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1
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Guéant JL, Guéant-Rodriguez RM, Kosgei VJ, Coelho D. Causes and consequences of impaired methionine synthase activity in acquired and inherited disorders of vitamin B 12 metabolism. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 57:133-155. [PMID: 34608838 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1979459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Methyl-Cobalamin (Cbl) derives from dietary vitamin B12 and acts as a cofactor of methionine synthase (MS) in mammals. MS encoded by MTR catalyzes the remethylation of homocysteine to generate methionine and tetrahydrofolate, which fuel methionine and cytoplasmic folate cycles, respectively. Methionine is the precursor of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), the universal methyl donor of transmethylation reactions. Impaired MS activity results from inadequate dietary intake or malabsorption of B12 and inborn errors of Cbl metabolism (IECM). The mechanisms at the origin of the high variability of clinical presentation of impaired MS activity are classically considered as the consequence of the disruption of the folate cycle and related synthesis of purines and pyrimidines and the decreased synthesis of endogenous methionine and SAM. For one decade, data on cellular and animal models of B12 deficiency and IECM have highlighted other key pathomechanisms, including altered interactome of MS with methionine synthase reductase, MMACHC, and MMADHC, endoplasmic reticulum stress, altered cell signaling, and genomic/epigenomic dysregulations. Decreased MS activity increases catalytic protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and produces imbalanced phosphorylation/methylation of nucleocytoplasmic RNA binding proteins, including ELAVL1/HuR protein, with subsequent nuclear sequestration of mRNAs and dramatic alteration of gene expression, including SIRT1. Decreased SAM and SIRT1 activity induce ER stress through impaired SIRT1-deacetylation of HSF1 and hypomethylation/hyperacetylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α), which deactivate nuclear receptors and lead to impaired energy metabolism and neuroplasticity. The reversibility of these pathomechanisms by SIRT1 agonists opens promising perspectives in the treatment of IECM outcomes resistant to conventional supplementation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Guéant
- UMR Inserm 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition, Génetique et Exposition aux Risques Environmentaux), Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Departments of Digestive Diseases and Molecular Medicine and National Center of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, University Hospital Center, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Rosa-Maria Guéant-Rodriguez
- UMR Inserm 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition, Génetique et Exposition aux Risques Environmentaux), Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Departments of Digestive Diseases and Molecular Medicine and National Center of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, University Hospital Center, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Viola J Kosgei
- UMR Inserm 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition, Génetique et Exposition aux Risques Environmentaux), Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - David Coelho
- UMR Inserm 1256 N-GERE (Nutrition, Génetique et Exposition aux Risques Environmentaux), Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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2
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Pawar A, Sonika U, Kumar M, Saluja S, Srivastava S. RWON Study: The Real-World Walled-off Necrosis Study. Clin Endosc 2021; 54:909-915. [PMID: 33618506 PMCID: PMC8652152 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2020.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims The management of walled-off necrosis (WON) has undergone a paradigm shift from surgical to nonsurgical modalities. Real-world data on the management of symptomatic WON are scarce.
Methods Prospectively collected data of symptomatic WON cases were retrospectively evaluated. The treatment modalities used were medical management alone, percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) or endoscopic drainage (ED), or a combination of PCD and ED. We compared clinical outcome among these modalities.
Results A total of 264 patients were evaluated. The most common indications for drainage were pain and fever. Of the patients, 28% was treated with medical therapy alone, 31% with ED, 37% with PCD, and 4% with a combined approach. Technical success and clinical success were achieved in 93% and 91% of patients in the endoscopic arm and in 90% and 81% patients in the PCD arm, respectively (p=0.0004 for clinical success). Lower rates of complications (7% vs. 22%, p=0.005), readmission (20% vs. 34%, p=0.04), and mortality (4% vs. 19%, p=0.0012), and shorter hospital stay (13 days vs. 19 days, p=0.0018) were observed in the endoscopic group than in the PCD group.
