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Kyaw KZ, Park J, Oh SH, Lee JY, Bae ES, Park HJ, Oh DC, Lee SK. Antimetastatic Activity of Apoptolidin A by Upregulation of N-Myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 1 Expression in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040491. [PMID: 37111248 PMCID: PMC10146635 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent tumors with high metastatic potential; consequently, finding new drug candidates that suppress tumor metastasis is essential. Apoptolidin A is a macrocyclic lactone produced by Amycolatopsis sp. DW02G. It exhibits significant cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines, but its effects on CRC cells remain unknown. Therefore, the present study investigated the antiproliferative and antimetastatic activities of apoptolidin A and its underlying molecular mechanisms in CRC cells. Apoptolidin A effectively inhibited CRC cell growth and colony formation. The induction of G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest was associated with the downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4/6 expression. Long-term exposure to apoptolidin A also induced apoptosis as confirmed by the downregulation and upregulation of Bcl-2 and Bax expression, respectively. Moreover, apoptolidin A effectively upregulated the suppressed expression of N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), a tumor suppressor gene, in a concentration-dependent manner in CRC cells. The antimetastatic potential of apoptolidin A was also correlated with the expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers, including the upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of N-cadherin, vimentin, snail, and MMP9 in CRC cells. These findings suggest that apoptolidin A exerts antiproliferative and antimetastatic activities by regulating the NDRG1-activated EMT pathway in CRC cells.
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He YX, Shen H, Ji YZ, Hua HR, Zhu Y, Zeng XF, Wang F, Wang KX. N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 inhibition of tumor progression in Caco2 cells. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14:2313-2328. [PMID: 36568939 PMCID: PMC9782617 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i12.2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasion and migration are the irreversible stages of colorectal cancer (CRC). The key is to find a sensitive, reliable molecular marker that can predict the migration of CRC at an early stage. N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is a multifunctional gene that has been tentatively reported to have a strong relationship with tumor invasion and migration, however the current molecular role of NDRG1 in CRC remains unknown.
AIM To explore the role of NDRG1 in the development of CRC.
METHODS NDRG1 stably over-expressed Caco2 cell line was established by lentiviral infection and NDRG1 knock-out Caco2 cell line was established by CRISPR/Cas9. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein levels of NDRG1 in Caco2 cells after NDRG1 over-expression and knockout were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. The cell proliferation rate was measured by the cell counting kit-8 method; cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry; invasion and migration ability were detected by the 24-transwell method.
RESULTS NDRG1 over-expression inhibited Caco2 proliferation and the cell cycle could be arrested at the G1/S phase when NDRG1 was over-expressed, while the number of cells in the G2 phase was significantly increased when NDRG1 was knocked out. This suggests that NDRG1 inhibited the proliferation of Caco2 cells by arresting the cell cycle in the G1/S phase. Our data also demonstrated that NDRG1 promotes early cell apoptosis. Invasion and migration of cells were extensively inhibited when NDRG1 was over-expressed.
CONCLUSION NDRG1 inhibits tumor progression in Caco2 cells which may represent a potential novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xiao He
- Department of Pathology, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang 621000, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Pathology, Zhaotong First People’s Hospital, Zhaotong 657000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yu-Zhu Ji
- Department of Pathology, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang 621000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hai-Rong Hua
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- School of Nursing, Henan Vocational College of Applied Technology, Kaifeng 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiang-Fei Zeng
- Department of Clinical Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Kai-Xin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen 518052, Guangdong Province, China
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3
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Mustonen V, Muruganandam G, Loris R, Kursula P, Ruskamo S. Crystal and solution structure of NDRG1, a membrane-binding protein linked to myelination and tumour suppression. FEBS J 2021; 288:3507-3529. [PMID: 33305529 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is a tumour suppressor involved in vesicular trafficking and stress response. NDRG1 participates in peripheral nerve myelination, and mutations in the NDRG1 gene lead to Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy. The 43-kDa NDRG1 is considered as an inactive member of the α/β hydrolase superfamily. In addition to a central α/β hydrolase fold domain, NDRG1 consists of a short N terminus and a C-terminal region with three 10-residue repeats. We determined the crystal structure of the α/β hydrolase domain of human NDRG1 and characterised the structure and dynamics of full-length NDRG1. The structure of the α/β hydrolase domain resembles the canonical α/β hydrolase fold with a central β sheet surrounded by α helices. Small-angle X-ray scattering and CD spectroscopy indicated a variable conformation for the N- and C-terminal regions. NDRG1 binds to various types of lipid vesicles, and the conformation of the C-terminal region is modulated upon lipid interaction. Intriguingly, NDRG1 interacts with metal ions, such as nickel, but is prone to aggregation in their presence. Our results uncover the structural and dynamic features of NDRG1, as well as elucidate its interactions with metals and lipids, and encourage studies to identify a putative hydrolase activity of NDRG1. DATABASES: The coordinates and structure factors for the crystal structure of human NDRG1 were deposited to PDB (PDB ID: 6ZMM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Venla Mustonen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Gopinath Muruganandam
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Remy Loris
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Petri Kursula
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Salla Ruskamo
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
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4
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Park KC, Paluncic J, Kovacevic Z, Richardson DR. Pharmacological targeting and the diverse functions of the metastasis suppressor, NDRG1, in cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 157:154-175. [PMID: 31132412 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (NDRG1) is a potent metastasis suppressor that is regulated by hypoxia, metal ions including iron, the free radical nitric oxide (NO.), and various stress stimuli. This intriguing molecule exhibits diverse functions in cancer, inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell migration and angiogenesis by modulation of a plethora of oncogenes via cellular signaling. Thus, pharmacological targeting of NDRG1 signaling in cancer is a promising therapeutic strategy. Of note, novel anti-tumor agents of the di-2-pyridylketone thiosemicarbazone series, which exert the "double punch" mechanism by binding metal ions to form redox-active complexes, have been demonstrated to markedly up-regulate NDRG1 expression in cancer cells. This review describes the mechanisms underlying NDRG1 modulation by the thiosemicarbazones and the diverse effects NDRG1 exerts in cancer. As a major induction mechanism, iron depletion appears critical, with NO. also inducing NDRG1 through its ability to bind iron and generate dinitrosyl-dithiol iron complexes, which are then effluxed from cells. Apart from its potent anti-metastatic role, several studies have reported a pro-oncogenic role of NDRG1 in a number of cancer-types. Hence, it has been suggested that NDRG1 plays pleiotropic roles depending on the cancer-type. The molecular mechanism(s) underlying NDRG1 pleiotropy remain elusive, but are linked to differential regulation of WNT signaling and potentially differential interaction with the tumor suppressor, PTEN. This review discusses NDRG1 induction mechanisms by metal ions and NO. and both the anti- and possible pro-oncogenic functions of NDRG1 in multiple cancer-types and compares the opposite effects this protein exerts on cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Chan Park
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Jasmina Paluncic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
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5
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Merlot AM, Porter GM, Sahni S, Lim EG, Peres P, Richardson DR. The metastasis suppressor, NDRG1, differentially modulates the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2094-2110. [PMID: 30981813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (NDRG1), is a stress response protein that is involved in the inhibition of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways. Initial studies have linked NDRG1 and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Considering this, we extensively examined the mechanism by which NDRG1 regulates the ER stress response in pancreatic and colon cancer cells. We also examined the anti-cancer agent, di-2-pyridylketone 4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT), which induces NDRG1 expression and causes ER stress. The expression of NDRG1 was demonstrated to regulate the three main arms of the ER stress response by: (1) increasing the expression of three major ER chaperones, binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), calreticulin, and calnexin; (2) suppressing the protein kinase, RNA-activated (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK); (3) inhibiting the inositol-requiring kinase 1α (IRE1α) arm; and (4) increasing the cleavage of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). An important finding was that NDRG1 enhances the anti-proliferative and anti-migratory activity of Dp44mT. This increased efficacy could be related to the following effects in the presence of Dp44mT and NDRG1, namely: markedly increased activation of the PERK target, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α); the maintenance of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) expression; high cytosolic Ca+2 that increases the sensitivity of cells to apoptosis via activation of the calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) signaling cascade; and increased pro-apoptotic C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) expression. Collectively, this investigation dissects the molecular mechanisms through which NDRG1 manipulates the ER stress response and its ability to potentiate the activity of the potent anti-cancer agent, Dp44mT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Merlot
- Cancer Targets and Therapeutics Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Centre for Childhood Cancer Research (C25), Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2031, Australia; Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - G M Porter
- Cancer Targets and Therapeutics Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Centre for Childhood Cancer Research (C25), Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2031, Australia; Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - S Sahni
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - E G Lim
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - P Peres
