• Diagnosis
• Diagnostic test accuracy
• Helicobacter pylori
• Meta-analysis
• Urea breath test

• Adult
• Humans
• Helicobacter Infections/diagnosis
• Urea
• Helicobacter pylori
• Reproducibility of Results
• Sensitivity and Specificity
• Breath Tests/methods
• Diagnostic Tests, Routine

• Disease eradication
• Helicobacter pylori
• Probiotics

• Helicobacter pylori
• UBT
• diagnostic
• infectious disease

• R01 DK062813 NIDDK NIH HHS
• the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan
• the National Institutes of Health
• the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Institutional Program for Core-to-Core Program
• the Japanese Government (MEXT) scholarship program

• Cameroon
• Diagnostic
• H. pylori infection
• Rapid urease test
• Serology
• Stool antigen test

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Antigens, Bacterial/isolation & purification
• Cameroon/epidemiology
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Duodenum/microbiology
• Feces/microbiology
• Female
• Gastrointestinal Diseases/diagnosis
• Gastrointestinal Diseases/epidemiology
• Gastrointestinal Diseases/microbiology
• Helicobacter Infections/diagnosis
• Helicobacter Infections/epidemiology
• Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Young Adult

Background and Objectives:Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is common worldwide and may cause gastroduodenal complications, including cancer. In this review, we examine the prevalence and distribution of various H. pylori genotypes and the risk factors for H. pylori infection, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. We also introduce different global screening methods and guidelines and compare them to those currently in use in the MENA region. Materials and Methods: We searched the Google Scholar, PubMed, and Saudi Digital Library (SDL) databases for clinical trials and articles published in English. The data collection was mainly focused on MENA countries. However, for H. pylori genotypes and diagnostic methods, studies conducted in other regions or reporting global practices and guidelines were also included to allow a comparison with those in the MENA region. We also included studies examining the prevalence of H. pylori infection in healthy participants. Results:H. pylori infection is highly prevalent in the MENA region, mainly because of the accumulation of risk factors in developing countries. Herein, we highlight a lack of good quality studies on the prevalence of various H. pylori genotypes in the MENA region as well as a need for standard diagnostic methods and screening guidelines. Due to the complications associated with H. pylori, we recommend routine screening for H. pylori infection in all gastroenterology patients admitted in the MENA region. Conclusion: Concerted effort will first be required to validate affordable, non-invasive, and accurate diagnostic methods and to establish local guidelines with adapted cut-off values for the interpretation of the test results.

• Helicobacter pylori
• MENA
• diagnosis
• genotypes
• prevalence

The optimal pharmacological regimen for eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been investigated for many years. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of bismuth-based quadruple therapy (B-QT) and a modified sequential therapy (ST) regimens in eradication of H. pylori. A randomized, double-blind trial was conducted on 344 patients. Patients with H. pylori infection and without a history of previous treatment were randomized to receive 14-day B-QT (bismuth subcitrate 240 mg, pantoprazole 40 mg, amoxicillin 1000 mg, and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily) or 14-day ST (bismuth subcitrate 240 mg, pantoprazole 40 mg, amoxicillin 1000 mg, and metronidazole 500 mg twice a day for seven days followed by bismuth subcitrate 240 mg, pantoprazole 40 mg, amoxicillin 1000 mg, and furazolidone 100 mg twice a day for additional seven days). Drug adverse effects were assessed during the study. H. pylori eradication was determined eight weeks after the end of treatment using ¹⁴C-urea breath test. Based on per-protocol and intention-to-treat, the eradication rate was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the B-QT regimen 91.9 % (95 % CI; 88.1-94.0) and 90.2 % (95 % CI; 86.3-92.9), respectively compared to the ST regimen 80.8 % (95 % CI; 76.6-84.9) and 78.1 % (95 % CI; 73.7-82.4), respectively. The severity of vomiting and loss of appetite were significantly higher in ST regimen (p<0.05). The B-QT regimen was more effective and safer than the ST regimen. Conclusively, it is suggested to assess the efficacy and safety of this regimen in longer studies, larger population, and in other communities.

• Helicobacter pylori
• adverse effects
• eradication
• furazolidone
• sequential therapy

To evaluate the association between VEGF-634G>C gene polymorphism with premalignant gastric lesions as well as the level of VEGF.