Conclusions ED of WON is better than PCD and is associated with lower mortality, fewer complications, and shorter hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Pawar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Ujjwal Sonika
- Department of Gastroenterology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sundeep Saluja
- Department of Gastrosurgery, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Siddharth Srivastava
- Department of Gastroenterology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
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3
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Jha AK, Goenka MK, Kumar R, Suchismita A. Endotherapy for pancreatic necrosis: An update. JGH Open 2019; 3:80-88. [PMID: 30834345 PMCID: PMC6386747 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 20% of patients with acute pancreatitis develop pancreatic necrosis. The presence of necrosis in a pancreatic collection significantly worsens the prognosis. Pancreatic necrosis is associated with high mortality and morbidity. In the last few decades, there has been a significant revolution in the treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis. A step-up approach has been proposed, from less invasive procedures to the operative intervention. Minimally invasive treatment modalities such as endoscopic drainage and necrosectomy, percutaneous drainage, and minimally invasive surgery have recently replaced open surgical necrosectomy as the first-line treatment option. Endoscopic intervention for pancreatic necrosis is being increasingly performed with good success and a lower complication rate. However, techniques of endotherapy are still not uniform and vary as per local expertise, and there are still many unresolved questions with regard to the interventions in patients with pancreatic necrosis. The objective of this paper is to critically review the literature and update the concepts of endoscopic interventional therapy of pancreatic necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Jha
- Department of GastroenterologyIndira Gandhi Institute of Medical SciencesPatnaIndia
| | - Mahesh K Goenka
- Department of Gastrosciences, Institute of Gastrosciences, Apollo Gleneagles HospitalKolkataIndia
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical SciencesPatnaIndia
| | - Arya Suchismita
- Department of PediatricsIndira Gandhi Institute of Medical SciencesPatnaIndia
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4
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Abstract
Ultrasound-guided drainage is the first-line modality for drainage of symptomatic of pancreatic fluid collections. In the context of pancreatic cancer, use of multiple double-pigtail plastic stents suffice, with high treatment efficacy. This approach provides similar success rates with low complications and better quality of life compared with surgery. Lumen apposing metallic stents (LAMSs) permit more effective drainage with larger diameter; because of their higher costs than plastic stents, their main role is probably in the context of walled-off necrosis, but the place and the use of LAMS should be studied to avoid and reduce the risks of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Giovannini
- Medico-Surgical Digestive Oncology, Paoli-Calmettes Institute, 232 Boulevard de Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille 13009, France.
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5
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van Brunschot S, Hollemans RA, Bakker OJ, Besselink MG, Baron TH, Beger HG, Boermeester MA, Bollen TL, Bruno MJ, Carter R, French JJ, Coelho D, Dahl B, Dijkgraaf MG, Doctor N, Fagenholz PJ, Farkas G, Castillo CFD, Fockens P, Freeman ML, Gardner TB, Goor HV, Gooszen HG, Hannink G, Lochan R, McKay CJ, Neoptolemos JP, Oláh A, Parks RW, Peev MP, Raraty M, Rau B, Rösch T, Rovers M, Seifert H, Siriwardena AK, Horvath KD, van Santvoort HC. Minimally invasive and endoscopic versus open necrosectomy for necrotising pancreatitis: a pooled analysis of individual data for 1980 patients. Gut 2018; 67:697-706. [PMID: 28774886 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Minimally invasive surgical necrosectomy and endoscopic necrosectomy, compared with open necrosectomy, might improve outcomes in necrotising pancreatitis, especially in critically ill patients. Evidence from large comparative studies is lacking. DESIGN We combined original and newly collected data from 15 published and unpublished patient cohorts (51 hospitals; 8 countries) on pancreatic necrosectomy for necrotising pancreatitis. Death rates were compared in patients undergoing open necrosectomy versus minimally invasive surgical or endoscopic necrosectomy. To adjust for confounding and to study effect modification by clinical severity, we performed two types of analyses: logistic multivariable regression and propensity score matching with stratification according to predicted risk of death at baseline (low: <5%; intermediate: ≥5% to <15%; high: ≥15% to <35%; and very high: ≥35%). RESULTS Among 1980 patients with necrotising pancreatitis, 1167 underwent open necrosectomy and 813 underwent minimally invasive surgical (n=467) or endoscopic (n=346) necrosectomy. There was a lower risk of death for minimally invasive surgical necrosectomy (OR, 0.53; 95% CI 0.34 to 0.84; p=0.006) and endoscopic necrosectomy (OR, 0.20; 95% CI 0.06 to 0.63; p=0.006). After propensity score matching with risk stratification, minimally invasive surgical necrosectomy remained associated with a lower risk of death than open necrosectomy in the very high-risk group (42/111 vs 59/111; risk ratio, 0.70; 95% CI 0.52 to 0.95; p=0.02). Endoscopic necrosectomy was associated with a lower risk of death than open necrosectomy in the high-risk group (3/40 vs 12/40; risk ratio, 0.27; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.88; p=0.03) and in the very high-risk group (12/57 vs 28/57; risk ratio, 0.43; 95% CI 0.24 to 0.77; p=0.005). CONCLUSION In high-risk patients with necrotising pancreatitis, minimally invasive surgical and endoscopic necrosectomy are associated with reduced death rates compared with open necrosectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra van Brunschot
- Department of Gastroenterology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert A Hollemans
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Research and Development, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf J Bakker
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht
| | - Marc G Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Todd H Baron
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hans G Beger
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Thomas L Bollen
- Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ross Carter
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jeremy J French
- Department of Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Djalma Coelho
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Björn Dahl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Oldenburg Municipal Hospital, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marcel G Dijkgraaf