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - D R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Medical Foundation Building (K25), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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Vaes N, Schonkeren SL, Brosens E, Koch A, McCann CJ, Thapar N, Hofstra RM, van Engeland M, Melotte V. A combined literature and in silico analysis enlightens the role of the NDRG family in the gut. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2140-2151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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Chen K, Liu XH, Wang FR, Liu HP, Huang ZP, Chen X. The prognostic value of decreased NDRG1 expression in patients with digestive system cancers: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12455. [PMID: 30313035 PMCID: PMC6203522 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digestive system cancers are recognized as associated with high morbidity and mortality. It is generally accepted that N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is aberrantly overexpressed or downregulated in digestive system cancers, and its prognostic value remains controversial. Accordingly, we herein conducted a meta-analysis to explore whether NDRG1 expression is correlated with overall survival (OS) and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with digestive system cancers. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science for eligible studies up to June 6, 2017. In all, 19 publications with 21 studies, were included. RESULTS The pooled results showed that low NDRG1 expression was significantly associated with worse OS in colorectal cancer (pooled HR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.22-2.28, P < .001) and pancreatic cancer (pooled HR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1-3.5, P < .0001). Moreover, the relationships between low NDRG1 expression and higher OS ratio of patients with liver cancer (pooled HR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.32-0.62, P = .009) and gallbladder cancer (pooled HR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.23-1.38, P = .01) were observed. Nevertheless, no significant association was observed between low NDRG1 expression and OS in gastric cancer (pooled HR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.45-1.43, P = .46) or esophageal cancer (pooled HR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.26-2.24, P = .62). CONCLUSION The prognostic significance of NDRG1 expression varies according to cancer type in patients with DSCs. Considering that several limitations existed in this meta-analysis, more studies are required to further assess the prognostic value of NDRG1 expression in patients with DSCs and relevant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Department of General Surgery
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- Department of General Surgery
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors
| | - Fu-Rong Wang
- Department of General Surgery
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors
- Department of pathology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hai-Peng Liu
- Department of General Surgery
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors
| | - Ze-Ping Huang
- Department of General Surgery
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of General Surgery
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors
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8
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NDRG1 disruption alleviates cisplatin/sodium glycididazole-induced DNA damage response and apoptosis in ERCC1-defective lung cancer cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 100:54-60. [PMID: 29768183 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Kim SC, Shin YK, Kim YA, Jang SG, Ku JL. Identification of genes inducing resistance to ionizing radiation in human rectal cancer cell lines: re-sensitization of radio-resistant rectal cancer cells through down regulating NDRG1. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:594. [PMID: 29801473 PMCID: PMC5970486 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to preoperative radiotherapy is a major clinical problem in the treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer. The role of NDRG1 in resistance to ionizing radiation in rectal cancer has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the reduced intracellular NDRG1 expression on radio-sensitivity of human rectal cancer cells for exploring novel approaches for treatment of rectal cancer. Methods Three radio-resistant human rectal cancer cell lines (SNU-61R80Gy, SNU-283R80Gy, and SNU-503R80Gy) were established from human rectal cancer cell lines (SNU-61, SNU-283, and SNU-503) using total 80 Gy of fractionated irradiation. Microarray analysis was performed to identify differently expressed genes in newly established radio-resistant human rectal cancer cells compared to parental rectal cancer cells. Results A microarray analysis indicated the RNA expression of five genes (NDRG1, ERRFI1, H19, MPZL3, and UCA1) was highly increased in radio-resistant rectal cancer cell lines. Short hairpin RNA-mediated silencing of NDRG1 sensitized rectal cancer cell lines to clinically relevant doses of radiation by causing more DNA double strand breakages to rectal cancer cells when exposed to radiation. Conclusions Targeting NDRG1 represents a promising strategy to increase response to radiotherapy in human rectal cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4514-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Chan Kim
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyoung Shin
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Ah Kim
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Geun Jang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Lok Ku
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Chiang KC, Yang SW, Chang KP, Feng TH, Chang KS, Tsui KH, Shin YS, Chen CC, Chao M, Juang HH. Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Induces N-myc Downstream Regulated Gene 1 to Inhibit Cell Proliferation and Invasion of Human Nasopharyngeal Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051397. [PMID: 29738439 PMCID: PMC5983775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a bioactive component extracted from propolis, is widely studied due to its anti-cancer effect. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is distinct from other head and neck carcinomas and has a high risk of distant metastases. N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is demonstrated as a tumor suppressor gene in several cancers. Our result showed that CAPE treatment could repress NPC cell growth, through induction of S phase cell cycle arrest, and invasion. CAPE treatment stimulated NDRG1 expression in NPC cells. NDRG1 knockdown increased NPC cell proliferation and invasion and rendered NPC cells less responsive to CAPE growth-inhibiting effect, indicating CAPE repressed NPC cell growth partly through NDRG1indcution. CAPE treatment increased phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Pre-treatments by inhibitors of ERK (PD0325901), JNK (SP600125), or p38 (SB201290), respectively, all could partly inhibit the CAPE effect on NDRG1 induction in NPC cells. Further, STAT3 activity was also repressed by CAPE in NPC cells. In summary, CAPE attenuates NPC cell proliferation and invasion by upregulating NDRG1 expression via MAPK pathway and by inhibiting phosphorylation of STAT3. Considering the poor prognosis of NPC patients with metastasis, CAPE could be a promising agent against NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Chun Chiang
- Zebrafish Center, Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Wei Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan;
| | - Kai-Ping Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Lin-Kou, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 204, Taiwan;
| | - Tsui-Hsia Feng
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 244, Taiwan;
| | - Kang-Shuo Chang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 244, Taiwan;
| | - Ke-Hung Tsui
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 244, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Syuan Shin
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 244, Taiwan; (Y.-S.S.); (C.-C.C.)
| | - Chiu-Chun Chen
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 244, Taiwan; (Y.-S.S.); (C.-C.C.)
| | - Mei Chao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 244, Taiwan;
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Lin-Kou, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 244, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Heng Juang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 244, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 244, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-2118800; Fax: +886-3-2118112
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11
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Xi R, Pun IHY, Menezes SV, Fouani L, Kalinowski DS, Huang MLH, Zhang X, Richardson DR, Kovacevic Z. Novel Thiosemicarbazones Inhibit Lysine-Rich Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Related Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (CEACAM1) Coisolated (LYRIC) and the LYRIC-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via Upregulation of N-Myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 1 (NDRG1). Mol Pharmacol 2017; 91:499-517. [PMID: 28275050 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.107870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) plays a vital role in cancer progression as it is associated with inflammation and promotion of cancer angiogenesis and metastasis. The effects of TNFα are mediated by its downstream target, the oncogene lysine-rich CEACAM1 coisolated protein (LYRIC, also known as metadherin or astrocyte elevated gene-1). LYRIC plays an important role in activating the nuclear factor-ĸB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, which controls multiple cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, etc. In contrast, the metastasis suppressor N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) has the opposite effect on the NF-κB pathway, being able to inhibit NF-κB activation and reduce angiogenesis, proliferation, migration, and cancer cell invasion. These potent anticancer properties make NDRG1 an ideal therapeutic target. Indeed, a novel class of thiosemicarbazone anticancer agents that target this molecule has been developed; the lead agent, di-2-pyridylketone 4-cyclohexyl-4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone, has recently entered clinical trials for advanced and resistant cancers. To further elucidate the interaction between NDRG1 and oncogenic signaling, this study for the first time assessed the effects of NDRG1 on the tumorigenic properties of TNFα and its downstream target, LYRIC. We have demonstrated that NDRG1 inhibits the TNFα-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Further, NDRG1 also potently inhibited LYRIC expression, with a negative feedback loop existing between these two molecules. Examining the mechanism involved, we demonstrated that NDRG1 inhibited phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT signaling, leading to reduced levels of the LYRIC transcriptional activator, c-Myc. Finally, we demonstrated that novel thiosemicarbazones that upregulate NDRG1 also inhibit LYRIC expression, further highlighting their marked potential for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxing Xi
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (R.X., I.H.Y.P., S.V.M., L.F., D.S.K., M.L.H.H., D.R.R., Z.K.); Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China (R.X., X.Z.); and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (I.H.Y.P.)
| | - Ivan Ho Yuen Pun
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (R.X., I.H.Y.P., S.V.M., L.F., D.S.K., M.L.H.H., D.R.R., Z.K.); Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China (R.X., X.Z.); and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (I.H.Y.P.)
| | - Sharleen V Menezes
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (R.X., I.H.Y.P., S.V.M., L.F., D.S.K., M.L.H.H., D.R.R., Z.K.); Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China (R.X., X.Z.); and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (I.H.Y.P.)
| | - Leyla Fouani
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (R.X., I.H.Y.P., S.V.M., L.F., D.S.K., M.L.H.H., D.R.R., Z.K.); Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China (R.X., X.Z.); and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (I.H.Y.P.)
| | - Danuta S Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (R.X., I.H.Y.P., S.V.M., L.F., D.S.K., M.L.H.H., D.R.R., Z.K.); Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China (R.X., X.Z.); and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (I.H.Y.P.)
| | - Michael L H Huang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (R.X., I.H.Y.P., S.V.M., L.F., D.S.K., M.L.H.H., D.R.R., Z.K.); Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China (R.X., X.Z.); and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (I.H.Y.P.)
| | - Xiaozhi Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (R.X., I.H.Y.P., S.V.M., L.F., D.S.K., M.L.H.H., D.R.R., Z.K.); Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China (R.X., X.Z.); and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (I.H.Y.P.)
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (R.X., I.H.Y.P., S.V.M., L.F., D.S.K., M.L.H.H., D.R.R., Z.K.); Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China (R.X., X.Z.); and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (I.H.Y.P.)
