in domestic dogs and potential risk factors. Fecal samples and corresponding behavior risk surveys were collected from 775 dogs in seven urban off-leash parks within Edmonton city limits during the summer of 2020. A quantitative PCR fecal test was used to diagnose E. multilocularis infection. We found a single case of E. multilocularis infection (1/775) and determined that the overall true prevalence was 0.2% (95% CrI: 0.0-0.7%) corrected for detection sensitivity and specificity. Overall, these findings confirm the presence of E. multilocularis infection in domestic dogs in Edmonton although further work is required to fully understand the risk factors that may contribute to infection and potential transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Porter
- Department of Biology, The King's University, 9125 50 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6B 2H3, Canada
| | - M Alexis Seguin
- IDEXX Reference Laboratories, Inc, Westbrook, ME 04092, United States of America
| | - Marko Estrada
- IDEXX Reference Laboratories, Inc, Westbrook, ME 04092, United States of America
| | - Donald Szlosek
- IDEXX Reference Laboratories, Inc, Westbrook, ME 04092, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Volta 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada; UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Darcy R Visscher
- Department of Biology, The King's University, 9125 50 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6B 2H3, Canada; Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences Bldg., Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333CR Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Liu T, Li H, Li Y, Wang L, Chen G, Pu G, Guo X, Cho WC, Fasihi Harandi M, Zheng Y, Luo X. Integrative Analysis of RNA Expression and Regulatory Networks in Mice Liver Infected by Echinococcus multilocularis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:798551. [PMID: 35399512 PMCID: PMC8989267 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.798551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The larvae of Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis, which poses a great threat to the public health. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the host and parasite interactions are still unclear. Exploring the transcriptomic maps of mRNA, miRNA and lncRNA expressed in the liver in response to E. multilocularis infection will help us to understand its pathogenesis. Using liver perfusion, different cell populations including the hepatic cells, hepatic stellate cells and Kupffer cells were isolated from mice interperitoneally inoculated with protoscoleces. Their transcriptional profiles including lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs were done by RNA-seq. Among these cell populations, the most differentially-expressed (DE) mRNA, lncRNAs and miRNAs were annotated and may involve in the pathological processes, mainly including metabolic disorders, immune responses and liver fibrosis. Following the integrative analysis of 38 differentially-expressed DEmiRNAs and 8 DElncRNAs, the lncRNA-mRNA-miRNA networks were constructed, including F63-miR-223-3p-Fbxw7/ZFP36/map1b, F63-miR-27-5p-Tdrd6/Dip2c/Wdfy4 and IFNgAS1-IFN-γ. These results unveil the presence of several potential lncRNA-mRNA-miRNA axes during E. multilocularis infection, and further exploring of these axes may contribute to better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guoliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guiting Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaola Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Yadong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuenong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
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Graeter T, Schmidberger J. Stage-Oriented CT Classification and Intermodal Evolution Model in Hepatic Alveolar Echinococcosis. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2022; 194:532-544. [PMID: 35081647 PMCID: PMC9133419 DOI: 10.1055/a-1710-3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is one of the most dangerous human parasitoses. The main site of disease manifestation is the liver (about 98 %). The Echinococcus Multilocularis Ulm Classification for Computed Tomography (EMUC-CT), presented in 2016, was the first compilation of CT morphological criteria of hepatic AE. Studies based on EMUC-CT made it possible to draw conclusions about the development of the lesions in the course of disease beyond purely diagnostic typing. Among the most important findings of these precursor studies was that EMUC-CT type IV presented as an initial lesion, whereas EMUC-CT type III lesions were mostly associated with an advanced disease constellation. An intermodal view of image morphological criteria provides further multi-layered indications for lesion evolution. Method With the “Alveolar Echinococcosis Ulm Classification” (AEUC), a revision of the previous EMUC-CT was carried out with stage-oriented reorganization of the primary morphologies. Furthermore, an intermodal classification scheme for the evolution of hepatic AE lesions based on AEUC, MRI Kodama classification, and aspects of ultrasound could be outlined. Results The first stage-oriented CT classification of hepatic AE “AEUC” is based with respect to its lesion characterization on the separate consideration of two classification pillars, the five “primary morphologies”, AEUC I–V (AEUC II–IV with subcriteria) and the five “patterns of calcification”. In addition, an intermodal classification scheme presents five stages of lesion evolution: “initial stage”, “progressive stage”, “advanced stage”, “transitional stage” and “regressive stage”. Conclusion The imaging modalities differ with respect to their visualization of lesion criteria. This underlines the need for unimodal classification systems. Staging of an AE lesion can be done more accurately by evaluating different modalities. Key Points: Citation Format
