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Jama HA, Snelson M, Schutte AE, Muir J, Marques FZ. Recommendations for the Use of Dietary Fiber to Improve Blood Pressure Control. Hypertension 2024; 81:1450-1459. [PMID: 38586958 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.22575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
According to several international, regional, and national guidelines on hypertension, lifestyle interventions are the first-line treatment to lower blood pressure (BP). Although diet is one of the major lifestyle modifications described in hypertension guidelines, dietary fiber is not specified. Suboptimal intake of foods high in fiber, such as in Westernized diets, is a major contributing factor to mortality and morbidity of noncommunicable diseases due to higher BP and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we address this deficiency by examining and advocating for the incorporation of dietary fiber as a key lifestyle modification to manage elevated BP. We explain what dietary fiber is, review the existing literature that supports its use to lower BP and prevent cardiovascular disease, describe the mechanisms involved, propose evidence-based target levels of fiber intake, provide examples of how patients can achieve the recommended targets, and discuss outstanding questions in the field. According to the evidence reviewed here, the minimum daily dietary fiber for adults with hypertension should be >28 g/day for women and >38 g/day for men, with each extra 5 g/day estimated to reduce systolic BP by 2.8 mm Hg and diastolic BP by 2.1 mm Hg. This would support a healthy gut microbiota and the production of gut microbiota-derived metabolites called short-chain fatty acids that lower BP. Awareness about dietary fiber targets and how to achieve them will guide medical teams on better educating patients and empowering them to increase their fiber intake and, as a result, lower their BP and cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi A Jama
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (H.A.J., M.S., F.Z.M.), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew Snelson
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (H.A.J., M.S., F.Z.M.), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Victorian Heart Institute (M.S., F.Z.M.), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Aletta E Schutte
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (A.E.S.)
- George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia (A.E.S.)
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team, MRC Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (A.E.S.)
| | - Jane Muir
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Translational Medicine (J.M.), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Francine Z Marques
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (H.A.J., M.S., F.Z.M.), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Victorian Heart Institute (M.S., F.Z.M.), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (F.Z.M.)
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2
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Ma S, Li X, Tao Q, Hu Q, Yang W, Kimatu BM, Ma G. The effect of in vitro digestion on the interaction between polysaccharides derived from Pleurotus eryngii and intestinal mucus. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:1318-1329. [PMID: 38370047 PMCID: PMC10867464 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharides (PEPs) have been proven to display multiple activities through digestive system action, from which the digestion products should first interact with intestinal mucus (MUC), followed by the function of intestinal cells. Hence, possible interacting characterizations between MUC and in vitro simulated digestion products of P. eryngii polysaccharides (DPEPs) and PEP were carried out in the present study. Results showed that both PEP and DPEP could significantly interact with MUC. Moreover, digestion can modify the interaction between polysaccharides and MUC; the degree of interaction also changes with time incrementing. Viscosity could be decreased after digesting. According to the zeta potential and stability analysis result, the digestive behavior could be regular and stable between polysaccharides and MUC interactions. Following fluorescence and infrared spectra, the structure of polysaccharides and mucin might be changed by digestion between polysaccharides and MUC. The study indicates that the interaction formed between DPEP and MUC might indirectly impact the exercise and immune activities of polysaccharides and influence the transportation of other nutrients. Overall, our results, the absorption and transport pathways of PEP, can be initially revealed and may provide a novel research viewpoint on the active mechanism of PEP in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungus Preservation and Intensive Processing, College of Food Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Finance and EconomicsNanjingChina
| | - Xinyi Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungus Preservation and Intensive Processing, College of Food Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Finance and EconomicsNanjingChina
| | - Qi Tao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungus Preservation and Intensive Processing, College of Food Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Finance and EconomicsNanjingChina
| | - Qiuhui Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungus Preservation and Intensive Processing, College of Food Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Finance and EconomicsNanjingChina
| | - Wenjian Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungus Preservation and Intensive Processing, College of Food Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Finance and EconomicsNanjingChina
| | - Benard Muinde Kimatu
- College of Food Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Department of Dairy and Food Science and TechnologyEgerton UniversityEgertonKenya