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (R.X., I.H.Y.P., S.V.M., L.F., D.S.K., M.L.H.H., D.R.R., Z.K.); Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China (R.X., X.Z.); and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China (I.H.Y.P.)
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12
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Chung LC, Chiang KC, Feng TH, Chang KS, Chuang ST, Chen YJ, Tsui KH, Lee JC, Juang HH. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester upregulates N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 via ERK pathway to inhibit human oral cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28181403 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a bioactive component of propolis, is considered as a new anti-cancer agent. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common oral cancer with unsatisfying survival. N-myc downstream regulated family genes (NDRGs) involve in numerous physiological processes. We investigated the anti-cancer effect of CAPE on OSCC and related mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Cell proliferation assay, western blot, gene transfection and knockdown, and reporter assay were applied. We showed that CAPE attenuated OSCC cell proliferation and invasion in vitro, and safely and effectively inhibited OSCC cell growth in a xenograft animal model. CAPE treatment induced NDRG1, but not NDRG2 and NDRG3, expression in OSCC cells as determined by western blot, RT-qPCR, and reporter assay. The 5'-deletion assay demonstrated that CAPE increased NDRG1 promoter activity depending on the region of -128 to +46 of the 5'-flanking of NDRG1 gene. NDRG1 gene knockdown attenuated CAPE anti-growth effect on OSCC cells. CAPE activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor (PD0325901) and ERK1 knockdown blocked CAPE-induced NDRG1 expression in OSCC cells. CONCLUSION CAPE activated MAPK signaling pathway and increased NDRG1 expression through phosphorylation of ERK1/2 to repress OSCC cells growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chuan Chung
- Department of General Education Center, Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Chun Chiang
- Zebrafish Center, Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Hsia Feng
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Shuo Chang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Ting Chuang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Hung Tsui
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jehn-Chuan Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Heng Juang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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13
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Wangpu X, Yang X, Zhao J, Lu J, Guan S, Lu J, Kovacevic Z, Liu W, Mi L, Jin R, Sun J, Yue F, Ma J, Lu A, Richardson DR, Wang L, Zheng M. The metastasis suppressor, NDRG1, inhibits "stemness" of colorectal cancer via down-regulation of nuclear β-catenin and CD44. Oncotarget 2016; 6:33893-911. [PMID: 26418878 PMCID: PMC4741810 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), has been identified as an important metastasis suppressor for colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we investigated: (1) the effects of NDRG1 on CRC stemness and tumorigenesis; (2) the molecular mechanisms involved; and (3) the relationship between NDRG1 expression and colorectal cancer prognosis. Our investigation demonstrated that CRC cells with silenced NDRG1 showed more tumorigenic ability and stem cell-like properties, such as: colony and sphere formation, chemoresistance, cell invasion, high expression of CD44, and tumorigenicity in vivo. Moreover, NDRG1 silencing reduced β-catenin expression on the cell membrane, while increasing its nuclear expression. The anti-tumor activity of NDRG1 was demonstrated to be mediated by preventing β-catenin nuclear translocation, as silencing of this latter molecule could reverse the effects of silencing NDRG1 expression. NDRG1 expression was also demonstrated to be negatively correlated to CRC prognosis. In addition, there was a negative correlation between NDRG1 and nuclear β-catenin and also NDRG1 and CD44 expression in clinical CRC specimens. Taken together, our investigation demonstrates that the anti-metastatic activity of NDRG1 in CRC occurs through the down-regulation of nuclear β-catenin and suggests that NDRG1 is a significant therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongzhi Wangpu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jingkun Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jiaoyang Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shaopei Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Wensheng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Lan Mi
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Runsen Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Fei Yue
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Junjun Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Aiguo Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Lishun Wang
- The Division of Translational Medicine, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Minhua Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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14
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Ma J, Gao Q, Zeng S, Shen H. Knockdown of NDRG1 promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition of colorectal cancer via NF-κB signaling. J Surg Oncol 2016; 114:520-7. [PMID: 27338835 DOI: 10.1002/jso.24348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NDRG1 plays important roles in tumor growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The relation between NDRG1 and metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has not been identified and the mechanism of NDRG1 involving in mCRC needs to be elucidated. METHODS Correlations between NDRG1 and clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of 164 patients with mCRC were evaluated. Sensitivity of NDRG1-knockdown colon cancer cell to irinotecan (CPT-11) was determined by MTT assay. Blocking of NF-κB signaling by p65 siRNA interference was carried out to explore the mechanism of NDRG1 involving in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-regulated invasion and metastasis of CRC. RESULTS NDRG1 expression was significantly negatively correlated with differentiation (P = 0.008) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.016) of mCRC. NDRG1 was a favorable prognostic factor of mCRC, although might be responsible for CPT-11 resistance in vitro. Knockdown of NDRG1 promoted EMT of CRC cells via NF-κB signaling. Depletion of NDRG1 increased phosphorylation level of NF-κB. E-cadherin expression was increased and Vimentin expression was reduced in the p65-siRNA treated group, compared with the control group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS NDRG1 appears to prevent EMT-induced metastasis by attenuating NF-κB signaling in mCRC. NDRG1 may be an independent prognostic factor for good survival of mCRC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:520-527. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Ma
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Quanli Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Hospital of Henan Province, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Shan Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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15
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Wangpu X, Lu J, Xi R, Yue F, Sahni S, Park KC, Menezes S, Huang MLH, Zheng M, Kovacevic Z, Richardson DR. Targeting the Metastasis Suppressor, N-Myc Downstream Regulated Gene-1, with Novel Di-2-Pyridylketone Thiosemicarbazones: Suppression of Tumor Cell Migration and Cell-Collagen Adhesion by Inhibiting Focal Adhesion Kinase/Paxillin Signaling. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 89:521-40. [PMID: 26895766 PMCID: PMC4851300 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.103044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a complex process that is regulated by multiple signaling pathways, with the focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/paxillin pathway playing a major role in the formation of focal adhesions and cell motility. N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (NDRG1) is a potent metastasis suppressor in many solid tumor types, including prostate and colon cancer. Considering the antimetastatic effect of NDRG1 and the crucial involvement of the FAK/paxillin pathway in cellular migration and cell-matrix adhesion, we assessed the effects of NDRG1 on this important oncogenic pathway. In the present study, NDRG1 overexpression and silencing models of HT29 colon cancer and DU145 prostate cancer cells were used to examine the activation of FAK/paxillin signaling and the formation of focal adhesions. The expression of NDRG1 resulted in a marked and significant decrease in the activating phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin, whereas silencing of NDRG1 resulted in an opposite effect. The expression of NDRG1 also inhibited the formation of focal adhesions as well as cell migration and cell-collagen adhesion. Incubation of cells with novel thiosemicarbazones, namely di-2-pyridylketone 4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone and di-2-pyridylketone 4-cyclohexyl-4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone, that upregulate NDRG1 also resulted in decreased phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin. The ability of these thiosemicarbazones to inhibit cell migration and metastasis could be mediated, at least in part, through the FAK/paxillin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongzhi Wangpu
- Department of General Surgery; Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.W., J.L., F.Y., M.Z.); Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (X.W., R.X., S.S., K.C.P., S.M., M.L.H.H., Z.K., D.R.R.); and Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China (R.X.)
| | - Jiaoyang Lu
- Department of General Surgery; Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.W., J.L., F.Y., M.Z.); Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (X.W., R.X., S.S., K.C.P., S.M., M.L.H.H., Z.K., D.R.R.); and Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China (R.X.)
| | - Ruxing Xi
- Department of General Surgery; Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.W., J.L., F.Y., M.Z.); Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (X.W., R.X., S.S., K.C.P., S.M., M.L.H.H., Z.K., D.R.R.); and Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China (R.X.)
| | - Fei Yue
- Department of General Surgery; Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.W., J.L., F.Y., M.Z.); Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (X.W., R.X., S.S., K.C.P., S.M., M.L.H.H., Z.K., D.R.R.); and Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China (R.X.)
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Department of General Surgery; Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.W., J.L., F.Y., M.Z.); Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (X.W., R.X., S.S., K.C.P., S.M., M.L.H.H., Z.K., D.R.R.); and Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China (R.X.)
| | - Kyung Chan Park
- Department of General Surgery; Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.W., J.L., F.Y., M.Z.); Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (X.W., R.X., S.S., K.C.P., S.M., M.L.H.H., Z.K., D.R.R.); and Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China (R.X.)
| | - Sharleen Menezes
- Department of General Surgery; Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.W., J.L., F.Y., M.Z.); Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (X.W., R.X., S.S., K.C.P., S.M., M.L.H.H., Z.K., D.R.R.); and Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China (R.X.)
| | - Michael L H Huang
- Department of General Surgery; Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.W., J.L., F.Y., M.Z.); Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (X.W., R.X., S.S., K.C.P., S.M., M.L.H.H., Z.K., D.R.R.); and Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China (R.X.)
| | - Minhua Zheng
- Department of General Surgery; Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.W., J.L., F.Y., M.Z.); Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (X.W., R.X., S.S., K.C.P., S.M., M.L.H.H., Z.K., D.R.R.); and Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China (R.X.)
