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Shao C, Li X. Technologies for Fabricating Large-Size Diffraction Gratings. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 25:1990. [PMID: 40218504 PMCID: PMC11991516 DOI: 10.3390/s25071990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2025] [Accepted: 03/13/2025] [Indexed: 04/14/2025]
Abstract
Large-size diffraction gratings have played an important role in modern scientific fields such as inertial confinement fusion, large-aperture astronomical telescopes, and high-precision immersion lithography machines with long-stroke displacement stages. However, due to the large size and high accuracy requirements of gratings, and considering the need for high efficiency and low cost, the fabrication of large gratings is extremely difficult. This paper reviews the fabrication technologies for large diffraction gratings, including grating tiling technology, grating ruling technology, single-exposure lithography, optical mosaic grating technology, and scanning beam interference lithography. It introduces the basic principles, representative research, and research progress of these technologies, analyzes their advantages and current problems, and provides reference for the development and optimization of the fabrication technologies of large diffraction gratings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinghui Li
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
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Le Camus A, Coic H, Blanchot N, Bouillet S, Lavastre E, Mangeant M, Rouyer C, Néauport J. Impact of compression grating phase modulations on beam over-intensities and downstream optics on PETAL facility. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:7426-7440. [PMID: 35299505 DOI: 10.1364/oe.449397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chirped pulse amplification has been widely implemented in high power laser chains. It consists of a set of diffraction gratings used to stretch and compress short laser pulses. In the case of high power laser chains, the compression stage is followed by the transport mirror in order to carry the laser beam to its final target. In such laser chains, laser beams propagate over a complex set of optical components and understanding the propagation of phase noise turns out to be of crucial importance. Phase modulation can induce laser damage on the final optical components. Here, we study the impact of phase modulation induced by the different diffraction gratings of the Petawatt Aquitaine Laser (PETAL) compressor on the downstream over-intensities, in particular on the transport mirror. This work allows us to quantify the impact of phase modulation for every single grating element in the compression stage, and to estimate the quantity of laser induced damage sites on transport optics for a specific laser shot.
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Liu J, Shen X, Du S, Li R. Multistep pulse compressor for 10s to 100s PW lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:17140-17158. [PMID: 34154263 DOI: 10.1364/oe.424356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-energy tens (10s) to hundreds (100s) petawatt (PW) lasers are key tools for exploring frontier fundamental researches such as strong-field quantum electrodynamics (QED), and the generation of positron-electron pair from vacuum. Recently, pulse compressor became the main obstacle on achieving higher peak power due to the limitation of damage threshold and size of diffraction gratings. Here, we propose a feasible multistep pulse compressor (MPC) to increase the maximum bearable input and output pulse energies through modifying their spatiotemporal properties. Typically, the new MPC including a prism pair for pre-compression, a four-grating compressor (FGC) for main compression, and a spatiotemporal focusing based self-compressor for post-compression. The prism pair can induce spatial dispersion to smooth and enlarge the laser beam, which increase the maximum input and output pulse energies. As a result, as high as 100 PW laser with single beam or more than 150 PW through combining two beams can be obtained by using MPC and current available optics. This new optical design will simplify the compressor, improve the stability, and save expensive gratings/optics simultaneously. Theoretically, the output pulse energy can be increased by about 4 times using the MPC method in comparison to a typical FGC. Together with the multi-beam tiled-aperture combining method, the proposed tiled-grating based tiled-aperture method, larger gratings, or negative chirp pulse based self-compression method, several 100s PW laser beam is expected to be obtained by using this MPC method in the future, which will further extend the ultra-intense laser physics research fields.
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Liu J, Shen X, Si Z, Wang C, Zhao C, Liang X, Leng Y, Li R. In-house beam-splitting pulse compressor for high-energy petawatt lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:22978-22991. [PMID: 32752549 DOI: 10.1364/oe.398668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One of the most significant bottlenecks in achieving kilojoule-level high-energy petawatt (PW) to hundreds-petawatt (100PW) lasers is the requirement of as large as meter-sized gratings so as to avoid the laser-induced damage in the compressor. High-quality meter-sized gratings have so far been difficult to manufacture. This paper proposes a new in-house (intra-) beam-splitting compressor based on the property that the damage threshold of gratings depends on the pulse duration. The proposed scheme will simultaneously improve the stability, save on expensive gratings, and simplify compressor size because the split beams share the first two parallel gratings. Furthermore, as the transmitted wavefront of a glass plate can be better and more precisely controlled than the diffraction wavefront of a large grating, we propose glass plates with designed transmitted wavefront to compensate for the wavefront distortion introduced by the second and third gratings, and other in-house optics, such as the beam splitter. This simple and economical method can compensate for the space-time distortion in the compressor, and thus improve focal intensity, which otherwise cannot be compensated by a deformable mirror outside the compressor. Together with a multi-beam tiled-aperture combining scheme, the proposed novel compressor provides a new scheme for achieving high-energy PW-100PW lasers or even exawatt lasers with relatively small gratings in the future.