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilmann Graeter
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Germany
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Yang HC, Xing ZK, Shao H, Tan XW, Wang EQ, Liao Y, Chen HJ, Wu XW, Chen XL, Zhang SJ. The expression of cytokeratin and apoptosis-related molecules in echinococcosis related liver injury. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 248:111455. [PMID: 35016896 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the expression of cytokeratin and apoptosis-related molecules in the livers of two types of hepatic echinococcosis mice models and to preliminarily explore the relationship between the expression of cytokeratin and apoptosis in echinococcosis related liver injury. We established a mouse model infected by Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis and observed the expression of cytokeratin and apoptosis related proteins in the two types of hepatic echinococcosis tissues during different stages by immunohistochemical staining. A co-culture model was established using normal hepatocytes and different concentrations of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis protoscoleces. Cell Counting Kit-8 was used to detect cell proliferation, flow cytometry was used to detect hepatocyte apoptosis, and western blot was used to quantify cytokeratin and apoptosis-related proteins, such as caspase3, caspase9, Bcl-2, and Bax. Surgical specimens were obtained from patients with hepatic echinococcosis to analyze the expressions of cytokeratin, caspase3, caspase9, Bcl-2, and Bax by western blot. The expressions of cytokeratin and caspase3 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The qRT-PCR method was used to determine the expression of CK8 and CK18 in the liver tissues. In vivo experiments showed that compared to that in the control group, the cytokeratin and caspase3 proteins in the liver tissues of the two types of hepatic echinococcosis were strongly expressed around the lesions of liver echinococcosis; there was a difference between cytokeratin expression of the two different echinococcosis parasites in the liver. Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis in the co-culture model in vitro could promote the expression of CK, caspase3, caspase9, and Bax protein, decrease the expression of Bcl-2, promote hepatocyte apoptosis, and inhibit cell proliferation; in clinical samples, we found that compared with that in the normal tissues, the expression of cytokeratin, caspase3, caspase9, and Bax in echinococcus tissues was high, but that in Bcl-2 was low. Furthermore, the expression of CK8 and CK18 mRNA were higher in echinococcus tissues than that in the normal tissues and immunohistochemistry analysis also showed that cytokeratin and caspase3 levels were higher in echinococcus tissues than that in the normal tissues. The expression of cytokeratin and apoptosis-related molecules, reflecting liver damage, is high in the liver and is caused due to hepatic echinococcosis. This study provides the first evidence of cytokeratin could be useful for evaluating liver tissue damage caused by echinococcus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Yang
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China
| | - Z K Xing
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China
| | - H Shao
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China
| | - X W Tan
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China
| | - E Q Wang
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China
| | - Y Liao
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China
| | - H J Chen
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China
| | - X W Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China
| | - X L Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - S J Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China.
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Tian F, Jiang T, Qi X, Zhao Z, Li B, Aibibula M, Min H, Zhang J, Liu Y, Ma X. Role of Cytokines on the Progression of Liver Fibrosis in Mice Infected with Echinococcus multilocularis. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 14:5651-5660. [PMID: 34992391 PMCID: PMC8714463 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s344508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver fibrosis is a significant pathological change of Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis) infection. This study aimed to explore the role of cytokines on the progression of liver fibrosis in mice infected with E. multilocularis. Methods Liver histopathological features at 2, 8, 30, 90 and 180 d were quantified by inflammatory severity score. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, fibrosis-related cytokines and hepatic cell apoptosis were measured using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results At the early stage of infection, parasite stimulation triggers the rapid recruitment of immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils. These infiltrated immune cells then produce a large number of cytokines, such as iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase), a pro-inflammatory cytokine; TGF-β (transforming growth factor) activated HSCs (hepatic stellate cells) to promote the proliferation of fibroblasts and secretion of ECM (extracellular matrix); MMP9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9) degraded basal ECM and facilitated its replacement by a highly dense interstitial matrix. At the middle and late stages of infection, the expression of IL-10 (interleukin-10) with general inhibitory effect was increased. The imbalance of fiber formation and degradation aggravated liver fibrosis. Meanwhile, the whole process of E. multilocularis infection was accompanied by the necrosis and apoptosis of hepatic cells. Conclusion Along with the expansion of parasitic infection, dynamic changes in cytokine expression were observed on the liver fibrosis progression, which is helpful to provide some new ideas for the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis in mice infected with E. multilocularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Animal Experiment Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Madinaimu Aibibula
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyue Min
- School of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiumin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, People's Republic of China.,School of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, People's Republic of China
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Weingartner M, Stücheli S, Jebbawi F, Gottstein B, Beldi G, Lundström-Stadelmann B, Wang J, Odermatt A. Albendazole reduces hepatic inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum-stress in a mouse model of chronic Echinococcus multilocularis infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0009192. [PMID: 35030165 PMCID: PMC8794265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a rising zoonotic disease in the northern hemisphere. Treatment of this fatal disease is limited to chemotherapy using benzimidazoles and surgical intervention, with frequent disease recurrence in cases without radical surgery. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying E. multilocularis infections and host-parasite interactions ultimately aids developing novel therapeutic options. This study explored an involvement of unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum-stress (ERS) during E. multilocularis infection in mice. METHODS E. multilocularis- and mock-infected C57BL/6 mice were subdivided into vehicle, albendazole (ABZ) and anti-programmed death ligand 1 (αPD-L1) treated groups. To mimic a chronic infection, treatments of mice started six weeks post i.p. infection and continued for another eight weeks. Liver tissue was then collected to examine inflammatory cytokines and the expression of UPR- and ERS-related genes. RESULTS E. multilocularis infection led to an upregulation of UPR- and ERS-related proteins in the liver, including ATF6, CHOP, GRP78, ERp72, H6PD and calreticulin, whilst PERK and its target eIF2α were not affected, and IRE1α and ATF4 were downregulated. ABZ treatment in E. multilocularis infected mice reversed, or at least tended to reverse, these protein expression changes to levels seen in mock-infected mice. Furthermore, ABZ treatment reversed the elevated levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ in the liver of infected mice. Similar to ABZ, αPD-L1 immune-treatment tended to reverse the increased CHOP and decreased ATF4 and IRE1α expression levels. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE AE caused chronic inflammation, UPR activation and ERS in mice. The E. multilocularis-induced inflammation and consecutive ERS was ameliorated by ABZ and αPD-L1 treatment, indicating their effectiveness to inhibit parasite proliferation and downregulate its activity status. Neither ABZ nor αPD-L1 themselves affected UPR in control mice. Further research is needed to elucidate the link between inflammation, UPR and ERS, and if these pathways offer potential for improved therapies of patients with AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weingartner
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Stücheli
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fadi Jebbawi
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Guido Beldi
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Junhua Wang
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Pinello KC, Palmieri C, Ruiz J, Zaidan Dagli ML, Niza-Ribeiro J. Risks and benefits of the interaction with companion animals. One Health 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822794-7.00012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Prevalence and spatial distribution characteristics of human echinococcosis in China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009996. [PMID: 34962928 PMCID: PMC8789093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by larval stages of cestodes belonging to the genus Echinococcus. The infection affects people’s health and safety as well as agropastoral sector. In China, human echinococcosis is a major public health burden, especially in western China. Echinococcosis affects people health as well as agricultural and pastoral economy. Therefore, it is important to understand the prevalence status and spatial distribution of human echinococcosis in order to advance our knowledge of basic information for prevention and control measures reinforcement. Methods Report data on echinococcosis were collected in 370 counties in China in 2018 and were used to assess prevalence and spatial distribution. SPSS 21.0 was used to obtain the prevalence rate for CE and AE. For statistical analyses and mapping, all data were processed using SPSS 21.0 and ArcGIS 10.4, respectively. Chi-square