- Clinical Research Unit, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nilesh Doctor
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jaslok Hospital and Research Center, Mumbai, India
| | - Peter J Fagenholz
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gyula Farkas
- Department of Surgery, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Paul Fockens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin L Freeman
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy B Gardner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hein G Gooszen
- Operating Rooms-Evidence Based Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjon Hannink
- Orthopaedic Research Lab, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rajiv Lochan
- Department of Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Colin J McKay
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - John P Neoptolemos
- Clinical Directorate of General Surgery, National Institutes of Health Research Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Atilla Oláh
- Department of Surgery, Petz-Aladár Teaching Hospital, Györ, Hungary
| | - Rowan W Parks
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Miroslav P Peev
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Raraty
- Clinical Directorate of General Surgery, National Institutes of Health Research Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bettina Rau
- Department of Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Rösch
- Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maroeska Rovers
- Operating Rooms-Evidence Based Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Seifert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Oldenburg Municipal Hospital, Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | - Karen D Horvath
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Hjalmar C van Santvoort
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht.,Department of Surgery, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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6
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van Brunschot S, van Grinsven J, van Santvoort HC, Bakker OJ, Besselink MG, Boermeester MA, Bollen TL, Bosscha K, Bouwense SA, Bruno MJ, Cappendijk VC, Consten EC, Dejong CH, van Eijck CH, Erkelens WG, van Goor H, van Grevenstein WMU, Haveman JW, Hofker SH, Jansen JM, Laméris JS, van Lienden KP, Meijssen MA, Mulder CJ, Nieuwenhuijs VB, Poley JW, Quispel R, de Ridder RJ, Römkens TE, Scheepers JJ, Schepers NJ, Schwartz MP, Seerden T, Spanier BWM, Straathof JWA, Strijker M, Timmer R, Venneman NG, Vleggaar FP, Voermans RP, Witteman BJ, Gooszen HG, Dijkgraaf MG, Fockens P. Endoscopic or surgical step-up approach for infected necrotising pancreatitis: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2018; 391:51-58. [PMID: 29108721 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infected necrotising pancreatitis is a potentially lethal disease and an indication for invasive intervention. The surgical step-up approach is the standard treatment. A promising alternative is the endoscopic step-up approach. We compared both approaches to see whether the endoscopic step-up approach was superior to the surgical step-up approach in terms of clinical and economic outcomes. METHODS In this multicentre, randomised, superiority trial, we recruited adult patients with infected necrotising pancreatitis and an indication for invasive intervention from 19 hospitals in the Netherlands. Patients were randomly assigned to either the endoscopic or the surgical step-up approach. The endoscopic approach consisted of endoscopic ultrasound-guided transluminal drainage followed, if necessary, by endoscopic necrosectomy. The surgical approach consisted of percutaneous catheter drainage followed, if necessary, by video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement. The primary endpoint was a composite of major complications or death during 6-month follow-up. Analyses were by intention to treat. This trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, number ISRCTN09186711. FINDINGS Between Sept 20, 2011, and Jan 29, 2015, we screened 418 patients with pancreatic or extrapancreatic necrosis, of which 98 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to the endoscopic step-up approach (n=51) or the surgical step-up approach (n=47). The primary endpoint occurred in 22 (43%) of 51 patients in the endoscopy group and in 21 (45%) of 47 patients in the surgery group (risk ratio [RR] 0·97, 95% CI 0·62-1·51; p=0·88). Mortality did not differ between groups (nine [18%] patients in the endoscopy group vs six [13%] patients in the surgery group; RR 1·38, 95% CI 0·53-3·59, p=0·50), nor did any of the major complications included in the primary endpoint. INTERPRETATION In patients with infected necrotising pancreatitis, the endoscopic step-up approach was not superior to the surgical step-up approach in reducing major complications or death. The rate of pancreatic fistulas and length of hospital stay were lower in the endoscopy group. The outcome of this trial will probably result in a shift to the endoscopic step-up approach as treatment preference. FUNDING The Dutch Digestive Disease Foundation, Fonds NutsOhra, and the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra van Brunschot
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Janneke van Grinsven
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar C van Santvoort
- Department of Surgery, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands; Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Olaf J Bakker
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marc G Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marja A Boermeester
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas L Bollen
- Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Koop Bosscha
- Department of Surgery, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Stefan A Bouwense
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marco J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Esther C Consten
- Department of Surgery, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Dejong
- Department of Surgery and NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Casper H van Eijck
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan-Willem Haveman
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sijbrand H Hofker
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen M Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johan S Laméris
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Krijn P van Lienden
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Chris J Mulder
- Department of Gastroenterology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan-Werner Poley
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rutger Quispel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Reinier de Graaf Group, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Rogier J de Ridder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tessa E Römkens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | | | - Nicolien J Schepers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs P Schwartz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, Netherlands
