• Interventional radiology
• Metabolic tumor volume
• PET-computed tomography
• Quantitative PET
• Response assessment in oncology
• Standardized uptake value
• Total lesion glycolysis
• Total metabolic tumor volume

• Gold nanorods
• Gold nanostars
• Localized surface plasmon resonance
• Photothermal therapy
• Targeted cancer therapy

• Animal study
• Immune response
• Interleukin 6
• Irreversible electroporation
• Radiofrequency ablation

• Animals
• Mice
• Electroporation/methods
• Radiofrequency Ablation/methods
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Liver Neoplasms/immunology
• Liver Neoplasms/therapy
• Liver Neoplasms/pathology
• Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology
• CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
• Disease Models, Animal
• Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
• Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
• Cytokines
• Neoplasm Metastasis
• Cell Line, Tumor
• Interleukin-6/immunology

• JP 21K07072 JSPS KAKENHI

• anti-PD-1
• combination therapy
• immunity
• prostate cancer
• radiofrequency ablation

• Diagnosis
• Endoscopic ultrasonography
• Neuroendocrine tumor
• Pancreas
• Treatment

• Humans
• Pancreatic Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
• Pancreatic Neoplasms/surgery
• Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
• Neuroendocrine Tumors/diagnostic imaging
• Neuroendocrine Tumors/surgery
• Neuroendocrine Tumors/pathology
• Endosonography
• Treatment Outcome
• Predictive Value of Tests
• Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration
• Ultrasonography, Interventional
• Radiofrequency Ablation/adverse effects
• Ablation Techniques/adverse effects
• Catheter Ablation/adverse effects

• EUS
• EUS-RFA
• pancreatic neoplasia
• radiofrequency ablation

• Endoscopic ultrasound
• Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
• Pancreatoduodenectomy
• Radiofrequency
• Surgery
• Tumor ablation

• Bleeding
• Complication
• Hepatocellular carcinoma
• Liver
• Radiofrequency ablation
• Recurrence

• Humans
• Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/surgery
• Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/diagnostic imaging
• Liver Neoplasms/surgery
• Liver Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
• Radiofrequency Ablation/adverse effects
• Radiofrequency Ablation/methods
• Postoperative Complications/diagnostic imaging
• Postoperative Complications/etiology
• Risk Factors
• Catheter Ablation/adverse effects
• Catheter Ablation/methods
• Treatment Outcome

• Female
• Humans
• Breast Neoplasms/surgery
• Catheter Ablation
• Consensus
• Critical Pathways

• cancer combination therapy
• heat shock protein
• nanomedicine
• photodynamic therapy
• photothermal therapy

• CMRPD2M0151 Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital

• biliary obstruction
• cholangiocarcinoma
• pancreatic cancer
• stents

• Humans
• Male
• Female
• Middle Aged
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Quality of Life
• Catheter Ablation/adverse effects
• Catheter Ablation/methods
• Radiofrequency Ablation
• Cholangiocarcinoma
• Pancreatic Neoplasms/complications
• Pancreatic Neoplasms/surgery
• Stents/adverse effects
• Cholestasis/etiology
• Cholestasis/surgery
• Bile Duct Neoplasms/complications
• Bile Duct Neoplasms/surgery
• Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/surgery
• Treatment Outcome

• Materials science
• Optics

• Interventional Radiology
• Radiofrequency Ablation
• Thyroid Nodule
• Treatment Outcome

• Focused ultrasound
• High intensity
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• Thalamotomy

• Cost of care
• Primary aldosteronism
• Production costs
• Radio Frequency Ablation

• 5 kHz
• apoptosis
• computed tomography
• histopathology
• irreversible electroporation

Although insufficient radiofrequency ablation (RFA) promotes the recurrence and metastasis of liver cancer, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of HIF-2α in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCCs) after Insufficient RFA.

We established a model of insufficient RFA in MHCC97H hepatoma cells and screened for stable sublines. We inhibited HIF-2α expression in the Insufficient RFA group using PT2385 and assessed the resulting changes in proliferation and biological function of HCCs. Cell viability and proliferation were detected by the MTT method, and scratch and Transwell chamber invasion tests detected migration and invasion abilities of HCCs. The mRNA and protein expression levels of VEGF, HIF-2α, and Notch1 were detected using qPCR, immunofluorescence, and western blotting.