test and Exact probability method were used to assess spatial autocorrelation and spatial clustering. Results A total of 47,278 cases of echinococcosis were recorded in 2018 in 370 endemic counties in China. The prevalence rate of human echinococcosis was 10.57 per 10,000. Analysis of the disease prevalence showed obvious spatial positive autocorrelation in globle spatial autocorrelation with two aggregation modes in local spatial autocorrelation, namely high-high and low-high aggregation areas. The high-high gathering areas were mainly concentrated in northern Tibet, western Qinghai, and Ganzi in the Tibetan Autonomous Region and in Sichuan. The low-high clusters were concentrated in Gamba, Kangma and Yadong counties of Tibet. In addition, spatial scanning analysis revealed two spatial clusters. One type of spatial clusters included 71 counties in Tibet Autonomous Region, 22 counties in Qinghai, 11 counties in Sichuan, three counties in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, two counties in Yunnan, and one county in Gansu. In the second category, six types of spatial clusters were observed in the counties of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the Qinghai, Gansu, and Sichuan Provinces. Conclusion This study showed a serious prevalence of human echinococcosis with obvious spatial aggregation of the disease prevalence in China. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the "hot spot" area of human echinococcosis in China. Findings from this study indicate that there is an urgent need of joint strategies to strengthen efforts for the prevention and control of echinococcosis in China, especially in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by larval stages of cestodes belonging to the genus Echinococcus. In China, human echinococcosis is a major public health burden, especially in western China. Therefore, it is important to understand the prevalence status and spatial distribution of human echinococcosis in order to provide basic information for prevention and control measures reinforcement. To describe the distribution and analyze the prevalence and spatial distribution characteristics of human echinococcosis in China, report data of echinococcosis were collected in 370 counties in 2018. For the year 2018, there were 47,278 cases of echinococcosis recorded in 370 endemic counties in China. Analysis of the disease prevalence showed obvious spatial positive autocorrelation in global spatial autocorrelation with two aggregation modes in local spatial autocorrelation, namely high-high and low-high aggregation areas. The high-high gathering areas were mainly concentrated in northern Tibet, western Qinghai, and Ganzi in the Tibetan Autonomous Region and in Sichuan. This study showed obvious spatial aggregation of human echinococcosis prevalence in China. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the "hot spot" area of human echinococcosis in China. Such findings indicate that here is an urgent need of joint strategies to strengthen efforts for the prevention and control of echinococcosis in China, especially in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
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European Food Safety Authority, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. The European Union One Health 2020 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06971. [PMID: 36329690 PMCID: PMC9624447 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This report of the EFSA and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of zoonoses monitoring activities carried out in 2020 in 27 EU Member States (MS) and nine non-MS. Key statistics on zoonoses and zoonotic agents in humans, food, animals and feed are provided and interpreted historically. Two events impacted 2020 MS data collection and related statistics: the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU. In 2020, the first and second most reported zoonoses in humans were campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis, respectively. The EU trend for confirmed human cases of these two diseases was stable (flat) from 2016 to 2020. Fourteen of the 26 MS reporting data on Salmonella control programmes in poultry met the reduction targets for all poultry categories. Salmonella results for carcases of various species performed by competent authorities were more frequently positive than own-checks conducted by food business operators. This was also the case for Campylobacter quantification results from broiler carcases for the MS group that submitted data from both samplers, whereas overall at EU level, those percentages were comparable. Yersiniosis was the third most reported zoonosis in humans, with 10-fold less cases reported than salmonellosis, followed by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Listeria monocytogenes infections. Illnesses caused by L. monocytogenes and West Nile virus infections were the most severe zoonotic diseases with the highest case fatality. In 2020, 27 MS reported 3,086 foodborne outbreaks (a 47.0% decrease from 2019) and 20,017 human cases (a 61.3% decrease). Salmonella remained the most frequently reported causative agent for foodborne outbreaks. Salmonella in 'eggs and egg products', norovirus in 'crustaceans, shellfish, molluscs and products containing them' and L. monocytogenes in 'fish and fish products' were the agent/food pairs of most concern. This report also provides updates on tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium caprae, Brucella, Trichinella, Echinococcus, Toxoplasma, rabies, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) and tularaemia.