| | - Tom Seerden
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marin Strijker
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robin Timmer
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Niels G Venneman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Frank P Vleggaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rogier P Voermans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben J Witteman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, Netherlands
| | - Hein G Gooszen
- Department of OR/Evidence Based Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marcel G Dijkgraaf
- Clinical Research Unit, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul Fockens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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7
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Law R, Baron TH. Endoscopic Ultrasonography-guided Drainage of Pancreatic Collections, Including the Role of Necrosectomy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2017; 27:715-726. [PMID: 28918807 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the management of symptoms of pancreatic fluid collections has shifted from surgical and percutaneous interventions to endoscopic techniques. Available data show that endoscopic drainage can be achieved with minimal morbidity and procedural-related mortality, a high degree of technical and clinical success, and acceptable risk of adverse events. Although endoscopic management of walled-off necrosis provides a durable, minimally invasive treatment option, it is still generally performed only in tertiary care medical centers because of the overall complexity of this clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Law
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, 3912 Taubman Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, SPC 5362, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5362, USA
| | - Todd H Baron
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 130 Mason Farm Road, CB 7080, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-0001, USA.
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8
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Isayama H, Nakai Y, Rerknimitr R, Khor C, Lau J, Wang HP, Seo DW, Ratanachu-Ek T, Lakhtakia S, Ang TL, Ryozawa S, Hayashi T, Kawakami H, Yamamoto N, Iwashita T, Itokawa F, Kuwatani M, Kitano M, Hanada K, Kogure H, Hamada T, Ponnudurai R, Moon JH, Itoi T, Yasuda I, Irisawa A, Maetani I. Asian consensus statements on endoscopic management of walled-off necrosis. Part 2: Endoscopic management. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:1555-65. [PMID: 27042957 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Walled-off necrosis (WON) is a new term for encapsulated necrotic tissue after severe acute pancreatitis. Various terminologies such as pseudocyst, necroma, pancreatic abscess, and infected necrosis were previously used in the literature, resulting in confusion. The current and past terminologies must be reconciled to meaningfully interpret past data. Recently, endoscopic necrosectomy was introduced as a treatment option and is now preferred over surgical necrosectomy when the expertise is available. However, high-quality evidence is still lacking, and there is no standard management strategy for WON. The consensus meeting aimed to clarify the diagnostic criteria for WON and the role of endoscopic interventions in its management. In the Consensus Conference, 27 experts from eight Asian countries took an active role and examined key clinical aspects of WON diagnosis and endoscopic management. Statements were crafted based on literature review and expert opinion, employing the modified Delphi method. All statements were substantiated by the level of evidence and the strength of the recommendation. We created 27 consensus statements for WON diagnosis and management, including details of endoscopic procedures. When there was not enough solid evidence to support the statements, this was clearly acknowledged to facilitate future research. Proposed management strategies were formulated and are illustrated using flow charts. These recommendations, which are based on the best current scientific evidence and expert opinion, will be useful for guiding endoscopic management of WON. Part 2 of this statement focused on the endoscopic management of WON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Isayama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yousuke Nakai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rungsun Rerknimitr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Christopher Khor
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - James Lau
- Department of Surgery, Endoscopic Center, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hsiu-Po Wang
- Endoscopic Division, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dong Wan Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Tiing Leong Ang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shomei Ryozawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawakami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Natusyo Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuji Iwashita
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Fumihide Itokawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Kuwatani
- Division of Endoscopy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kitano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Japan
| | - Keiji Hanada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Onomichi General Hospital, Onomichi, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kogure
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Jong Ho Moon
- Digestive Disease Center and Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Soon Chun Hyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon/Seoul, Korea
| | - Takao Itoi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yasuda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Teikyo University Mizonokuchi Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Irisawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, Aizu Medical Center, Aizuwakamatsu, Japan
| | - Iruru Maetani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Wei AL, Guo Q, Wang MJ, Hu WM, Zhang ZD. Early complications after interventions in patients with acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:2828-2836. [PMID: 26973421 PMCID: PMC4778005 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i9.2828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To identify the possible predictors of early complications after the initial intervention in acute necrotizing pancreatitis.
METHODS: We collected the medical records of 334 patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis who received initial intervention in our center. Complications associated with predictors were analyzed.