| | - Gaoxing Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungus Preservation and Intensive Processing, College of Food Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Finance and EconomicsNanjingChina
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3
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Valicente VM, Peng CH, Pacheco KN, Lin L, Kielb EI, Dawoodani E, Abdollahi A, Mattes RD. Ultraprocessed Foods and Obesity Risk: A Critical Review of Reported Mechanisms. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:718-738. [PMID: 37080461 PMCID: PMC10334162 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence supports a positive association between ultraprocessed food (UPF) consumption and body mass index. This has led to recommendations to avoid UPFs despite very limited evidence establishing causality. Many mechanisms have been proposed, and this review critically aimed to evaluate selected possibilities for specificity, clarity, and consistency related to food choice (i.e., low cost, shelf-life, food packaging, hyperpalatability, and stimulation of hunger/suppression of fullness); food composition (i.e., macronutrients, food texture, added sugar, fat and salt, energy density, low-calorie sweeteners, and additives); and digestive processes (i.e., oral processing/eating rate, gastric emptying time, gastrointestinal transit time, and microbiome). For some purported mechanisms (e.g., fiber content, texture, gastric emptying, and intestinal transit time), data directly contrasting the effects of UPF and non-UPF intake on the indices of appetite, food intake, and adiposity are available and do not support a unique contribution of UPFs. In other instances, data are not available (e.g., microbiome and food additives) or are insufficient (e.g., packaging, food cost, shelf-life, macronutrient intake, and appetite stimulation) to judge the benefits versus the risks of UPF avoidance. There are yet other evoked mechanisms in which the preponderance of evidence indicates ingredients in UPFs actually moderate body weight (e.g., low-calorie sweetener use for weight management; beverage consumption as it dilutes energy density; and higher fat content because it reduces glycemic responses). Because avoidance of UPFs holds potential adverse effects (e.g., reduced diet quality, increased risk of food poisoning, and food wastage), it is imprudent to make recommendations regarding their role in diets before causality and plausible mechanisms have been verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius M Valicente
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ching-Hsuan Peng
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kathryn N Pacheco
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Luotao Lin
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Elizabeth I Kielb
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Elina Dawoodani
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Afsoun Abdollahi
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epidemiologic studies and clinical trials have demonstrated the benefits of dietary fiber. This occurs through a combination of the physiochemical properties of fiber and through microbial fermentation that occurs in the colon which result in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The purpose of this review is to highlight the physiochemical properties of fiber that result in the range of physiologic effects and to review the literature on the health benefits of acetate, propionate, and butyrate. RECENT FINDINGS Of the variety of properties and functions exerted by dietary fibers, the fermentability and production of SCFA's are emphasized in this review. Studies done in both animal and humans reveal the anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and possible anti-neoplastic roles SCFAs exert at the mucosal level. Many clinical questions remain regarding the optimal dose, type, and method of delivery of fiber to exert the desired beneficial effects. It has the potential to be used in the management of clinical symptoms, prevention of disease, and improvement in human health. Further studies to address this novel use of fiber has the potential to make a large impact in clinical practice.
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Hamad S, Maw J, Wright AJ. Ultrasonography assessment of gastric emptying for different emulsion microstructures was superior to acetaminophen marker method. FOOD STRUCTURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foostr.2022.100299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pasmans K, Meex RCR, van Loon LJC, Blaak EE. Nutritional strategies to attenuate postprandial glycemic response. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13486. [PMID: 35686720 PMCID: PMC9541715 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining good glycemic control to prevent complications is crucial in people with type 2 diabetes and in people with prediabetes and in the general population. Different strategies to improve glycemic control involve the prescription of blood glucose-lowering drugs and the modulation of physical activity and diet. Interestingly, lifestyle intervention may be more effective in lowering hyperglycemia than pharmaceutical intervention. Regulation of postprandial glycemia is complex, but specific nutritional strategies can be applied to attenuate postprandial hyperglycemia. These strategies include reducing total carbohydrate intake, consuming carbohydrates with a lower glycemic index, the addition of or substitution by sweeteners and fibers, using food compounds which delay or inhibit gastric emptying or carbohydrate digestion, and using food compounds which inhibit intestinal glucose absorption. Nevertheless, it must be noted that every individual may respond differently to certain nutritional interventions. Therefore, a personalized approach is of importance to choose the optimal nutritional strategy to improve postprandial glycemia for each individual, but this requires a better understanding of the mechanisms explaining the differential responses between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Pasmans