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Department of General Surgery; Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.W., J.L., F.Y., M.Z.); Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (X.W., R.X., S.S., K.C.P., S.M., M.L.H.H., Z.K., D.R.R.); and Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China (R.X.)
| | - Des R Richardson
- Department of General Surgery; Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (X.W., J.L., F.Y., M.Z.); Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (X.W., R.X., S.S., K.C.P., S.M., M.L.H.H., Z.K., D.R.R.); and Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China (R.X.)
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16
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Redox cycling metals: Pedaling their roles in metabolism and their use in the development of novel therapeutics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:727-48. [PMID: 26844773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Essential metals, such as iron and copper, play a critical role in a plethora of cellular processes including cell growth and proliferation. However, concomitantly, excess of these metal ions in the body can have deleterious effects due to their ability to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, the human body has evolved a very well-orchestrated metabolic system that keeps tight control on the levels of these metal ions. Considering their very high proliferation rate, cancer cells require a high abundance of these metals compared to their normal counterparts. Interestingly, new anti-cancer agents that take advantage of the sensitivity of cancer cells to metal sequestration and their susceptibility to ROS have been developed. These ligands can avidly bind metal ions to form redox active metal complexes, which lead to generation of cytotoxic ROS. Furthermore, these agents also act as potent metastasis suppressors due to their ability to up-regulate the metastasis suppressor gene, N-myc downstream regulated gene 1. This review discusses the importance of iron and copper in the metabolism and progression of cancer, how they can be exploited to target tumors and the clinical translation of novel anti-cancer chemotherapeutics.
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Wu F, Rom WN, Koshiji M, Mo Y, Hosomi Y, Tchou-Wong KM. Role of GLI1 and NDRG1 in Increased Resistance to Apoptosis Induction. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2015; 34:213-25. [PMID: 26349604 DOI: 10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.2015013472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of GLI1 expression in PW mouse embryo fibroblasts and H441 lung carcinoma cells. Ectopic expression of GLI1 in PW cells induced anchorage-independent growth and increased resistance to staurosporine-induced apoptosis, and overexpression of GLI1 in H441 cells caused resistance to apoptosis induced by staurosporine and etoposide. GLI1 expression in both H441 and PW cells was associated with increased expression of NDRG1, a gene known to be downregulated by the MYC family of proteins, indicating that upregulation of NDRG1 by GLI1 is not cell-type specific. Consistent with suppression of NDRG1 by c-MYC and N-MYC, increased NDRG1 expression correlated with decreased expression of c-MYC and N-MYC in GLI1-expressing H441 and GLI1-expressing PW cells, respectively. Downregulation of GLI1 expression in A549 cells by siRNA transfection increased sensitivity to etoposide-induced apoptosis, and downregulation of NDRG1 expression in H441 cells by siRNA transfection increased sensitivity to etoposide-induced apoptosis. Of clinical significance, inhibition of GLI1 and NDRG1 expression may increase sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Strategies that aim to inhibit GLI1 function and NDRG1 expression may be useful for targeted therapy of cancers induced by the SHH-GLI signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York
| | - William N Rom
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Minori Koshiji
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York; Clinical Oncology, Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey
| | - Yiqun Mo
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Yukio Hosomi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York; Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kam-Meng Tchou-Wong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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18
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The renaissance of polypharmacology in the development of anti-cancer therapeutics: Inhibition of the “Triad of Death” in cancer by Di-2-pyridylketone thiosemicarbazones. Pharmacol Res 2015; 100:255-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ma W, Na M, Tang C, Wang H, Lin Z. Overexpression of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 inhibits human glioma proliferation and invasion via phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT pathways. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1050-8. [PMID: 25777142 PMCID: PMC4438970 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) was previously shown to exhibit low expression in glioma tissue as compared with that in normal brain tissue; however, the role of NDRG1 in human glioma cells has remained to be elucidated. The present study used the U87 MG and SHG-44 human glioma cell lines as well as the normal human astrocyte cell line 1800, which are known to have differential NDRG1 expression. Small interfering (si)RNA targeting NDRG1, and NDRG1 overexpression vectors were transfected into the SHG-44 and U87 MG glioma cells, respectively. Cell proliferation, invasion, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were subsequently examined by MTT assay, transwell chamber assay, flow cytometry and western blot analysis, respectively. Furthermore, a subcutaneous tumor mouse model was used to investigate the effects of NDRG1 on the growth of glioma cells in vivo. Overexpression of NDRG1 was shown to inhibit cell proliferation and invasion, and induce apoptosis in the U87 MG glioma cells, whereas NDRG1 downregulation increased proliferation, suppressed apoptosis and promoted invasion of the SHG-44 glioma cells. In addition, in the subcutaneous tumor mouse model, overexpression of NDRG1 in U-87 MG cells suppressed tumorigenicity in vivo. The findings of the present study indicated that NDRG1 is required for the inhibition of gliomagenesis; therefore, targeting NDRG1 and its downstream targets may represent novel therapies for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Meng Na
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Chongyang Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Zhiguo Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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Lee JE, Kim JH. SUMO modification regulates the protein stability of NDRG1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:161-5. [PMID: 25712528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
N-myc Downstream Regulated Gene 1 (NDRG1) is a metastasis suppressor protein which suppresses metastasis without affecting primary tumorigenesis. There have been many reports about the anti-metastatic function of NDRG1 in various cancers. However, the regulatory mechanism of NDRG1 at the protein level has not been studied widely. Here, we found that NDRG1 is posttranslationally modified by Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO), preferentially by SUMO-2, and the major SUMO acceptor site of NDRG1 is Lys 14. Using various SUMO-2 modification status mimicking NDRG1 mutants, we characterized the role of SUMO-2 modification on NDRG1. SUMO-2 modification does not affect the subcellular distribution of NDRG1. However, the protein stability of NDRG1 is influenced by SUMO-2 modification. We found that both the wildtype and the SUMO modification site mutant form of the NDRG1 protein were very stable but the protein stability of SUMO-2 fused NDRG1 K14R had dramatically decreased. In addition, the expression of p21 is downregulated by overexpression of SUMO-2 fused NDRG1 K14R mutants. These results indicate that SUMO-2 modification is implicated in the modulation of NDRG1 protein level and function. This novel link between SUMO modification and regulation of NDRG1 could be a therapeutic target for treatment of various metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Eun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, South Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, South Korea.
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Sahni S, Bae DH, Lane DJR, Kovacevic Z, Kalinowski DS, Jansson PJ, Richardson DR. The metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), inhibits stress-induced autophagy in cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9692-709. [PMID: 24532803 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.529511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is a potent metastasis suppressor with an undefined role in the stress response. Autophagy is a pro-survival pathway and can be regulated via the protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/eIF2α-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway. Hence, we investigated the role of NDRG1 in stress-induced autophagy as a mechanism of inhibiting metastasis via the induction of apoptosis. As thiosemicarbazone chelators induce stress and up-regulate NDRG1 to inhibit metastasis, we studied their effects on the ER stress response and autophagy. This was important to assess, as little is understood regarding the role of the stress induced by iron depletion and its role in autophagy. We observed that the chelator, di-2-pyridylketone 4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT), which forms redox-active iron and copper complexes, effectively induced ER stress as shown by activation of the PERK/eIF2α pathway. Dp44mT also increased the expression of the autophagic marker, LC3-II, and this was dependent on activation of the PERK/eIF2α axis, as silencing PERK prevented LC3-II accumulation. The effect of Dp44mT on LC3-II expression was at least partially due to iron-depletion, as this effect was also demonstrated with the classical iron chelator, desferrioxamine (DFO), and was not observed for the DFO-iron complex. NDRG1 overexpression also inhibited basal autophagic initiation and the ER stress-mediated autophagic pathway via suppression of the PERK/eIF2α axis. Moreover, NDRG1-mediated suppression of the pro-survival autophagic pathway probably plays a role in its anti-metastatic effects by inducing apoptosis. In fact, multiple pro-apoptotic markers were increased, whereas anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 was decreased upon NDRG1 overexpression. This study demonstrates the role of NDRG1 as an autophagic inhibitor that is important for understanding its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sahni
- From the Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Fang BA, Kovačević Ž, Park KC, Kalinowski DS, Jansson PJ, Lane DJR, Sahni S, Richardson DR. Molecular functions of the iron-regulated metastasis suppressor, NDRG1, and its potential as a molecular target for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1845:1-19. [PMID: 24269900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