RESULTS: The postoperative mortality rate was 16% (53/334). Up to 31% of patients were successfully treated with percutaneous catheter drainage alone. The rates of intra-abdominal bleeding, colonic fistula, and progressive infection were 15% (50/334), 20% (68/334), and 26% (87/334), respectively. Multivariate analysis indicated that Marshall score upon admission, multiple organ failure, preoperative respiratory infection, and sepsis were the predictors of postoperative progressive infection (P < 0.05). Single organ failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome upon admission, and C-reactive protein level upon admission were the risk factors of postoperative colonic fistula (P < 0.05). Moreover, preoperative Marshall score, organ failure, sepsis, and preoperative systemic inflammatory response syndrome were the risk factors of postoperative intra-abdominal bleeding (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Marshall score, organ failures, preoperative respiratory infection, sepsis, preoperative systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and C-reactive protein level upon admission are associated with postoperative complications.
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Abstract
Over the last several years, there have been refinements in the understanding and nomenclature regarding the natural history of acute pancreatitis. Patients with acute pancreatitis frequently develop acute pancreatic collections that, over time, may evolve into pancreatic pseudocysts or walled-off necrosis. Endoscopic management of these local complications of acute pancreatitis continues to evolve. Treatment strategies range from simple drainage of liquefied contents to repeated direct endoscopic necrosectomy of a complex necrotic collection. In patients with chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic pseudocysts may arise as a consequence of pancreatic ductal obstruction that then leads to pancreatic ductal disruption. In this review, we focus on the indications, techniques and outcomes for endoscopic therapy of pancreatic pseudocysts and walled-off necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Law
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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11
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Minimally invasive treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis. GASTROENTEROLOGY REVIEW 2014; 9:317-24. [PMID: 25653725 PMCID: PMC4300346 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2014.47893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infected pancreatic necrosis is a challenging complication that worsens prognosis in acute pancreatitis. For years, open necrosectomy has been the mainstay treatment option in infected pancreatic necrosis, although surgical debridement still results in high morbidity and mortality rates. Recently, many reports on minimally invasive treatment in infected pancreatic necrosis have been published. This paper presents a review of minimally invasive techniques and attempts to define their role in the management of infected pancreatic necrosis.
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van Brunschot S, Fockens P, Bakker OJ, Besselink MG, Voermans RP, Poley JW, Gooszen HG, Bruno M, van Santvoort HC. Endoscopic transluminal necrosectomy in necrotising pancreatitis: a systematic review. Surg Endosc 2014; 28:1425-38. [PMID: 24399524 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-013-3382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review to assess the outcome of endoscopic transluminal necrosectomy in necrotising pancreatitis with additional focus on indication, disease severity, and methodological quality of studies. DESIGN We searched the literature published between January 2005 and June 2013. Cohorts, including patients with (infected) necrotising pancreatitis, undergoing endoscopic necrosectomy were included. Indication, disease severity, and methodological quality were described. The main outcomes were mortality, major complications, number of endoscopic sessions, and definitive successful treatment with endoscopic necrosectomy alone. RESULTS After screening 581 papers, 14 studies, including 455 patients, fulfilled the eligibility criteria. All included studies were retrospective analyses except for one randomized, controlled trial. Overall methodological quality was moderate to low (mean 5, range 2-9). Less than 50 % of studies reported on pre-procedural severity of disease: mean APACHE-II score before intervention was 8; organ failure was present in 23 % of patients; and infected necrosis in 57 % of patients. On average, four (range 1-23) endoscopic interventions were performed per patient. With endoscopic necrosectomy alone, definitive successful treatment was achieved in 81 % of patients. Mortality was 6 % (28/460 patients) and complications occurred in 36 % of patients. Bleeding was the most common complication. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic transluminal necrosectomy is an effective treatment for the majority of patients with necrotising pancreatitis with acceptable mortality and complication rates. It should be noted that methodological quality of the available studies is limited and that the combined patient population of endoscopically treated patients is only moderately ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra van Brunschot
- Department of OR/Clinical Surgical Research, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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13
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Gou S, Xiong J, Wu H, Zhou F, Tao J, Liu T, Wang C. Five-year cohort study of open pancreatic necrosectomy for necotizing pancreatitis suggests it is a safe and effective operation. J Gastrointest Surg 2013; 17:1634-1642. [PMID: 23868057 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-013-2288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite advances in the management of necrotizing pancreatitis, open necrosectomy remains an important management option for necrotizing pancreatitis, and patients undergoing necrosectomy suffer significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to report the outcomes of open necrosectomy from a recent large cohort of patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. METHODS Data are reported from a cohort of 276 consecutive patients with necrotizing pancreatitis who underwent open surgical debridement. Nutritional status, nutritional methods, bleeding, infection, demarcation of necrotic tissues, and time from onset of disease were scored. Scores ≥ 10 were considered as an indication for debridement. RESULTS One hundred sixty-two (58.7%) and 52 (18.8%) patients underwent minimally invasive peritoneal and retroperitoneal drainage, respectively, before necrosectomy. Median delay from disease onset to debridement was 48 days. Fifty-five patients (19.9%) underwent more than one operation; 352 operations were performed in total. There were 17 deaths (6.2%) postoperatively. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the results for open debridement in a recent large cohort of patients. Although minimally invasive necrosectomy has been developed in recent years, open necrosectomy remains an important approach for the debridement of necrotizing pancreatitis effectively and safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmiao Gou