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Chen J, Wei L, Chen TW, Li R, Zhang XM, Deng CM, Zhang Y, Xiong J, Li XZ, Li ZH. Triphase contrast-enhanced CT to evaluate indications for autologous liver transplantation in patients with end-stage hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22096. [PMID: 34764382 PMCID: PMC8586367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous liver transplantation (ALT) to cure end-stage hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) requires that hepatobiliary surgeons understand the invasion of intrahepatic structure and adjacent tissues or organs. Triphase contrast-enhanced CT of the liver has been widely used for diagnosis and preoperative evaluation of HAE. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction allows for accurate measurement of remnant liver volume (RLV). The objective of the study was to evaluate value of triphase contrast-enhanced CT together with 3D reconstruction in preoperative evaluation of indications for ALT in patients with end-stage HAE. This cohort include twenty-one consecutive patients with end-stage HAE, who preoperatively underwent triphase enhanced CT together with 3D reconstruction for ALT. To depict the indications, the 2D image data were reviewed statistically focusing on porta hepatis invasion, retrohepatic vena cava (RHVC) involvement and degrees of intrahepatic vessel invasion, and the 3D reconstruction was performed to obtain ratio of RLV to standard liver volume (SLV). The results showed that 95.24% patients (20/21) had porta hepatis invasion. When lesions located in right liver lobe, porta hepatis invasion occurred most commonly in the second and third porta hepatis (7/10), whereas the first, second and third porta hepatis were most commonly invaded by lesions in the right and caudate / left medial liver lobes (7/11) (P < 0.05). The mean value of longitudinal invasion of RHVC was 8.0 cm, and 95.2% (20/21) of patients had RHVC invasion with ≥ 180° circumferential invasion. As for the important vascular events, moderate and severe invasion occurred most commonly in the right hepatic vein, right branch of portal vein and RHVC each in 95.2% (20/21) patients (P < 0.05). We also found that preoperative CT had a good agreement with intraoperative findings in assessing intrahepatic vascular involvement by HAE (kappa index = 0.77). The estimated average ratio of RLV to SLV was 0.95 (range, 0.43-1.62). In conclusion, the 2D contrast-enhanced CT could well depict anatomic location and size of HAE, and invasion of porta hepatis and vascular by this disease, and involvement of other adjacent organs and tissues. Above all, 3D reconstruction could accurately measure RLV in patients with end-stage HAE for ALT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 1# Maoyuan Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Radiology, Ganzi Hospital, West China Hospital of Sichuan University (Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital), 94# Xida Road, Kangding, Ganzi, 626000, Sichuan, China
| | - Tian-Wu Chen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 1# Maoyuan Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Rui Li
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 1# Maoyuan Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 1# Maoyuan Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Chun-Mei Deng
- Department of Radiology, Ganzi Hospital, West China Hospital of Sichuan University (Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital), 94# Xida Road, Kangding, Ganzi, 626000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Ganzi Hospital, West China Hospital of Sichuan University (Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital), 94# Xida Road, Kangding, Ganzi, 626000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of Radiology, Ganzi Hospital, West China Hospital of Sichuan University (Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital), 94# Xida Road, Kangding, Ganzi, 626000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xian-Zhong Li
- Department of Radiology, Ganzi Hospital, West China Hospital of Sichuan University (Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital), 94# Xida Road, Kangding, Ganzi, 626000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Li
- Department of Radiology, Ganzi Hospital, West China Hospital of Sichuan University (Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital), 94# Xida Road, Kangding, Ganzi, 626000, Sichuan, China
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European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Zancanaro G. Annual assessment of Echinococcus multilocularis surveillance reports submitted in 2021 in the context of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2018/772. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06945. [PMID: 34824646 PMCID: PMC8600939 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This report is part of the Echinococcus multilocularis surveillance scientific reports which are presented annually by EFSA to the European Commission and are intended to assess the sampling strategy, data collection and detection methods used by Finland, Ireland, United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) and Norway in their respective surveillance programmes. The surveillance programmes of these four countries were evaluated by checking the information submitted by each of them and verifying that the technical requirements were fulfilled as laid down in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2018/772 of 21 November 2017 supplementing Regulation (EU) No 576/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to preventive health measures for the control of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in dogs, and repealing Delegated Regulation (EU) No 1152/2011. The information was divided in four different categories for assessment: the type and sensitivity of the detection method, the selection of the target population, the sampling strategy and the methodology. For each category, the main aspects that need to be considered in order to accomplish the technical requirements of the legislation were checked against compliance of several criteria. Three of the countries participating in this surveillance (Finland, Ireland and Norway (mainland)) succeeded in the fulfilment of the technical legal requirements foreseen in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2018/772 concerning these four different categories. Northern Ireland did not fulfil those requirements, not even assuming a diagnostic test sensitivity value of 0.99 (value provided by the national reference laboratory, higher than the conservative sensitivity value suggested by EFSA, i.e. 0.78). None of the four countries recorded positive samples in the 12-month reporting period.
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Schmidt-Hellerau K, Reiners K, Yagdiran A, Friedrichs N, Fischer J, Fätkenheuer G, Lehmann C, Jung N. Alveolar echinococcosis as a cause of vertebral osteomyelitis and soft tissue infection with recurrent cutaneous fistula formation. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 114:31-33. [PMID: 34715358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis is endemic in Germany. However, alveolar echinococcosis is a rare disease. Most commonly the parasite affects the liver, behaving like a malignant tumour. Bones are affected in less than 2% of cases. We report a case of vertebral osteomyelitis accompanied by recurrent cutaneous fistula formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Schmidt-Hellerau
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Reiners
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Infection Control Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ayla Yagdiran
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicolaus Friedrichs
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Pathology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Fischer
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerd Fätkenheuer
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Clara Lehmann
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Norma Jung
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany
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