This cross-sectional study included patients with H. pylori gastritis at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital, Permata Bunda General Hospital, and Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital, Medan, Indonesia. Detection of H. pylori infection was made using positive results of ¹⁴C-UBT, rapid urease test, and/or immunohistochemistry. Gastric premalignant lesion diagnosis was made when one or more of the following were present: chronic atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, or dysplasia. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to examine VEGF-634G>C gene polymorphism. Additionally, serum samples of patients with H. pylori gastritis were obtained to determine the level of circulating VEGF. Data were analysed using SPSS version 22.

A total number of 87 patients with H. pylori gastritis were included in this study. Of all participants, 26 patients (29.9%) showed gastric premalignancy. There was a significant association between GG+GC genotype of VEGF-634G>C and gastric premalignant lesions (P = 0.003; OR (CI 95%) = 6.07 (1.88-41.71)). VEGF-634 G>C polymorphism also showed an association with VEGF serum levels (P = 0.005). Patients with the GG+GC genotype would be at risk of 3.16 times to have high VEGF levels compared to CC genotypes.

VEGF-634G>C polymorphism, in particular, GG+GC genotype was associated with an increased risk of gastric premalignant transformation as well as having high VEGF levels in patients with H.pylori gastritis.

• Gastric premalignant lesion
• Helicobacter pylori
• VEGF
• polymorphism

• Dyspepsia
• Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
• endoscopic biopsy
• gastritis

• Antibiotic resistance
• Eradication
• Helicobacter pylori
• Quintuple therapy
• Rescue therapy

• Adult
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects
• Breath Tests
• Drug Administration Schedule
• Drug Therapy, Combination
• Female
• Helicobacter Infections/diagnosis
• Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy
• Helicobacter Infections/microbiology
• Helicobacter pylori/drug effects
• Humans
• Iran
• Male
• Medication Adherence
• Middle Aged
• Prospective Studies
• Proton Pump Inhibitors/administration & dosage
• Proton Pump Inhibitors/adverse effects
• Time Factors
• Treatment Outcome

• Gastroduodenal diseases
• Helicobacter pylori diagnosis
• hp-eradication

Urease is a virulence factor found in various pathogenic bacteria. It is essential in colonization of a host organism and in maintenance of bacterial cells in tissues. Due to its enzymatic activity, urease has a toxic effect on human cells. The presence of ureolytic activity is an important marker of a number of bacterial infections. Urease is also an immunogenic protein and is recognized by antibodies present in human sera. The presence of such antibodies is connected with progress of several long-lasting diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis or urinary tract infections. In bacterial ureases, motives with a sequence and/or structure similar to human proteins may occur. This phenomenon, known as molecular mimicry, leads to the appearance of autoantibodies, which take part in host molecules destruction. Detection of antibodies-binding motives (epitopes) in bacterial proteins is a complex process. However, organic chemistry tools, such as synthetic peptide libraries, are helpful in both, epitope mapping as well as in serologic investigations.

In this review, we present a synthetic report on a molecular organization of bacterial ureases - genetic as well as structural. We characterize methods used in detecting urease and ureolytic activity, including techniques applied in disease diagnostic processes and in chemical synthesis of urease epitopes. The review also provides a summary of knowledge about a toxic effect of bacterial ureases on human body and about occurrence of anti-urease antibodies in long-lasting diseases.

Helicobacter pylori infection is a basic risk factor for chronic gastritis, and gastric carcinoma. Based on some studies, the reason is binding of H. pylori to H and Le^b antigens in gastric mucosa. However, some other findings have not determined any association between the infection and these antigens. Because of this controversy and the fact that H. pylori infection and gastric adenocarcinoma are common diseases in Iran, the assessment of the association of H. pylori infection with these blood groups could be valuable.

In a cross sectional study on 135 adult dyspeptic patients in Mashhad, Iran, from 2009 to 2010, H. pylori infection was evaluated by using the Heliprobe ¹⁴C-urea breath test and the ABO and Lewis blood group antigens were determined by the tube method. Association between the Lewis and ABO phenotypes with H. pylori infection were analysed by Fisher's exact test. A P ≤ 0.05 was considered to be significant.

68 (50.4%) patients were positive for H. pylori infection. The frequencies of the ABO, Lewis and secretion phenotypes were not significant in the infected and non-infected patients. We also did not find a significant association between Le^a and Le^b antigens and this infection.

We could not establish a significant association between the Lewis, ABO and secretion phenotypes with H. pylori infection. Diversity of sequences of blood group antigen b-binding adhesion (babA gene) of H. pylori may be a reason why our findings are different from other studies in other geographic areas.

• ABO blood groups
• Helicobacter pylori
• Lewis blood group
• gastritis
• secretor blood group

• Helicobacter pylori
• citric acid
• urea breath test