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Yang G, Qi X, Mi X, Zhang S, Yu H, Yu H, Li X, Yang S. Numerical calculation of the mosaic error between mosaic gratings. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:4048-4054. [PMID: 32400680 DOI: 10.1364/ao.389274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The theoretical calculation model for a mosaic error was established based on the plane equation for a grating surface and the relationship equation for a mosaic grating surface. A mosaic grating was obtained based on this model. In the experiment, the mosaic error was calculated based on the diffraction wavefronts of two groups of mosaic gratings that were obtained simultaneously with a Zygo interferometer. The difference between the wavefront of the mosaic grating and the average wavefront of the mosaic grating element was 0.031λ. The maximum far-field intensity of the mosaic grating was 90% of that without an error. This model provides a theoretical basis for the numerical mosaic between gratings. In addition, the mosaic error can be calculated with this model, and the quality of the mosaic grating can be evaluated.
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Wang D, Leng Y. Simulating a four-channel coherent beam combination system for femtosecond multi-petawatt lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:36137-36153. [PMID: 31873399 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.036137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We simulate a four-channel coherent beam combination (CBC) system designed for femtosecond petawatt lasers. Typical behavior characteristics of the CBC system are revealed. Key parameters relevant to engineering are identified. A simple automatic alignment method is also demonstrated with the virtual CBC system. This work may benefit relevant projects around the world.
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Modeling and Analysis of High-Power Ti:sapphire Laser Amplifiers–A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9122396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have introduced several factors that can be useful for the modeling and analysis of high-power Ti:sapphire laser amplifiers. The amplification model includes the phase distortion effect caused by the atomic phase shift (APS) in gain medium and the thermal-induced phase distortion effect caused by the high-average-power amplification. We have provided an accurate amplification model for the development of ultra-high-intensity and high-average-power lasers.
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Coïc H, Airiau JP, Blanchot N, Bordenave E, Rouyer C. Modeling of the petawatt PETAL laser chain using Miró code. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:9491-9501. [PMID: 29216063 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.009491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Miró software has been used intensively to simulate the Laser Megajoule (LMJ) with the treatment of amplification, frequency conversion, and both temporal/spatial smoothing of the beam for nanosecond pulses. We show that the software is able to model most relevant aspects of the petawatt PETAL laser chain in the subpicosecond regime, from the front-end to the focal spot with a broadband treatment of the amplification and compression stages, including chromatism compensation in the laser chain, segmentation and recombination of the beams on the second compression stage, and focusing by an off-axis parabola.
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Blanchot N, Béhar G, Chapuis JC, Chappuis C, Chardavoine S, Charrier JF, Coïc H, Damiens-Dupont C, Duthu J, Garcia P, Goossens JP, Granet F, Grosset-Grange C, Guerin P, Hebrard B, Hilsz L, Lamaignere L, Lacombe T, Lavastre E, Longhi T, Luce J, Macias F, Mangeant M, Mazataud E, Minou B, Morgaint T, Noailles S, Neauport J, Patelli P, Perrot-Minnot E, Present C, Remy B, Rouyer C, Santacreu N, Sozet M, Valla D, Laniesse F. 1.15 PW-850 J compressed beam demonstration using the PETAL facility. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:16957-16970. [PMID: 28789195 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.016957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Petawatt Aquitaine Laser (PETAL) facility was designed and constructed by the French Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA) as an additional PW beamline to the Laser MegaJoule (LMJ) facility. PETAL energy is limited to 1 kJ at the beginning due to the damage threshold of the final optics. In this paper, we present the commissioning of the PW PETAL beamline. The first kJ shots in the amplifier section with a large spectrum front end, the alignment of the synthetic aperture compression stage and the initial demonstration of the 1.15 PW @ 850 J operations in the compression stage are detailed. Issues encountered relating to damage to optics are also addressed.