N-myc down-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is a known metastasis suppressor in multiple cancers, being also involved in embryogenesis and development, cell growth and differentiation, lipid biosynthesis and myelination, stress responses and immunity. In addition to its primary role as a metastasis suppressor, NDRG1 can also influence other stages of carcinogenesis, namely angiogenesis and primary tumour growth. NDRG1 is regulated by multiple effectors in normal and neoplastic cells, including N-myc, histone acetylation, hypoxia, cellular iron levels and intracellular calcium. Further, studies have found that NDRG1 is up-regulated in neoplastic cells after treatment with novel iron chelators, which are a promising therapy for effective cancer management. Although the pathways by which NDRG1 exerts its functions in cancers have been documented, the relationship between the molecular structure of this protein and its functions remains unclear. In fact, recent studies suggest that, in certain cancers, NDRG1 is post-translationally modified, possibly by the activity of endogenous trypsins, leading to a subsequent alteration in its metastasis suppressor activity. This review describes the role of this important metastasis suppressor and discusses interesting unresolved issues regarding this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard A Fang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Žaklina Kovačević
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kyung Chan Park
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Danuta S Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patric J Jansson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Darius J R Lane
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Song Y, Lv L, Du J, Yue L, Cao L. Correlation of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 subcellular localization and lymph node metastases of colorectal neoplasms. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:241-6. [PMID: 23973486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In colorectal neoplasms, N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is a primarily cytoplasmic protein, but it is also expressed on the cell membrane and in the nucleus. NDRG1 is involved in various stages of tumor development in colorectal cancer, and it is possible that the different subcellular localizations may determine the function of NDRG1 protein. Here, we attempt to clarify the characteristics of NDRG1 protein subcellular localization during the progression of colorectal cancer. We examined NDRG1 expression in 49 colorectal cancer patients in cancerous, non-cancerous, and corresponding lymph node tissues. Cytoplasmic and membrane NDRG1 expression was higher in the lymph nodes with metastases than in those without metastases (P<0.01). Nuclear NDRG1 expression in colorectal neoplasms was significantly higher than in the normal colorectal mucosa, and yet the normal colorectal mucosa showed no nuclear expression. Furthermore, our results showed higher cytoplasmic NDRG1 expression was better for differentiation, and higher membrane NDRG1 expression resulted in a greater possibility of lymph node metastasis. These data indicate that a certain relationship between the cytoplasmic and membrane expression of NDRG1 in lymph nodes exists with lymph node metastasis. NDRG1 expression may translocate from the membrane of the colorectal cancer cells to the nucleus, where it is involved in lymph node metastasis. Combination analysis of NDRG1 subcellular expression and clinical variables will help predict the incidence of lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
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24
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Bae DH, Jansson PJ, Huang ML, Kovacevic Z, Kalinowski D, Lee CS, Sahni S, Richardson DR. The role of NDRG1 in the pathology and potential treatment of human cancers. J Clin Pathol 2013; 66:911-7. [PMID: 23750037 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2013-201692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) has been well characterised to act as a metastatic suppressor in a number of human cancers. It has also been implicated to have a significant function in a number of physiological processes such as cellular differentiation and cell cycle. In this review, we discuss the role of NDRG1 in cancer pathology. NDRG1 was observed to be downregulated in the majority of cancers. Moreover, the expression of NDRG1 was found to be significantly lower in neoplastic tissues as compared with normal tissues. The most important function of NDRG1 in inhibiting tumour progression is associated with its ability to suppress metastasis. However, it has also been shown to have important effects on other stages of cancer progression (primary tumour growth and angiogenesis). Recently, novel iron chelators with selective antitumour activity (ie, Dp44mT, DpC) were shown to upregulate NDRG1 in cancer cells. Moreover, Dp44mT showed its antimetastatic potential only in cells expressing NDRG1, making this protein an important therapeutic target for cancer chemotherapy. This observation has led to increased interest in the examination of these novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Bae
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Sun J, Zhang D, Bae DH, Sahni S, Jansson P, Zheng Y, Zhao Q, Yue F, Zheng M, Kovacevic Z, Richardson DR. Metastasis suppressor, NDRG1, mediates its activity through signaling pathways and molecular motors. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1943-54. [PMID: 23671130 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), is negatively correlated with tumor progression in multiple neoplasms, being a promising new target for cancer treatment. However, the precise molecular effects of NDRG1 remain unclear. Herein, we summarize recent advances in understanding the impact of NDRG1 on cancer metastasis with emphasis on its interactions with the key oncogenic nuclear factor-kappaB, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/phosphorylated AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin and Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways. Recent studies demonstrating the inhibitory effects of NDRG1 on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a key initial step in metastasis, TGF-β pathway and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway are also described. Furthermore, NDRG1 was also demonstrated to regulate molecular motors in cancer cells, leading to inhibition of F-actin polymerization, stress fiber formation and subsequent reduction of cancer cell migration. Collectively, this review summarizes the underlying molecular mechanisms of the antimetastatic effects of NDRG1 in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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26
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Wissing MD, Mendonca J, Kim E, Kim E, Shim JS, Kaelber NS, Kant H, Hammers H, Commes T, Van Diest PJ, Liu JO, Kachhap SK. Identification of cetrimonium bromide and irinotecan as compounds with synthetic lethality against NDRG1 deficient prostate cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:401-10. [PMID: 23377825 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.23759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) has been identified as a metastasis-suppressor gene in prostate cancer (PCa). Compounds targeting PCa cells deficient in NDRG1 could potentially decrease invasion/metastasis of PCa. A cell based screening strategy was employed to identify small molecules that selectively target NDRG1 deficient PCa cells. DU-145 PCa cells rendered deficient in NDRG1 expression by a lentiviral shRNA-mediated knockdown strategy were used in the primary screen. Compounds filtered from the primary screen were further validated through proliferation and clonogenic survival assays in parental and NDRG1 knockdown PCa cells. Screening of 3360 compounds revealed irinotecan and cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) as compounds that exhibited synthetic lethality against NDRG1 deficient PCa cells. A three-dimensional (3-D) invasion assay was utilized to test the ability of CTAB to inhibit invasion of DU-145 cells. CTAB was found to remarkably decrease invasion of DU-145 cells in collagen matrix. Our results suggest that CTAB and irinotecan could be further explored for their potential clinical benefit in patients with NDRG1 deficient PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel D Wissing
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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27
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Wei W, Bracher-Manecke JC, Zhao X, Davies NH, Zhou L, Ai R, Oliver L, Vallette F, Hendricks DT. Oncogenic but non-essential role of N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 in the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2012. [PMID: 23192272 PMCID: PMC3571998 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.22956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1/Cap43/Drg-1) has previously been shown to be dysregulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In this study, we investigated the role of NDRG1 in the neoplastic progression of ESCC using ectopic gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches. Stable transfectants of the KYSE30 ESCC cell line with altered NDRG1 levels were generated by lentiviral transduction. Although no measurable effects on in vitro cell proliferation were observed with altered NDRG1 expression, the ectopic overexpression of NDRG1 was positively linked to recognized markers of metastasis, angiogenesis and apoptotic evasion. Accordingly, in the nude mouse xenograft model system, NDRG1 overexpression promoted the in vivo growth of KYSE30 derived xenografts, which could be attributed to the reduced apoptotic and enhanced angiogenic activities associated with this gene. These processes were mediated in part by increased NFκB activity in NDRG1 overexpressing cells. Nevertheless, no significant phenotypic changes were observed in response to NDRG1 knock-down, suggesting that this gene might not be essential for the neoplastic progression of ESCC. Taken together, our results suggest that NDRG1 may play positive but dispensable roles in the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Association of Differentiation-Related Gene-1 (DRG1) with Breast Cancer Survival and in Vitro Impact of DRG1 Suppression. Cancers (Basel) 2012; 4:658-72. [PMID: 24213460 PMCID: PMC3712716 DOI: 10.3390/cancers4030658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation-related gene-1, DRG1, is a metastasis suppressor gene whose expression has been shown to be dysregulated in a number of malignancies. The current study examines the expression of DRG1 in a clinical breast cohort and its association with a number of clinical pathological factors using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, DRG1 expression is targeted in vitro using ribozyme transgene technology to explore the function of DRG1 in two human breast cancer cell lines. Low levels of DRG1 were found in patients who developed metastasis (p = 0.036) and who died of breast cancer (p = 0.0048) compared to disease free patients. Knockdown of DRG1 also resulted in significantly increased invasion and motility, but decreased matrix-adhesion in MCF7 cells. Knockdown of DRG1 seemed to have minimal impact on the cellular functions of the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line causing no significant differences in cell growth, invasion, motility or matrix-adhesion. Thus, DRG1 appears to be linked to development of metastasis and death in patients who died as a result of breast cancer and may be useful as a prognostic factor as its knockdown appears to be linked with increased invasion and motility and decreased adhesion in MCF7 breast cancer cells.