- Pancreatic Disease Institute, Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, HUST, Wuhan, China
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14
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Rische S, Riecken B, Degenkolb J, Kayser T, Caca K. Transmural endoscopic necrosectomy of infected pancreatic necroses and drainage of infected pseudocysts: a tailored approach. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:231-40. [PMID: 23268585 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2012.752029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transmural endoscopic drainage and necrosectomy have become favored treatment modes for infected pancreatic pseudocysts and necroses. In this analysis, we summarize the outcome of 40 patients with complicated course of acute pancreatitis after endoscopic treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS From January 2006 through May 2011, 40 patients of our department with complicated pancreatitis were included in this retrospective analysis. All patients underwent endosonographic transgastric puncture followed by wire-guided insertion of one or more double pigtail stents. Patients with extensive necroses were treated repeatedly with transgastric necrosectomy. Treatment success was determined by clinical, laboratory, and radiological parameters. RESULTS Nine patients had interstitial pancreatitis (IP) with pancreatic pseudocysts. Thirty-one patients had necrotizing pancreatitis (NP) with acute pancreatic necroses (n = 4) or walled-off pancreatic necrosis (n = 27). All patients with IP and nine patients with NP had pseudocysts without solid material and underwent transgastric drainage only. In this group major complications occurred in 11.1% and no mortality was observed. Twenty-two NP patients were treated with additional repeated necrosectomy. In patients with localized peripancreatic necroses (n = 10) no need of surgery or mortality was observed, major complications occurred in 10%. In patients with extensive necroses reaching the lower abdomen (n = 12), three needed subsequent surgery and three died. CONCLUSIONS Transgastric endoscopy is an effective minimally invasive procedure even in patients with advanced pancreatic necroses. Complication rate is low particularly in patients with sole pseudocysts or localized necroses. The extent of the fluid collections and necroses is a new predictive parameter for the outcome of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rische
- Department of Gastroenterology, Klinikum Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany
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15
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Bello B, Matthews JB. Minimally invasive treatment of pancreatic necrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:6829-35. [PMID: 23239921 PMCID: PMC3520172 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i46.6829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To systematically review these minimally invasive approaches to infected pancreatic necrosis.
METHODS: We used the MEDLINE database to investigate studies between 1996 and 2010 with greater than 10 patients that examined these techniques. Using a combination of Boolean operators, reports were retrieved addressing percutaneous therapy (341 studies), endoscopic necrosectomy (574 studies), laparoscopic necrosectomy via a transperitoneal approach (148 studies), and retroperitoneal necrosectomy (194 studies). Only cohorts with at least 10 or more patients were included. Non-English papers, letters, animal studies, duplicate series and reviews without original data were excluded, leaving a total of 27 studies for analysis.
RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies with 947 patients total were examined (eight studies on percutaneous approach; ten studies on endoscopic necrosectomy; two studies on laparoscopic necrosectomy via a transperitoneal approach; five studies on retroperitoneal necrosectomy; and two studies on a combined percutaneous-retroperitoneal approach). Success rate, complications, mortality, and number of procedures were outcomes that were included in the review. We found that most published reports were retrospective in nature, and thus, susceptible to selection and publication bias. Few reports examined these techniques in a comparative, prospective manner.
CONCLUSION: Each minimally invasive approach though was found to be safe and feasible in multiple reports. With these new techniques, treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis remains a challenge. We advocate a multidisciplinary approach to this complex problem with treatment individualized to each patient.
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16
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Treatment of necrotizing pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10:1190-201. [PMID: 22610008 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a common and potentially lethal disease. It is associated with significant morbidity and consumes enormous health care resources. Over the last 2 decades, the treatment of acute pancreatitis has undergone fundamental changes based on new conceptual insights and evidence from clinical studies. The majority of patients with necrotizing pancreatitis have sterile necrosis, which can be successfully treated conservatively. Emphasis of conservative treatment is on supportive measures and prevention of infection of necrosis and other complications. Patients with infected necrosis generally need to undergo an intervention, which has shifted from primary open necrosectomy in an early disease stage to a step-up approach, starting with catheter drainage if needed, followed by minimally invasive surgical or endoscopic necrosectomy once peripancreatic collections have sufficiently demarcated. This review provides an overview of current standards for conservative and invasive treatment of necrotizing pancreatitis.