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth C R Meex
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Yang C, Si J, Chen Y, Xie J, Tian S, Cheng Y, Hu X, Yu Q. Physicochemical structure and functional properties of soluble dietary fibers obtained by different modification methods from Mesona chinensis Benth. residue. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111489. [PMID: 35761712 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP), high-temperature cooking combined with ultrasonic (HTCU) and high-temperature cooking combined with complex enzyme hydrolysis (HTCE) were used to modify soluble dietary fiber (SDF) in Mesona chinensis Benth. residue (MCBR), then the structural and in vitro functional properties of A-SDF, HU-SDF and HE-SDF were investigated. Results showed that the three treatments significantly increased the yield of SDF. Scanning electron microscopy, FT-IR, monosaccharide composition, X-ray diffraction, molecular weight distribution and thermal stability analysis were employed to determine the structural changes. Compared with the control SDF (CK-SDF), HE-SDF and HU-SDF had looser and more porous microstructure, as well as lower crystallinity. In contrast to HE-SDF and HU-SDF, A-SDF exhibited a dense wavy microstructure, and elevated crystallinity and thermal stability. In addition, the monosaccharide composition and molecular weight of HU-SDF, HE-SDF and A-SDF were significantly altered as compared to CK-SDF. Moreover, the functional properties of HE-SDF and HU-SDF, including water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), glucose adsorption capacity (GAC), α-amylase activity inhibition ratio (α-AAIR), cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC) and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC), were significantly higher than those of CK-SDF. However, the dense structure and high crystallinity of A-SDF resulted in a significantly lower GAC and NIAC than that of CK-SDF, with only WHC and α-AAIR being improved. Overall, this study showed that HTCU and HTCE could be used as ideal modification methods for MCBR SDF, HE-SDF and HU-SDF have potential as functional additives in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jingyu Si
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jianhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Shenglan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yanan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiaobo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
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8
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Chen C, Shang C, Xin L, Xiang M, Wang Y, Shen Z, Jiao L, Ding F, Cui X. Beneficial Effects of Psyllium on the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiometabolic Diseases. Food Funct 2022; 13:7473-7486. [PMID: 35781477 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00560c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases are reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. Nevertheless, current therapeutic strategies are insufficient; thus, studying novel complementary and alternative medicines remains of the upmost importance. Psyllium has been used for...
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Chang Shang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Laiyun Xin
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
- First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Chinese Medicine, Shandong, 250355, China
| | - Mi Xiang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Yuling Wang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zihuan Shen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Linke Jiao
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fan Ding
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiangning Cui
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Konjac glucomannan molecular and rheological properties that delay gastric emptying and improve the regulation of appetite. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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The effects of different temperatures of post-exercise protein-containing drink on gastric motility and energy intake in healthy young men. Br J Nutr 2021; 127:782-790. [PMID: 33902763 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521001392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of different temperatures of protein-containing drink after exercise on subsequent gastric motility and energy intake in healthy young men. Twelve healthy young men completed three, 1-d trials in a random order. In all trials, the subjects ran on a treadmill for 30 min at 80% of maximum heart rate. In exercise + cold drink (2°C) and exercise + hot drink (60°C) trials, the subjects consumed 300 ml of protein-containing drink (0·34 MJ) at 2°C or 60°C over a 5-min period after exercise. In the exercise (i.e. no preload) trial, the subjects sat on a chair for 5 min after exercise. Then, the subjects sat on a chair for 30 min to measure their gastric motility with an ultrasound imaging system in all trials. Thereafter, the subjects consumed a test meal until they felt comfortably full. Energy intake in the exercise + hot drink trial was 14 % and 15 % higher than the exercise (P = 0·046, 95% CI 4·010, 482·538) trial and exercise + cold drink (P = 0·001, 95% CI 160·089, 517·111) trial, respectively. The frequency of the gastric contractions in the exercise + hot drink trial was higher than the exercise (P = 0·023) trial and exercise + cold drink (P = 0·007) trial. The total frequency of gastric contractions was positively related to energy intake (r = 0·386, P = 0·022). These findings demonstrate that consuming protein-containing drink after exercise at 60°C increases energy intake and that this increase may be related to the modulation of the gastric motility.