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Chen Z, Zhang D, Yue F, Zheng M, Kovacevic Z, Richardson DR. The iron chelators Dp44mT and DFO inhibit TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition via up-regulation of N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17016-17028. [PMID: 22453918 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.350470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key step for cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) regulates the EMT and the metastasis suppressor gene, N-myc downstream-regulated gene-1 (NDRG1), could play a role in regulating the TGF-β pathway. NDRG1 expression is markedly increased after chelator-mediated iron depletion via hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-dependent and independent pathways (Le, N. T. and Richardson, D. R. (2004) Blood 104, 2967-2975). Moreover, novel iron chelators show marked and selective anti-tumor activity and are a potential new class of anti-metabolites. Considering this, the current study investigated the relationship between NDRG1 and the EMT to examine if iron chelators can inhibit the EMT via NDRG1 up-regulation. We demonstrated that TGF-β induces the EMT in HT29 and DU145 cells. Further, the chelators, desferrioxamine (DFO) and di-2-pyridylketone-4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT), inhibited the TGF-β-induced EMT by maintaining E-cadherin and β-catenin, at the cell membrane. We then established stable clones with NDRG1 overexpression and knock-down in HT29 and DU145 cells. These data showed that NDRG1 overexpression maintained membrane E-cadherin and β-catenin and inhibited TGF-β-stimulated cell migration and invasion. Conversely, NDRG1 knock-down caused morphological changes from an epithelial- to fibroblastic-like phenotype and also increased migration and invasion, demonstrating NDRG1 knockdown induced the EMT and enhanced TGF-β effects. We also investigated the mechanisms involved and showed the TGF-β/SMAD and Wnt pathways were implicated in NDRG1 regulation of E-cadherin and β-catenin expression and translocation. This study demonstrates that chelators inhibit the TGF-β-induced EMT via a process consistent with NDRG1 up-regulation and elucidates the mechanism of their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Chen
- General Surgery Department of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Daohai Zhang
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Fei Yue
- General Surgery Department of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Minhua Zheng
- General Surgery Department of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- General Surgery Department of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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The molecular biology of brain metastasis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:723541. [PMID: 22481931 PMCID: PMC3317231 DOI: 10.1155/2012/723541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis to the central nervous system (CNS) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic cancers. Various crucial interactions between the brain environment and tumor cells take place during the development of the cancer at its new location. The rapid expansion in molecular biology and genetics has advanced our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms involved, from invasion to final colonization of new organ tissues. Understanding the various events occurring at each stage should enable targeted drug delivery and individualized treatments for patients, with better outcomes and fewer side effects. This paper summarizes the principal molecular and genetic mechanisms that underlie the development of brain metastasis (BrM).
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The indolic diet-derivative, 3,3'-diindolylmethane, induced apoptosis in human colon cancer cells through upregulation of NDRG1. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2012:256178. [PMID: 22187533 PMCID: PMC3228297 DOI: 10.1155/2012/256178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 participates in carcinogenesis, angiogenesis, metastases, and anticancer drug resistance. In the present study, we analyzed the expression pattern of N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 following treatment of human colonic cancer cell lines; HCT-116 (well differentiated with wild-type p53 gene) and Colo-320 (poorly differentiated with mutant p53 gene), with 3,3'-diindolylmethane, a well-established proapoptotic agent product derived from indole-3-carbinol. Treatment of Colo-320 and HCT-116 with 3,3'-diindolylmethane disclosed inhibition of cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, mediated through apoptosis induction. The increased expression of N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 was detected only in poorly differentiated colon cancer cells, Colo-320 cell line. Our results suggest that N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 expression is enhanced by 3,3'-diindolylmethane in poorly differentiated cells and followed by induction of apoptosis. 3,3'-diindolylmethane induced apoptosis may represent a new regulator of N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 in poorly differentiated colonic cancer cells.
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32
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Hickok JR, Sahni S, Mikhed Y, Bonini MG, Thomas DD. Nitric oxide suppresses tumor cell migration through N-Myc downstream-regulated gene-1 (NDRG1) expression: role of chelatable iron. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41413-41424. [PMID: 21976667 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.287052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is a ubiquitous cellular protein that is up-regulated under a multitude of stress and growth-regulatory conditions. Although the exact cellular functions of this protein have not been elucidated, mutations in this gene or aberrant expression of this protein have been linked to both tumor suppressive and oncogenic phenotypes. Previous reports have demonstrated that NDRG1 is strongly up-regulated by chemical iron chelators and hypoxia, yet its regulation by the free radical nitric oxide ((•)NO) has never been demonstrated. Herein, we examine the chemical biology that confers NDRG1 responsiveness at the mRNA and protein levels to (•)NO. We demonstrate that the interaction of (•)NO with the chelatable iron pool (CIP) and the appearance of dinitrosyliron complexes (DNIC) are key determinants. Using HCC 1806 triple negative breast cancer cells, we find that NDRG1 is up-regulated by physiological (•)NO concentrations in a dose- and time-dependant manner. Tumor cell migration was suppressed by NDRG1 expression and we excluded the involvement of HIF-1α, sGC, N-Myc, and c-Myc as upstream regulatory targets of (•)NO. Augmenting the chelatable iron pool abolished (•)NO-mediated NDRG1 expression and the associated phenotypic effects. These data, in summary, reveal a link between (•)NO, chelatable iron, and regulation of NDRG1 expression and signaling in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Hickok
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Yuliya Mikhed
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Marcelo G Bonini
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Douglas D Thomas
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612.
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Akiba J, Murakami Y, Noda M, Watari K, Ogasawara S, Yoshida T, Kawahara A, Sanada S, Yasumoto M, Yamaguchi R, Kage M, Kuwano M, Ono M, Yano H. N-myc downstream regulated gene1/Cap43 overexpression suppresses tumor growth by hepatic cancer cells through cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. Cancer Lett 2011; 310:25-34. [PMID: 21775055 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (NDRG1)/Cap43 regulates tumor growth and metastasis in various carcinomas. In this study we examined whether and how NDRG1/Cap43 modulates tumor growth by human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. NDRG1/Cap43 cDNA was used to transfect HCC cell lines (KIM-1), and stable transfectants overexpressing NDRG1/Cap43 (KIM-1/Cap43) were obtained. Cell cycle analysis showed that KIM-1/Cap43 cells were arrested in the G0/G1 phase. Western blot analysis demonstrated an increase in p21 in KIM-1/Cap43 cells in culture under full confluency as compared with KIM-1/Mock. When KIM-1 cells, which are very low in NDRG1/Cap43 expression, were treated with mimosine, a G0/G1 cell cycle blocker, expression of NDRG1/Cap43 was induced in a dose dependent manner, together with p21 induction and CDK4 reduction. In vivo, KIM-1/Cap43 cells showed markedly decreased tumor growth rates compared with those of KIM-1/Mock. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated markedly higher p21 labeling index in the KIM-1/Cap43 tumor than KIM-1/Mock tumor, and lower CDK4 and Ki-67 labeling index in the KIM-1/Cap43 than KIM-1/Mock. In order to confirm suppressive effects of NDRG1/Cap43, we further established a stable transfectant expressing NDRG1/Cap43 (HAK-1B/Cap43) using another HCC cell line, HAK-1B. Western blot analysis demonstrated an increase in p21 and a decrease in CDK4 in HAK-1B/Cap43 cells in culture under full confluency as compared with HAK-1B/Mock. HAK-1B/Cap43 also showed decreased tumor growth rates as compared with its control counterpart in vivo. NDRG1/Cap43 overexpression thus induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase accompanied by increased p21 and decreased CDK4 expression in HCC cells. NDRG1/Cap43 might play a key role in the cell cycle control of G0/G1 in HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Akiba
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.
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Kovacevic Z, Sivagurunathan S, Mangs H, Chikhani S, Zhang D, Richardson DR. The metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), upregulates p21 via p53-independent mechanisms. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:732-40. [PMID: 21398495 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (NDRG1), has been shown to markedly reduce metastasis of numerous tumors. The current study was focused on further elucidating the molecular mechanisms behind the antitumor function of NDRG1. We have identified for the first time that NDRG1 upregulates the potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21. This effect was observed in three different cancer cell types, including PC3MM and DU145 prostate cancer cells and H1299 lung carcinoma cells, and occurred independently of p53. In addition, reducing NDRG1 expression using short hairpin RNA in PC3MM and DU145 cells resulted in significantly reduced p21 protein levels. Hence, p21 is closely correlated with NDRG1 expression in these latter cell types. Examining the mechanisms behind the effect of NDRG1 on p21 expression, we found that NDRG1 upregulated p21 via transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms in prostate cancer cells, although its effect on H1299 cells was posttranscriptional only. Further studies identified two additional NDRG1 protein targets. The dominant-negative p63 isoform, ΔNp63, which has been found to inhibit p21 transcription, was downregulated by NDRG1. On the other hand, a truncated 50 kDa MDM2 isoform (p50(MDM2)), which may protect p21 from proteasomal degradation, was upregulated by NDRG1. The downregulation of ΔNp63 and upregulation of p50(MDM2) are potential mechanisms by which NDRG1 increases p21 expression in these cells. Additional functional studies identified that NDRG1 inhibits cancer cell migration, suggesting that p21 is a molecular player in its antimetastatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaklina Kovacevic
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Kawahara A, Akiba J, Hattori S, Yamaguchi T, Abe H, Taira T, Ureshino H, Murakami Y, Watari K, Koufuji K, Shirouzu K, Kuwano M, Ono M, Kage M. Nuclear expression of N-myc downstream regulated gene 1/Ca(2+)-associated protein 43 is closely correlated with tumor angiogenesis and poor survival in patients with gastric cancer. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:471-479. [PMID: 22977527 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1)/Ca(2+)-associated protein 43 (Cap43) in cancer cells is a predictive marker of good or poor prognosis depending on tumor type. In this study, we examined whether NDRG1/Cap43 is a marker of good or poor prognosis in gastric cancer patients, and whether it is associated with tumor stromal responses, including angiogenesis and macrophage infiltration. The expression levels of NDRG1/Cap43, the number of CD68-positive macrophages and the CD34-positive microvessel density were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 129 gastric cancer patients, including 65 with the intestinal type and 64 with the diffuse type. The expression of NDRG1/Cap43 in the nucleus and the membrane was evaluated. Nuclear NDRG1/Cap43 expression was found in 20/65 (30.8%) patients with the intestinal type and in 9/64 (14.1%) patients with the diffuse type of gastric cancer. Nuclear NDRG1/Cap43 expression was significantly associated with pathological stage in the intestinal type (P=0.002), but not in the diffuse type (P=0.039). Nuclear NDRG1/Cap43 expression was also closely associated with infiltrating macrophages (P=0.001) and tumor angiogenesis (P=0.001) in the intestinal type. Furthermore, nuclear NDRG1/Cap43 expression was associated with poor prognosis in both the intestinal (P=0.001) and the diffuse types of gastric cancer (P=0.047). By contrast, membranous NDRG1/Cap43 expression was not associated with the overall survival of gastric cancer patients with either the intestinal or diffuse type of gastric cancer. The expression of NDRG1/Cap43 in the nucleus may be a predictive biomarker for malignant progression in the intestinal type of gastric cancer, preferable to the expression of NDRG1/Cap43 in the membrane.