Compared with normal HCCs without RFA treatment, insufficient RFA enhanced the proliferation and invasion abilities of hepatocellular carcinoma subline MHCC97H (P < 0.001), as well as their migration ability (P = 0.046). The HIF-2α-specific inhibitor PT2385 downregulated the migration (P = 0.009) and invasion (P < 0.001) of MHCC97H cells but did not affect cell proliferation (P > 0.05). Insufficient ablation increased the mRNA and protein expression of VEGF, HIF-2α, and Notch1 in HCCs, whereas inhibition of HIF-2α reversed these changes.

Insufficient RFA increases the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCCs via the HIF-2α/VEGF/Notch1 signaling axis; HIF-2α is a potential target for novel treatments of HCC after insufficient RFA.

• National Natural Science Foundation of China
• National Key Research and Development Program of China
• Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province

Photothermal therapy (PTT) has become effective through the development of nanoparticle-based photoabsorbers with various functions, such as targeting properties, high light-to-heat conversion, and photostability. Conventional nanoparticle-mediated PTT has attained localized efficiency in cancer treatment by heat-induced apoptosis or necrosis of cancer cells. Currently, such treatment methods evolve into cancer immunotherapy through the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD). Damage-associated molecular patterns from dead cells by nanoparticle-mediated PTT activate immune cells for systemic anti-cancer effect. In this review, we investigate various nanoparticle-based PTT and compare its methodology to clarify how it undergoes a transition from thermotherapy to immunotherapy.

One of the promising cancer treatment methods is photothermal therapy (PTT), which has achieved good therapeutic efficiency through nanoparticle-based photoabsorbers. Because of the various functions of nanoparticles, such as targeting properties, high light-to-heat conversion, and photostability, nanoparticle-mediated PTT successfully induces photothermal damage in tumor tissues with minimal side effects on surrounding healthy tissues. The therapeutic efficacy of PTT originates from cell membrane disruption, protein denaturation, and DNA damage by light-induced heat, but these biological impacts only influence localized tumor areas. This conventional nanoparticle-mediated PTT still attracts attention as a novel cancer immunotherapy, because PTT causes immune responses against cancer. PTT-induced immunogenic cell death activates immune cells for systemic anti-cancer effect. Additionally, the excellent compatibility of PTT with other treatment methods (e.g., chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade therapy) reinforces the therapeutic efficacy of PTT as combined immunotherapy. In this review, we investigate various PTT agents of nanoparticles and compare their applications to reveal how nanoparticle-mediated PTT undergoes a transition from thermotherapy to immunotherapy.

• cancer
• immunotherapy
• photothermal therapy

• Radiofrequency ablation
• electrodes
• intervention
• thyroid gland
• ultrasonography

• Raman spectroscopy
• cancer
• nanoparticles
• pain management
• photothermal therapy

• EP/R020965/1 Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council

• RFA
• large benign solid thyroid nodules
• radiofrequency ablation
• thyroid function
• volume reduction rate

• Humans
• Thyroid Nodule/diagnosis
• Treatment Outcome
• Radiofrequency Ablation/methods
• Catheter Ablation/adverse effects
• Catheter Ablation/methods
• Ultrasonography

• Ablation Techniques
• Electrodes
• Electroporation
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Cholangiocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer are the most common causes of malignant biliary obstruction. The majority of patients are diagnosed at a late stage when surgical resection is rarely possible. In these cases, palliative chemotherapy and radiotherapy provide only limited benefit and are associated with poor survival. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a procedure for locoregional control of tumours, whereby a high-frequency alternating current turned into thermal energy causes coagulative necrosis of the tissue surrounding the catheter. The subsequent release of debris and tumour antigens by necrotic cells can stimulate local and systemic immunity. The development of endoluminal RFA catheters has led to the emergence of endoscopically delivered RFA, a treatment mainly used for malignant biliary strictures to prolong survival and/or stent patency. Other indications include recanalisation of occluded biliary stents and treatment of intraductal ampullary adenoma or benign biliary strictures. This article presents a comprehensive review of endobiliary RFA, mainly focusing on its use in patients with malignant biliary obstruction. The available data suggest that biliary RFA may be a promising modality, having positive impacts on survival and stent patency and boasting a reasonable safety profile. However, further studies with better characterised and stratified patient populations are needed before the method becomes accepted within routine clinical practice.