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17
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Martins BC, Marques CFS, Nahas CSR, Hondo FY, Pollara W, Nahas SC, Ribeiro Junior U, Cecconello I, Maluf-Filho F. A novel approach for the treatment of pelvic abscess: transrectal endoscopic drainage facilitated by transanal endoscopic microsurgery access. Surg Endosc 2012; 26:2667-70. [PMID: 22407154 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-012-2215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative pelvic abscesses in patients submitted to colorectal surgery are challenging. The surgical approach may be too risky, and image-guided drainage often is difficult due to the complex anatomy of the pelvis. This article describes novel access for drainage of a pelvic collection using a minimally invasive natural orifice approach. METHODS A 37 year-old man presented with sepsis due to a pelvic abscess during the second postoperative week after a Hartmann procedure due to perforated rectal cancer. Percutaneous drainage was determined by computed tomography to be unsuccessful, and another operation was considered to be hazardous. Because the pelvic fluid was very close to the rectal stump, transrectal drainage was planned. The rectal stump was opened using transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) instruments. The endoscope was advanced through the TEM working channel and the rectal stump opening, accessing the abdominal cavity and pelvic collection. RESULTS The pelvic collection was endoscopically drained and the local cavity washed with saline through the scope channel. A Foley catheter was placed in the rectal stump. The patient's recovery after the procedure was successful, without the need for further intervention. CONCLUSIONS Transrectal endoscopic drainage may be an option for selected cases of pelvic fluid collection in patients submitted to Hartmann's procedure. The technique allows not only fluid drainage but also visualization of the local cavity, cleavage of multiloculated abscesses, and saline irrigation if necessary. The use of TEM instrumentation allows safe access to the peritoneal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Martins
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute, São Paulo University, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil.
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18
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Jürgensen C, Neser F, Boese-Landgraf J, Schuppan D, Stölzel U, Fritscher-Ravens A. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided endoscopic necrosectomy of the pancreas: is irrigation necessary? Surg Endosc 2011; 26:1359-63. [PMID: 22083336 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-011-2039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings have shown endoscopic necrosectomy to be beneficial for patients with symptomatic pancreatic necrosis accessible for an endoscopic approach. The available studies show that endoscopic necrosectomy requires a multitude of subsequent procedures including repeat irrigation for removal of the necrotic material. This study aimed to investigate the need for additional irrigation in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis treated by endoscopic necrosectomy. METHODS The study enrolled 35 consecutive patients (27 men) with a median age of 59 years who had pancreatic necrosis treated with endoscopic necrosectomy. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided internal drainage and consecutive endoscopic necrosectomy was combined with interval multistenting of the cavity. Neither endoscopic nor external irrigation was part of the procedure. RESULTS An average of 6.2 endoscopy sessions per patient were needed for access, necrosectomy, and stent management. The in-hospital mortality rate was 6% (2/35), including one procedure-related death resulting from postinterventional aspiration. The immediate morbidity rate was 9% (3/35). It was possible to achieve clinical remission for all the surviving patients with no additional surgery needed for management of the necroses. The median follow-up period was 23 months. CONCLUSION Neither endoscopic nor external flushing is needed for successful endoscopic treatment of symptomatic necroses. Even without irrigation, the outcome for patients treated with endoscopic necrosectomy is comparable to that described in the published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jürgensen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charité University Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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Brisinda G, Mazzari A, Crocco A, Grossi U, Tomaiuolo P, Vanella S. Open pancreatic necrosectomy in the multidisciplinary management of postinflammatory necrosis. Ann Surg 2011; 253:1049-1051. [PMID: 21490454 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e31821724e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Dahl B, Seifert H. [Pancreatic necrosis: pro-endoscopic therapy]. Chirurg 2011; 82:500-2, 504-6. [PMID: 21528374 DOI: 10.1007/s00104-010-2061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The transmural endoscopic debridement and other minimally invasive therapies of infected postpancreatic necroses have been developed over the last decade as alternatives to open surgery. In several clinical centers the endoscopic approach has become standard therapy. The mortality rate in published series is in the range 0-15% and additional surgery is needed in 0-40%.Out of 73 own patients treated endoscopically between 2006 and 2010, 4 were operated because of bleeding, 2 with an acute abdomen and 3 with sepsis. Of the patients 6 died because of multi-organ failure and in 3 cases despite surgery. Main complications such as bleeding (n=20) and acute abdomen (n=7) were mostly treated conservatively. There was no procedure-related mortality. The endoscopic therapy was successful in 59 patients (80%) of whom 7 required further transmural endoscopic interventions for cystic relapses.At present, finding the best combination of endoscopic-transmural, percutaneous, laparoscopic and sometimes finally open surgical therapy remains an interdisciplinary challenge. The only randomized study published in this context clearly indicates that such a step-up approach is the most favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dahl
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie und Diabetologie, Klinikum Oldenburg, Deutschland.