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Expression and biological function of N-myc down-regulated gene 1 in human cervical cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 30:771-6. [PMID: 21181370 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-010-0656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The expression of N-myc down-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) has previously been reported to be involved in the proliferation, differentiation, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells, but its role in cervical cancer is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the expression of NDRG1gene in human cervical cancer and its effect on aggressive tumor behaviors. The NDRG1 expression in cervical tissues and cells was detected by RT-PCR. Specific expression plasmid pEGFP-N1-NDRG1-GFP was used to enhance the expression of NDRG1 in human cervical cancer cell lines. The mRNA and protein level of NDRG1 was assessed by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Its effects on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by MTT, transwell migration assay and flow cytometry (FCM), respectively. The results showed that the expression of NDRG1 in cervical cancer tissues and cells was significantly lower than in normal cervical tissues (P<0.001). After transfection with pEGFP-N1-NDRG1-GFP, the mRNA and protein expression of NDRG1 was up-regulated in Siha cells, which suppressed cell proliferation (P<0.001), induced cell cycle arrest (P<0.05), reduced invasion and migration of Siha cells (P<0.05), but caused no cell apoptosis. Moreover, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a tumor-induced angiogenesis factor, was markedly reduced and E-cadherin, a cell adhesion molecule, was increased in the cells transfected with pEGFP-N1-NDRG1-GFP. It was concluded that up-regulated NDRG1 may play a role in the suppression of malignant cell growth, invasion and metastasis of human cervical cancer.
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Jiang K, Shen Z, Ye Y, Yang X, Wang S. A novel molecular marker for early detection and evaluating prognosis of gastric cancer: N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (NDRG1). Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:898-908. [PMID: 20388062 DOI: 10.3109/00365520903242580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (NDRG1) is known as a differentiation-related gene that plays important roles in cell differentiation, organ formation, and embryonic development. NDRG1 was recently found to significantly down regulate in a variety of different neoplasms. Its significance in gastric cancer has not been studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS NDRG1 was detected at its protein level by immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections with a total of 110 pair gastric cancer specimens including tumor and corresponding paraneoplastic tissues; NDRG1 mRNA was detected by real time-polymerase chain reaction. Meanwhile, the correlations between NDRG1 and clinicopathological factors were observed. Overexpression of NDRG1 has influence on the biological behavior of gastric cancer cell, which was detected by cell growth assay, apoptosis assay, and in vitro motility and invasion assay. RESULTS NDRG1 protein was down regulated in gastric cancer tissues, and the NDRG1 low expression rate was 73.6% (79/110). Moreover, NDRG1 expression has a significant inverse correlation with tumor stromal invasion, lymph node metastasis, pathological stage, but not with distant metastasis. The patients with low NDRG1 expression had a significantly shorter survival opportunity than those with high NDRG1 expression. In addition, overexpression of NDRG1 induced early apoptosis and inhibited SGC7901 cell proliferation and its motility and invasion capability. CONCLUSIONS NDRG1 plays a significant role in carcinogenesis and preventing the metastasis and invasion of gastric cancer cells. NDRG1 could be developed as a marker contributing to diagnosis and evaluating prognosis in gastric cancer, as well as a potential therapeutic target of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, PR China
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Melotte V, Qu X, Ongenaert M, van Criekinge W, de Bruïne AP, Baldwin HS, van Engeland M. The N-myc downstream regulated gene (NDRG) family: diverse functions, multiple applications. FASEB J 2010; 24:4153-66. [PMID: 20667976 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-151464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The N-myc downstream regulated gene (NDRG) family of proteins consists of 4 members, NDRG1-4, which are well conserved through evolution. The first member to be discovered and responsible for the family name was NDRG1, because its expression is repressed by the proto-oncogenes MYCN and MYC. All family members are characterized by an α/β hydrolase-fold motif; however, the precise molecular and cellular function of these family members has not been fully elucidated. Although the exact function of NDRG family members has not been clearly elucidated, emerging evidence suggests that mutations in these genes are associated with diverse neurological and electrophysiological syndromes. In addition, aberrant expression as well as tumor suppressor and oncogenic functions affecting key hallmarks of carcinogenesis such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, invasion, and stress response have been reported for several of the NDRG proteins. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the NDRG family members concerning their structure, origin, and tissue distribution. In addition, we review the current knowledge regarding the regulation and signaling of the NDRG family members in development and normal physiology. Finally, their role in disease and potential clinical applications (their role as detection or prognostic markers) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Melotte
- Department of Pathology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Toffoli S, Delaive E, Dieu M, Feron O, Raes M, Michiels C. NDRG1 and CRK-I/II are regulators of endothelial cell migration under intermittent hypoxia. Angiogenesis 2009; 12:339-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-009-9156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Ambrosini G, Seelman SL, Schwartz GK. Differentiation-related gene-1 decreases Bim stability by proteasome-mediated degradation. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6115-21. [PMID: 19622774 PMCID: PMC2733857 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Drg1 was identified as a differentiation-related, putative metastatic suppressor gene in human colon and prostate cancer. Its expression is associated with resistance to irinotecan (CPT-11) therapy in preclinical colorectal cancer models both in vitro and in vivo. However, the functional significance of Drg1 in these processes is unknown. We have shown for the first time that Drg1 directly binds to the BH3-only proapoptotic protein Bim. Depletion of Drg1 by small interfering RNA induced up-regulation of Bim and its accumulation in the mitochondria, which correlated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and induction of apoptosis in cells exposed to SN-38. Further analyses revealed that Drg1 promotes degradation of Bim through the Cullin2/ElonginB-CIS ubiquitin-protein ligase complex. Conversely, in the absence of Drg1, Bim was stabilized and bound more abundantly to Hsp70. These results show that Drg1 renders cancer cells more resistant to chemotherapy through enhanced proteasome-mediated Bim degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Ambrosini
- Laboratory of New Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sharon L. Seelman
- Laboratory of New Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Gary K. Schwartz
- Laboratory of New Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Schilling SH, Hjelmeland AB, Radiloff DR, Liu IM, Wakeman TP, Fielhauer JR, Foster EH, Lathia JD, Rich JN, Wang XF, Datto MB. NDRG4 is required for cell cycle progression and survival in glioblastoma cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:25160-9. [PMID: 19592488 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.012484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
NDRG4 is a largely unstudied member of the predominantly tumor suppressive N-Myc downstream-regulated gene (NDRG) family. Unlike its family members NDRG1-3, which are ubiquitously expressed, NDRG4 is expressed almost exclusively in the heart and brain. Given this tissue-specific expression pattern and the established tumor suppressive roles of the NDRG family in regulating cellular proliferation, we investigated the cellular and biochemical functions of NDRG4 in the context of astrocytes and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells. We show that, in contrast to NDRG2, NDRG4 expression is elevated in GBM and NDRG4 is required for the viability of primary astrocytes, established GBM cell lines, and both CD133(+) (cancer stem cell (CSC)-enriched) and CD133(-) primary GBM xenograft cells. While NDRG4 overexpression has no effect on cell viability, NDRG4 knockdown causes G(1) cell cycle arrest followed by apoptosis. The initial G(1) arrest is associated with a decrease in cyclin D1 expression and an increase in p27(Kip1) expression, and the subsequent apoptosis is associated with a decrease in the expression of XIAP and survivin. As a result of these effects on cell cycle progression and survival, NDRG4 knockdown decreases the tumorigenic capacity of established GBM cell lines and GBM CSC-enriched cells that have been implanted intracranially into immunocompromised mice. Collectively, these data indicate that NDRG4 is required for cell cycle progression and survival, thereby diverging in function from its tumor suppressive family member NDRG2 in astrocytes and GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Schilling