• Radiofrequency
• Ablation
• Biliary
• Stenosis
• Cholangiocarcinoma
• Pancreatic cancer

Size and density measurements of the ablation zones on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of hepatic metastases of primary breast or colorectal cancer were acquired over time.

Twenty-five liver metastases [colorectal cancer (CRC): n = 16; mean size: 19.6 ± 8.5 mm; breast cancer (BC): n = 9; 27.9 ± 13.6 mm] in 15 patients (CRC: n = 11; age: 65.4 ± 6.5 years; BC: n = 4; 62.0 ± 13.8 years) treated by RFA were included in this retrospective study. All patients had undergone postinterventional serial follow-up using multidetector CT (MDCT) (1 day/1/4/7/10/14/18/23/>24 months) without evidence of local tumor recurrence during the follow-up. The ablation zones were evaluated using a commercial software tool (Syngo CT Oncology) in order to determine volumetric, RECIST-, WHO- and density changes over the course of time. Results were compared by applying repeated measures analysis of variance and displayed graphically.

The RF ablation zones demonstrated significant shrinkage (P ≤ 0.05) over the first 7 months (volume, RECIST, WHO) of the follow-up. Follow-up after 7 months did not show any significant changes in size (P > 0.05) (mean volume (ml): 55.2/34.7/26.3/16.5/12.7/10.0/8.9/8.1/7.5; RECIST (mm): 58.7/49.3/43.7/37.8/34.2/31.3/29.1/27.3/24.8; WHO (mm²): 2458.3/1769.3/1341.8/1027.1/870.1/720.2/649.0/570.4/511.3). Mean density values decreased significantly between 1 day (58.9 HU) and 1 month (47.5 HU) after the procedure.

Typical changes in size and density values of RF-induced, recurrence-free ablation zones after RFA of hepatic metastases of colorectal and breast cancer were acquired, showing a significant decrease in density of the ablation zone within the first month and significant shrinkage within the first 7 months after RFA.

• Ablation zone
• automated evaluation
• hepatic metastases
• radiofrequency ablation

Current immune-based therapies signify a major advancement in cancer therapy; yet, they are not effective in the majority of patients. Physically based local destruction techniques have been shown to induce immunologic effects and are increasingly used in order to improve the outcome of immunotherapies. The various local destruction methods have different modes of action and there is considerable variation between the different techniques with respect to the ability and frequency to create a systemic anti-tumor immunologic effect. Since the abscopal effect is considered to be the best indicator of a relevant immunologic effect, the present review focused on the tissue changes associated with this effect in order to find determinants for a strong immunologic response, both when local destruction is used alone and combined with immunotherapy. In addition to the T cell-inflammation that was induced by all methods, the analysis indicated that it was important for an optimal outcome that the released antigens were not destroyed, tumor cell death was necrotic and tumor tissue perfusion was at least partially preserved allowing for antigen presentation, immune cell trafficking and reduction of hypoxia. Local treatment with controlled low level hyperthermia met these requisites and was especially prone to result in abscopal immune activity on its own.

• abscopal
• immunotherapy
• local treatment
• presentation
• tissue perfusion
• trafficking
• tumor antigen
• tumor cell death

• endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)
• endoscopic ultrasound guided tattooing
• endoscopic ultrasound-guided fiducial placement
• endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA)
• ethanol ablation
• pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs)
• radiofrequency ablation (RFA)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most common and frequently diagnosed malignant tumor of the pancreas with few treatment options and poor life expectancy. Despite the advances in the surgical field, 40% of the patients are diagnosed with locally advanced disease which is not suitable for surgery. Radio-frequency ablation (RFA) has been described as a new ‘weapon’ in the multimodal treatment of PDAC, representing a cytoreductive procedure which must be completed with radiotherapy or chemo-radiotherapy. A systematic research was carried out utilizing the PubMed database in regards to this subject, to evaluate the role of RFA in PDAC management. Abstracts, letters-to-the-editor and non-English language manuscripts were excluded. The literature showed that RFA can be used in open and laparoscopic surgery but it is also feasible for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS-guided RFA) or percutaneous approach. Even though we found optimistic and encouraging reports on overall survival (OS), randomized studies are still required to corroborate these findings. Our review research underline that surgical resection remains the only radical treatment option, RFA being a safe and feasible technique reserved for unresectable, non-metastatic pancreatic tumors. Its combination with oncological treatment can improve the OS of these patients.