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Miquel JL, Lion C, Vivini P. The Laser Mega-Joule : LMJ & PETAL status and Program Overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/688/1/012067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Li Z, Li S, Wang C, Xu Y, Wu F, Li Y, Leng Y. Stable and near Fourier-transform-limit 30fs pulse compression with a tiled grating compressor scheme. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:33386-33395. [PMID: 26832003 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.033386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of meter-sized-gratings limits the rapid development of worldwide femtosecond ultra-intense lasers with 10PW or higher peak power, and the grating tiling method is an alternative to this problem. But the unreliability and complexity of the traditional grating tiling, which has already been widely used in picosecond Petawatt lasers, challenges its application in femtosecond ultra-intense lasers for wider bandwidth and more sensitive grating attitude. In this paper, we demonstrate an experiment to compress an 800nm centered nanosecond deep-chirped-pulse to around 30fs by an object-image-grating self-tiling compressor, to the best of our knowledge, which is the shortest pulse compressed by a tiled grating compressor. Both the compression pulse and the focal spot are stable and close to the theoretical limits. We believe it is a feasible solution to the grating-size-limited problem for recent femtosecond 10PW Ti:sapphire or OPCPA laser projects.
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Qiao J, Papa J, Liu X. Spatio-temporal modeling and optimization of a deformable-grating compressor for short high-energy laser pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:25923-25934. [PMID: 26480107 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.025923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Monolithic large-scale diffraction gratings are desired to improve the performance of high-energy laser systems and scale them to higher energy, but the surface deformation of these diffraction gratings induce spatio-temporal coupling that is detrimental to the focusability and compressibility of the output pulse. A new deformable-grating-based pulse compressor architecture with optimized actuator positions has been designed to correct the spatial and temporal aberrations induced by grating wavefront errors. An integrated optical model has been built to analyze the effect of grating wavefront errors on the spatio-temporal performance of a compressor based on four deformable gratings. A 1.5-meter deformable grating has been optimized using an integrated finite-element-analysis and genetic-optimization model, leading to spatio-temporal performance similar to the baseline design with ideal gratings.
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Blanchot N, Behar G, Berthier T, Busserole B, Chappuis C, Damiens-Dupont C, Garcia P, Granet F, Grosset-Grange C, Goossens JP, Hilsz L, Laborde F, Lacombe T, Laniesse F, Lavastre E, Luce J, Macias F, Mazataud E, Miquel J, Néauport J, Noailles S, Patelli P, Perrot-Minot E, Present C, Raffestin D, Remy B, Rouyer C, Valla D. Overview of PETAL, the multi-Petawatt project in the LMJ facility. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20135907001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Li Z, Wang T, Xu G, Li D, Yu J, Ma W, Zhu J, Chen L, Dai Y. Research on potential problems of object image grating self-tiling for applications in large aperture optical systems. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:718-725. [PMID: 23385912 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Object image grating self-tiling reduces difficulties of obtaining an ideal grating tiling condition by eliminating three tiling errors in six within a tiled grating. However, this may bring two potential problems: higher requirements of adjustment accuracy and maintaining stability. To examine the application values of this grating tiling configuration, the performance of object image grating self-tiling and traditional grating tiling configurations on accuracy and stability are compared theoretically and experimentally. Adjustment accuracy requirements of two grating tiling configurations are calculated, a comparative experiment of long-term stabilities is demonstrated, and relevant theoretical simulation analyses are developed to explain the experiment results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Laser and Plasma, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Shanghai, China
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Azih LC, Broussard BL, Phadnis MA, Heslin MJ, Eloubeidi MA, Varadarajulu S, Arnoletti JP. Endoscopic ultrasound evaluation in the surgical treatment of duodenal and peri-ampullary adenomas. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:511-5. [PMID: 23382629 PMCID: PMC3558574 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i4.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for predicting depth of mucosal invasion and to analyze outcomes following endoscopic and transduodenal resection.
METHODS: Records of 111 patients seen at our institution from November 1999 to July 2011 with the post-operative pathological diagnosis of benign ampullary and duodenal adenomas were reviewed. Records of patients who underwent preoperative EUS for diagnostic purposes were identified. The accuracy of EUS in predicting the absence of muscular invasion was assessed by comparing EUS reports to the final surgical pathological results. In addition, the incidence of the post-operative complications over a period of 30 d and the subsequent long-term outcome (recurrence) over a period of 30 mo associated with endoscopic and transduodenal surgical resection was recorded, compared and analyzed.