- Department of Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Melotte V, Lentjes MHFM, van den Bosch SM, Hellebrekers DMEI, de Hoon JPJ, Wouters KAD, Daenen KLJ, Partouns-Hendriks IEJM, Stessels F, Louwagie J, Smits KM, Weijenberg MP, Sanduleanu S, Khalid-de Bakker CAJ, Oort FA, Meijer GA, Jonkers DMAE, Herman JG, de Bruïne AP, van Engeland M. N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 4 (NDRG4): a candidate tumor suppressor gene and potential biomarker for colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101:916-27. [PMID: 19535783 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djp131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of hypermethylated tumor suppressor genes in body fluids is an appealing strategy for the noninvasive detection of colorectal cancer. Here we examined the role of N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 4 (NDRG4) as a novel tumor suppressor and biomarker in colorectal cancer. METHODS NDRG4 promoter methylation was analyzed in human colorectal cancer cell lines, colorectal tissue, and noncancerous colon mucosa by using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and bisulfite sequencing. NDRG4 mRNA and protein expression were studied using real-time-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Tumor suppressor functions of NDRG4 were examined by colony formation, cell proliferation, and migration and invasion assays in colorectal cancer cell lines that were stably transfected with an NDRG4 expression construct. Quantitative methylation-specific PCR was used to examine the utility of NDRG4 promoter methylation as a biomarker in fecal DNA from 75 colorectal cancer patients and 75 control subjects. All P values are two-sided. RESULTS The prevalence of NDRG4 promoter methylation in two independent series of colorectal cancers was 86% (71/83) and 70% (128/184) compared with 4% (2/48) in noncancerous colon mucosa (P < .001). NDRG4 mRNA and protein expression were decreased in colorectal cancer tissue compared with noncancerous colon mucosa. NDRG4 overexpression in colorectal cancer cell lines suppressed colony formation (P = .014), cell proliferation (P < .001), and invasion (P < .001). NDRG4 promoter methylation analysis in fecal DNA from a training set of colorectal cancer patients and control subjects yielded a sensitivity of 61% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 43% to 79%) and a specificity of 93% (95% CI = 90% to 97%). An independent test set of colorectal cancer patients and control subjects yielded a sensitivity of 53% (95% CI = 39% to 67%) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI = 86% to 100%). CONCLUSIONS NDRG4 is a candidate tumor suppressor gene in colorectal cancer whose expression is frequently inactivated by promoter methylation. NDRG4 promoter methylation is a potential biomarker for the noninvasive detection of colorectal cancer in stool samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Melotte
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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Sun B, Chu D, Li W, Chu X, Li Y, Wei D, Li H. Decreased expression of NDRG1 in glioma is related to tumor progression and survival of patients. J Neurooncol 2009; 94:213-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-009-9859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Strzelczyk B, Szulc A, Rzepko R, Kitowska A, Skokowski J, Szutowicz A, Pawelczyk T. Identification of high-risk stage II colorectal tumors by combined analysis of the NDRG1 gene expression and the depth of tumor invasion. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:1287-94. [PMID: 19259744 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experiments on cancer cell lines and animal models indicated that alteration in expression of N-myc down-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is associated with development of colon cancer. However, few clinical data are available to assess the role of NDRG1 in progression of human colorectal cancer. This study was undertaken to reveal the prognostic and predictive usefulness of NDRG1 expression determination in colorectal cancer. METHODS The expression of NDRG1 mRNA was investigated in 108 colorectal cancer tissues by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The level of NDRG1 protein was investigated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Patients with lowered level of NDRG1 mRNA had a statistically significantly shorter 5-year survival rate compared with patients with unchanged expression of NDRG1 (P = .01). The overall survival time for patients with II tumor, node, metastasis system (TNM) stage disease and tumors displaying reduced expression of NDRG1 was significantly shorter compared with patients with preserved NDRG1 expression (P = .024). Moreover, the survival rate of patients with TNM stage II disease and T4 lesion was significantly lower (P = .0005) for patients with reduced level of NDRG1 expression compared with patients with unchanged NDRG1 expression. The stepwise multivariate regression analysis revealed that advanced TNM stage and lowered NDRG1 expression level were independent unfavorable prognostic factors for patient survival. CONCLUSIONS The assessment of NDRG1 expression offers valuable prognostic information for patients with colorectal cancer, especially for those with stage II disease. We propose that NDRG1 expression level could be used to select patients with stage II disease who are at increased risk of unfavorable outcome, and who may benefit from adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Strzelczyk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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46
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Zhong L, Chen J, Jiang YB, Sun DY. Effect of transforming growth factor β1 on cell cycle-associated genes in BxPC-3. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:3225-3229. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i28.3225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To further investigate the mechanism underlying the cell cycle-associated gene expression regulated by exogeneous TGFβ1 in BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells.
METHODS: Alterations of 24 cell cycle-associated genes were determined using a specially designed gene chip in BxPC-3 cells treated with 2 μg/L TGFβ1 for 72 h. Those which were not interfered were taken as controls.
RESULTS: After the intervention of 2.0 μg/L TGFβ1, of the 24 genes, three genes were found unchanged, 3 genes (namely, p27KIP1, DMTF1 and TIEG) were up-regulated, 17 genes were down-regulated and only one was deleted for characterization due to an experimental error. Many a gene was associated with the G1/S cell cycle transition (e.g., GSPT1, ASK, CDK4, SKP2, cyclin C), some of them were transcription factors (e.g., E2F3 and E2F5), and TRAD was a serine/threonine kinase with Dbl- and pleckstrin homology domains.
CONCLUSION: Tissue microarray analysis revealed multiple alterations of the cell cycle-associated genes that were regulated by TGFβ1. This finding indicates the existence of cross-talking between the Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways of TGFβ1, which may mediate the growth-inhibitory effect of TGFβ1 in pancreatic carcinoma.
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Kovacevic Z, Fu D, Richardson DR. The iron-regulated metastasis suppressor, Ndrg-1: Identification of novel molecular targets. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:1981-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhang P, Tchou-Wong KM, Costa M. Egr-1 Mediates Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription of theNDRG1Gene through an Overlapping Egr-1/Sp1 Binding Site in the Promoter. Cancer Res 2007; 67:9125-33. [PMID: 17909017 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
N-myc down-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1/Cap43) is inducible by a variety of environmental stressors, including hypoxia. The present study identified a cis-acting element mediating the transactivation of the NDRG1 gene in murine RAW264.7 macrophage cells treated with hypoxia or deferoxamine, an iron chelator mimicking hypoxia. Through a series of deletions of the promoter of NDRG1 luciferase constructs, a minimal cis-acting element conferring inducibility by hypoxia and deferoxamine was localized to an early growth response 1 (Egr-1) and Sp1 overlapping binding site. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, antibody supershift assay, and mutations of the Egr-1 binding site confirmed the specific binding of Egr-1 protein to this Egr-1/Sp1 motif. In addition, hypoxia increased the level of Egr-1 protein that correlated with induction of NDRG1 expression at both RNA and protein levels. Transient transfection of the Egr-1 gene into HeLa cells also resulted in up-regulation of the NDRG1 mRNA. The role of Egr-1 was further verified by mutations in the Egr-1 binding site, which reduced promoter inducibility by hypoxia and deferoxamine. Furthermore, the induction of NDRG1 expression by hypoxia and deferoxamine was diminished by RNA interference knockdown of Egr-1 gene expression and in Egr-1-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) compared with Egr-1+/- MEFs. These results showed for the first time that Egr-1 regulates NDRG1 transcription through an overlapping Egr-1/Sp1 binding site that acts as a major site of positive regulation of the NDRG1 promoter by hypoxia signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987, USA
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Koshiji M, Kumamoto K, Morimura K, Utsumi Y, Aizawa M, Hoshino M, Ohki S, Takenoshita S, Costa M, Commes T, Piquemal D, Harris CC, Tchou-Wong KM. Correlation of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 expression with clinical outcomes of colorectal cancer patients of different race/ethnicity. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:2803-10. [PMID: 17569115 PMCID: PMC4395631 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i20.2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the role of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) expression in prognosis and survival of colorectal cancer patients with different ethnic backgrounds.
METHODS: Because NDRG1 is a downstream target of p53 and hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), we examined NDRG1 expression together with p53 and HIF-1α by immunohistochemistry. A total of 157 colorectal cancer specimens including 80 from Japanese patients and 77 from US patients were examined. The correlation between protein expression with clinicopathological features and survival after surgery was analyzed.
RESULTS: NDRG1 protein was significantly increased in colorectal tumor compared with normal epithelium in both Japanese and US patient groups. Expression of NDRG1 protein was significantly correlated with lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, depth of invasion, histopathological type, and Dukes' stage in Japanese colorectal cancer patients. NDRG1 expression was correlated to histopathological type, Dukes' stage and HIF-1α expression in US-Caucasian patients but not in US-African American patients. Interestingly, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that NDRG1 expression correlated significantly with poorer survival in US-African American patients but not in other patient groups. However, in p53-positive US cases, NDRG1 positivity correlated significantly with better survival. In addition, NDRG1 expression also correlated significantly with improved survival in US patients with stages III and IV tumors without chemotherapy. In Japanese patients with stages II and III tumors, strong NDRG1 staining in p53-positive tumors correlated significantly with improved survival but negatively in patients without chemotherapy.
CONCLUSION: NDRG1 expression was correlated with various clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes in colorectal cancer depending on the race/ethnicity of the patients. NDRG1 may serve as a biological basis for the disparity of clinical outcomes of colorectal cancer patients with different ethnic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minori Koshiji
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
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