• locally advanced cancer
• non-metastatic pancreatic cancer
• palliative treatment
• pancreatic adenocarcinoma
• radio-frequency ablation

• finite element modeling
• interstitial therapeutic ultrasound
• conformal tumor ablation
• magnetic resonance thermal imaging
• robot assisted surgeries

• Animals
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Phantoms, Imaging
• Rotation
• Swine
• Ultrasonic Therapy
• Ultrasonography

• R01 CA166379 NCI NIH HHS

Bone tumors can cause severe pain and poor quality of life due to recurrence and non-achievement of complete remission after surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) can be considered for minimally invasive treatment of bone tumors that are difficult to radically excise. In this study, RFA was performed for bone tumors that were difficult to radically excise and did not respond to surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy due to their large sizes and/or locations. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze the clinical characteristics and survival rates of bone tumors after RFA and provide one more treatment option for the future.

There were 43 patients with bone tumors who underwent percutaneous RFA at our hospital from April 2007 to October 2017. The median age of the patients was 59 years (range, 31–75 years), and the median follow-up duration was 67.2 months (range, 10.2–130.5 months). Of the 43 patients, 26 were male and 17 were female. Thirty-four cases were metastatic bone tumors, 5 were chordomas, 3 were osteosarcomas, and 1 was a giant cell tumor. Pain and functional ability of the patients were evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS) and the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) functional scoring system, respectively. Scores were recorded preoperatively, 1 week postoperatively, and 4 weeks postoperatively. The 1-year, 2-year, and 5-year survival rates were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method.

The mean VAS score was 8.21 preoperatively. The mean VAS score at 1 week, 4 weeks, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks postoperatively were 3.91, 3.67, 3.31, and 3.12, respectively. The mean preoperative MSTS score was 64.0% (range, 32%–87%). The mean postoperative MSTS score was 71.0% (range, 40%–90%). The 1-year, 2-year, and 5-year survival rates were 95.3%, 69.8%, and 30.2%, respectively.

As per our study findings, RFA was effective in reducing pain and improving functional ability of patients with bone tumors that were difficult to radically excise.

• Bone neoplasms
• Radiofrequency ablation

• breast cancer
• effective
• meta-analysis
• radiofrequency ablation
• safe

• CT
• DXA
• Imaging
• MRI
• Neoplastic
• Osteoporosis
• Radiographs
• Vertebral Fracture

• adrenal adenoma
• hypertension
• primary aldosteronism
• radiofrequency ablation

• Adenoma/complications
• Adenoma/surgery
• Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use
• Blood Pressure
• Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory
• Child
• Female
• Humans
• Hyperaldosteronism/complications
• Hyperaldosteronism/drug therapy
• Hyperaldosteronism/surgery
• Hypertension/complications
• Hypertension/drug therapy
• Male
• Pilot Projects
• Prospective Studies
• Radiofrequency Ablation

Liver tumors like hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be treated minimally invasive, e.g., by Irreversible Electroporation (IRE), which destroys the cancer. As it is possible that the tumor re-grows due to single tumor cells inadvertently not covered by the treatment, follow-up imaging of the liver is important for early detection of local tumor progression. As ablation leaves scarred tissue, recurrent tumor after IRE can appear vastly different than before treatment and thus can be hard to detect on MRI via classical imaging features. We here examined cases of local tumor progression after IRE of HCC and found distinct MR-imaging features helpful for the identification of re-grown viable tumor, namely T2 BLADE and diffusion weighted images (DWI) at the ablation zone border and T1 portal-venous and delayed phase post-contrast images in the center of the ablation zone. This knowledge will help in early detection and re-treatment of HCC for a prolonged survival.