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21
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Ahmad HA, Samarasam I, Hamdorf JM. Minimally invasive retroperitoneal pancreatic necrosectomy. Pancreatology 2011; 11:52-6. [PMID: 21455014 DOI: 10.1159/000323960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This article describes a case series outlining the experience and results of the retroperitoneal minimally invasive pancreatic necrosectomy (MIPN) procedure performed by, or done under the supervision of, a single surgeon. METHODS All data of the patients who underwent MIPN from 2006 to 2008 were entered into a prospectively maintained, computerized database. RESULTS A total of 93 MIPN procedures were performed on 32 patients. All patients had severe acute pancreatitis. The median number of MIPN procedures per patient was 3. Only 6 patients needed intensive care unit (ICU) admission after MIPN. There were 15 complications, which included bleeding requiring transfusion (n = 3), bowel fistulae (n = 7), thromboembolic events (n = 2) and acute myocardial infarction (n = 3). Four patients died after the procedure (13%); 1 died of ongoing multiorgan failure in spite of the MIPN. Four patients developed pancreatic pseudocysts within the follow-up period of 2 years. Three of these patients required intervention. CONCLUSION This case series demonstrates that MIPN can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality and with good end results. The ICU dependency after the procedure is minimal. As seen in this series, multiple MIPNs may be needed to eradicate the necrosis satisfactorily. and IAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairul A Ahmad
- School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Perth, W.A., Australia.
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22
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Abstract
Although the common indications for therapeutic pancreatic endoscopy - management of ductal strictures and calculi - have remained constants, the last decade has witnessed the emergence of several new endoscopic techniques for managing pancreatic disorders. While many of the advances in therapeutic pancreatic endoscopy have paralleled the shift of endoscopic ultrasound from a purely diagnostic to therapeutic modality, other new techniques are simply modifications on existing procedures. Despite these exciting times in therapeutic endoscopy, it is important to recognize that the endoscopist is one part of an interdisciplinary team of experts - a model which is essential in the successful management of patients with pancreatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Ross
- Digestive Disease Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98111, United States.
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Ross A, Gluck M, Irani S, Hauptmann E, Fotoohi M, Siegal J, Robinson D, Crane R, Kozarek R. Combined endoscopic and percutaneous drainage of organized pancreatic necrosis. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71:79-84. [PMID: 19863956 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute pancreatitis is often complicated by organized necrosis, which can lead to abscess formation and clinical deterioration. We sought to devise a combined endoscopic and percutaneous approach to drainage of organized pancreatic necrosis, with the primary goal of preventing the formation of chronic pancreaticocutaneous fistulae, and secondary goals of avoiding the need for surgical necrosectomy and reducing endoscopic resource utilization. DESIGN Retrospective review of an institutional review board-approved database. SETTING Single North American tertiary referral center. PATIENTS Patients with severe acute pancreatitis complicated by organized necrosis requiring drainage. INTERVENTIONS CT-guided percutaneous drain, followed immediately by endoscopic transenteric drainage. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Development of chronic pancreaticocutaneous fistulae, number of endoscopic procedures requiring follow-up drainage, need for surgical necrosectomy, procedure-related morbidity, and mortality. RESULTS Fifteen patients (12 males, 3 females; mean age, 58 years) underwent combined modality drainage. All procedures were technically successful. Immediate complications included fever and hypotension (n = 2); late complications included parenchymal infection after drain removal (n = 1). Twenty-five total endoscopies (4 for drain manipulation) were performed in the cohort subsequent to the initial drainage. After a median duration of follow-up of 189 days, percutaneous drains were removed in all 13 patients in whom this was attempted; no patients had development of chronic pancreaticocutaneous fistulae. There were no deaths, and no patients required surgery. LIMITATIONS Highly selected patient population, lack of comparison group, single-center experience. CONCLUSIONS In some highly selected patients with infected or symptomatic organized pancreatic necrosis, combined modality drainage results in favorable clinical outcomes with low associated, procedure-related morbidity. Pancreaticocutaneous fistulae and surgical necrosectomy were avoided with minimal endoscopic resource utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ross
- Digestive Disease Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98111, USA
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