RESULTS: Among 111 patients with benign ampullary and duodenal adenomas, 47 underwent preoperative EUS for 29 peri-ampullary lesions and 18 duodenal lesions. In addition, computed tomography was performed in 18 patients, endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography in 10 patients and esophagogastroduodenoscopy in 22 patients. There were 43 patients with sporadic adenomas and 4 patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)/other polyposis syndromes. In 38 (81%, P < 0.05) patients, EUS reliably identified absence of submucosal and muscularis invasion. In 4 cases, EUS underestimated submucosal invasion that was proven by pathology. In the other 5 patients, EUS predicted muscularis invasion which could not be demonstrated in the resected specimen. EUS predicted tumor muscularis invasion with a specificity of 88% and negative predictive value of 90% (P < 0.05). Types of resection performed included endoscopic resection in 22 cases, partial duodenectomy in 9 cases, transduodenal ampullectomy with sphincteroplasty in 10 cases and pancreaticoduodenectomy in 6 cases. The main post-operative final pathological results included villous adenoma (n = 5), adenoma (n = 8), tubulovillous adenoma (n = 10), tubular adenoma (n = 20) and hyperplastic polyp (n = 2). Among the 47 patients who underwent resection, 8 (17%, 5 of which corresponded to surgical resection) developed post-procedural complications which included retroperitoneal hematoma, intra-abdominal abscess, wound infection, delayed gastric emptying and prolonged ileus. After median follow-up of 20 mo there were 6 local recurrences (13%, median follow-up = 20 mo) 4 of which were in patients with FAP.
CONCLUSION: EUS accurately predicts the depth of mucosal invasion in suspected benign ampullary and duodenal adenomas. These patients can safely undergo endoscopic or local resection.
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Gao YQ, Ma WX, Zhu BQ, Liu DZ, Cao ZD, Zhu J, Dai YP. Phase control requirements of high intensity laser beam combining. APPLIED OPTICS 2012; 51:2941-2950. [PMID: 22614597 DOI: 10.1364/ao.51.002941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at getting the general requirements of the beam combine for ignition scale laser facilities, the analytical expressions including the factors affecting the combine results are derived. The physical meanings of every part are illustrated. Based on these expressions, the effects of the factors, including the beam configuration, piston error, and tip/tilt error, are studied analytically and numerically. The results show that the beam configuration cannot affect the Strehl ratio (SR) of the combined beam, but it influences the FWHM of the main peak and the ratio of the main peak and the side peak. The beam separation should be no more than 1.24 times the individual beam width for the multibeam combine, and be close to the individual beam width for the two-beam combine as much as possible. The piston error can change the characteristics of the combine beam focus, including the peak intensity, the focal spot morphology, the fractional energy contained within a certain area, and the center of mass. For the two-beam combine, a piston error less than 2π/5 rad is suitable, and for the multibeam combine, the standard deviation of the piston error should be no more than 2π/10 rad. The tip/tilt error has a great influence on the combined results. It affects the superposition degree of the focal spots of the combined elements directly. A requirement of 0.5~1 μrad for the standard deviation of the tip/tilt error is adequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qi Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, Jiading, Shanghai, China.
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Homoelle D, Crane JK, Shverdin M, Haefner CL, Siders CW. Phasing beams with different dispersions and application to the petawatt-class beamline at the National Ignition Facility. APPLIED OPTICS 2011; 50:554-561. [PMID: 21283247 DOI: 10.1364/ao.50.000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In order to achieve the highest intensities possible with the short-pulse Advanced Radiographic Capability beamline at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), it will be necessary to phase the individual ARC apertures. This is made especially challenging because the design of ARC results in two laser beams with different dispersions sharing the same NIF aperture. The extent to which two beams with different dispersions can be phased with each other has been an open question. This paper presents results of an analysis showing that the different dispersion values that will be encountered by the shared-aperture beams will not preclude the phasing of the two beams. We also highlight a situation in which dispersion mismatch will prevent good phasing between apertures, and discuss the limits to which higher-order dispersion values may differ before the beams begin to dephase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Homoelle
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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Neauport J, Bonod N, Hocquet S, Palmier S, Dupuy G. Mixed metal dielectric gratings for pulse compression. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:23776-83. [PMID: 21164721 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.023776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report on manufacturing and testing results of high efficiency mixed metal dielectric gratings (MMLD) for high power pulse compression applications. The gratings with 1780 l/mm are etched in the top low index layer of a Au-(SiO2/HfO2)4-SiO2 mirror stack. Various grating profiles manufactured in order to modify the near electric field distribution are damage tested on a facility operating at 1.053 µm, 500 fs pulse duration. We evidence that damage threshold is governed by the value of the maximum electric field intensity inside the grating pillar. Moreover thresholds close to 3 J/cm2 beam normal are obtained with this new MMLD grating being thus an interesting alternative to gold and pure dielectric gratings for pulse compression applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Neauport
- Commissariat à l’énergie atomique, Centre d’études scientifiques et techniques d’Aquitaine, BP 2, 33114 Le Barp, France.
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