This single-center retrospective study was conducted to improve the early detection of local tumor progression (LTP) after irreversible electroporation (IRE) of a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-based 3T MR imaging and to identify helpful signal characteristics by comparing 23 patients with and 60 patients without LTP. To identify the differences in the sensitivity of MRI sequences, the specificity, positive prediction value, negative prediction value (NPV) and diagnostic odds ratio were calculated. A chi-squared test, two-tailed student’s t-test and binary logistic regression model were used to detect distinct patient characteristics and variables for the prediction of LTP. LTP was mostly detected in the peripheral ablation zone (82.6%) within the first six months (87.0%). The central LTP ablation area presented more hypointensities in T1 p.v. (sensitivity: 95.0%; NPV: 90.0%) and in T1 d.p. (sensitivity: 100.0%; NPV: 100.0) while its peripheral part showed more hyperintensities in T2 BLADE (sensitivity: 95.5%; NPV: 80.0%) and in diffusion sequences (sensitivity: 90.0%). Liver cirrhosis seems to be an unfavorable prognosticator for LTP (p = 0.039). In conclusion, LTP mostly occurs in the peripheral ablation zone within six months after IRE. Despite often exhibiting atypical Gd-EOB-DTPA MR signal characteristics, T2 BLADE and diffusion sequences were helpful for their detection in the peripheral zone while T1 p.v. and T1 d.p. had the highest sensitivity in the central zone.

• Gd-EOB-DTPA
• early detection
• hepatocellular carcinoma
• irreversible electroporation
• magnetic resonance imaging

• nanodynamic therapy
• nanomedicine
• oxidative therapy
• radicals
• tumor therapy

• Humans
• Nanomedicine/methods
• Animals
• Photochemotherapy/methods
• Photosensitizing Agents/chemistry
• Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology
• Neoplasms/therapy
• Neoplasms/drug therapy
• Nanoparticles/chemistry

• 2016YFA0203700 National Key Research and Development Program of China
• 51672303 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• 81971629 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• 81771848 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• 51802336 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• 51722211 Excellent Young Scientist Foundation of NSFC
• 81901752 Shanghai Sailing Program
• 18XD1404300 Program of Shanghai Subject Chief Scientist

• Radiofrequency ablation
• comparative studies
• hepatocellular carcinoma
• liver neoplasm
• stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy
• stereotactic body radiotherapy

• Adult
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Contrast Media
• Electrochemotherapy
• Female
• Gadolinium DTPA
• Hepatic Artery/diagnostic imaging
• Humans
• Liver Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
• Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Portal Vein/diagnostic imaging

• endoscopic ultrasound
• ethanol ablation
• pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
• radiofrequency ablation

• adverse effects
• focal therapy
• prostate cancer
• quality of life
• radiofrequency ablation

• Feasibility Studies
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Prospective Studies
• Prostatic Neoplasms/surgery
• Quality of Life
• Radiofrequency Ablation/adverse effects
• Treatment Outcome

• TACE
• head and neck cancer
• liver metastases

Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) is rarely performed in veterinary medicine. A rationale exists for its use in selected cases of canine liver tumours. RFA induces ablation zones of variable size and geometry depending on the technique used and on the impedance of the targeted organ.

(a) to describe the geometry and reproducibility of the ablation zones produced by three commercially available systems from a single company, using isolated swine liver parenchyma as a model for future veterinary applications in vivo; (b) to study the effects of local saline perfusion into the ablated parenchyma through the electrode tip and of single versus double passage of the electrode on size, geometry and reproducibility of the ablation zones produced.

Size, and geometry of ablation zones reproduced in six livers with one cooled and perfused (saline) and two cooled and non‐perfused systems, after single or double passage (n = 6/condition), were assessed macroscopically on digitalized images by a blinded operator. Longitudinal and transverse diameters, equivalent diameter, estimated volume and roundness index were measured. Reproducibility was assessed as coefficient of variation.

Ablation zone reproducibility was higher when expressed in terms of ablation zone diameters than estimated volume. Local saline perfusion of the parenchyma through the electrode tip during RFA increased the ablation zone longitudinal diameter. Ablation zone estimated volume increased with saline perfusion only when double passage was performed. These data may provide useful information for those clinicians who intend to include RFA as an additive tool in veterinary interventional radiology.

• ex vivo
• interventional radiology
• liver
• radiofrequency ablation
• tissue morphometry
• veterinary oncology

• Cerebral ablation
• high-intensity focused ultrasound
• laser interstitial thermal therapy
• magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound
• radiofrequency
• thermal lesioning