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated the benefits of dietary fibre on gastrointestinal health through consumption of unrefined whole foods, such as wholegrains, legumes, vegetables and fruits. Mechanistic studies and clinical trials on isolated and extracted fibres have demonstrated promising regulatory effects on the gut (for example, digestion and absorption, transit time, stool formation) and microbial effects (changes in gut microbiota composition and fermentation metabolites) that have important implications for gastrointestinal disorders. In this Review, we detail the major physicochemical properties and functional characteristics of dietary fibres, the importance of dietary fibres and current evidence for their use in the management of gastrointestinal disorders. It is now well-established that the physicochemical properties of different dietary fibres (such as solubility, viscosity and fermentability) vary greatly depending on their origin and processing and are important determinants of their functional characteristics and clinical utility. Although progress in understanding these relationships has uncovered potential therapeutic opportunities for dietary fibres, many clinical questions remain unanswered such as clarity on the optimal dose, type and source of fibre required in both the management of clinical symptoms and the prevention of gastrointestinal disorders. The use of novel fibres and/or the co-administration of fibres is an additional therapeutic approach yet to be extensively investigated.
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12
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Luminescence Spectroscopy – a Useful Tool in Real-Time Monitoring of Viscosity during In-Vitro Digestion. FOOD BIOPHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-020-09660-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Effects of mycoprotein on glycaemic control and energy intake in humans: a systematic review. Br J Nutr 2020; 123:1321-1332. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMycoprotein is a food high in both dietary fibre and non-animal-derived protein. Global mycoprotein consumption is increasing, although its effect on human health has not yet been systematically reviewed. This study aims to systematically review the effects of mycoprotein on glycaemic control and energy intake in humans. A literature search of randomised controlled trials was performed in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar and hand search. A total of twenty-one studies were identified of which only five studies, totalling 122 participants, met the inclusion criteria. All five studies were acute studies of which one reported outcomes on glycaemia and insulinaemia, two reported on energy intake and two reported on all of these outcomes. Data were extracted, and risk-of-bias assessment was then conducted. The results did not show a clear effect of acute mycoprotein on blood glucose levels, but it showed a decrease in insulin levels. Acute mycoprotein intake also showed to decrease energy intake at an ad libitum meal and post-24 h in healthy lean, overweight and obese humans. In conclusion, the acute ingestion of mycoprotein reduces energy intake and insulinaemia, whereas its impact on glycaemia is currently unclear. However, evidence comes from a very limited number of heterogeneous studies. Further well-controlled studies are needed to elucidate the short- and long-term effects of mycoprotein intake on glycaemic control and energy intake, as well as the mechanisms underpinning these effects.
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14
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Psyllium (Plantago ovata Forsk): From evidence of health benefits to its food application. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Fujihira K, Hamada Y, Suzuki K, Miyashita M. The effects of pre-meal drink volume on gastric motility and energy intake in healthy men. Physiol Behav 2020; 213:112726. [PMID: 31678198 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pre-meal drink ingestion is an effective method of controlling energy intake in humans. However, no studies have addressed the influence of differences in the volume of drink intake on gastric motility and energy intake. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of differences in the volume of drink intake before a meal on subsequent gastric motility and energy intake in healthy young men. Twelve men completed two, one-day trials in a random order. Subjects visited the laboratory after a 10-h overnight fast and consumed the nutrient drink (0.84 MJ) in either 100 mL or 600 mL quantities over a 5-min period. Then, the subjects sat on a chair for over 2 h to measure their cross-sectional gastric antral areas and gastric contractions with an ultrasound imaging system. Thereafter, the subjects consumed a test meal until they felt completely full. Energy intake was calculated from the amount of food consumed. Energy intake in the 600 mL trial was 12% higher than the 100 mL trial (5.1 ± 1.3 vs. 4.6 ± 1.4 MJ, P = 0.046). The antral area (P = 0.046) and the frequency of the gastric contraction (P = 0.001) over 2 h after consuming the nutrient drink were higher in the 600 mL trial than the 100 mL trial. These findings demonstrated that consumption of a 600 mL nutrient drink increased energy intake. The modulation of gastric motility might have some effects on energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Fujihira
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Yuka Hamada
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Masashi Miyashita
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan.
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16
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Ahn CH, Bae JH, Cho YM. Premeal Consumption of a Protein-Enriched, Dietary Fiber-Fortified Bar Decreases Total Energy Intake in Healthy Individuals. Diabetes Metab J 2019; 43:879-892. [PMID: 31339008 PMCID: PMC6943273 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2018.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A premeal load of protein can increase satiety and reduce energy intake. Dietary fiber also conveys metabolic benefits by modulating energy intake. We made a protein-enriched, dietary fiber-fortified bar (PFB) and aimed to investigate its effects on food intake and gut hormone secretion in healthy individuals. METHODS Twenty subjects with normal glucose tolerance were enrolled. On three separate visits, the subjects received, in a randomized order, one of the following: a PFB containing 73 kcal with 10.7 g of protein and 12.7 g of dietary fiber; a usual bar (UB) containing the same calories as the PFB but only 0.9 g of protein and no dietary fiber; or water (control). After 15 minutes, the subjects had ad libitum intake of a test meal. Food consumption, appetite, and plasma gut hormone levels were measured. RESULTS Total energy intake, including the bar and the test meal, was significantly reduced with the PFB preload compared to the water (904.4±534.9 kcal vs. 1,075.0±508.0 kcal, P=0.016). With the UB preload, only the intake of the test meal was reduced (P=0.044) but not the total energy intake (P=0.471) than the water. Fullness was also significantly increased after the PFB. In addition, postprandial glucose levels decreased and glucagon-like peptide-1 levels increased with the PFB compared with both the UB and water. CONCLUSION In healthy individuals, a premeal supplementation of PFB reduced total energy intake and decreased postprandial glucose excursion. This finding necessitates long-term studies regarding clinical use in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ho Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Bae
- Department of internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Min Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Alam I, Almajwal AM, Alam W, Alam I, Ullah N, Abulmeaaty M, Razak S, Khan S, Pawelec G, Paracha PI. The immune-nutrition interplay in aging – facts and controversies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/nha-170034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Alam
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Program, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Tübingen Ageing and Tumour Immunology Group, Zentrum für Medizinische Forschung, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ali M. Almajwal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Program, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wajid Alam
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Khyber Colleg of Dentistry, KPK, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ibrar Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Niamat Ullah
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Agriculture University Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mahmoud Abulmeaaty
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Program, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhail Razak
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Program, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleem Khan
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Agriculture University Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Tübingen Ageing and Tumour Immunology Group, Zentrum für Medizinische Forschung, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Parvez Iqbal Paracha
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Agriculture University Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bloating is one of the most common gastrointestinal complaints. Evidence has linked fiber and sodium to bloating; however, randomized trials examining these diet components are lacking. Here, we used a randomized trial to examine the effects of the high-fiber DASH diet and dietary sodium intake on abdominal bloating. We hypothesized that both the high-fiber DASH diet and higher sodium intake would increase bloating. METHODS The DASH-Sodium trial (1998-1999) randomized healthy adults to a high-fiber (32 g/d) DASH or low-fiber (11 g/d) Western diet (control). On their assigned diet, participants ate 3 sodium levels (50, 100, and 150 mmol/d at 2100 kcal) in 30-day periods in random order, with 5-day breaks between each period. The participants reported the presence of bloating at baseline and after each feeding period. Statistical analyses included log-binomial models to evaluate the risk of bloating. RESULTS Of 412 participants (mean age 48 years; 57% women; 57% black), 36.7% reported bloating at baseline. Regardless of the diet, high sodium intake increased the risk of bloating (risk ratio = 1.27; 95% confidence interval: 1.06-1.52; P = 0.01). The high-fiber DASH diet also increased the risk of bloating over all sodium levels (risk ratio = 1.41; 95% confidence interval: 1.22-1.64; P < 0.001). The effect of high-fiber DASH on bloating was greater in men than in women (P for interaction = 0.001). DISCUSSION Higher dietary sodium increased bloating, as did the high-fiber DASH diet. Although healthful high-fiber diets may increase bloating, these effects may be partially mitigated by decreasing dietary sodium intake. Future research is needed to explore mechanisms by which sodium intake and diet can influence bloating.
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19
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Zaremba SM, Gow IF, Drummond S, McCluskey JT, Steinert RE. Effects of oat β-glucan consumption at breakfast on ad libitum eating, appetite, glycemia, insulinemia and GLP-1 concentrations in healthy subjects. Appetite 2018; 128:197-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Bae JH, Kim LK, Min SH, Ahn CH, Cho YM. Postprandial glucose-lowering effect of premeal consumption of protein-enriched, dietary fiber-fortified bar in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus or normal glucose tolerance. J Diabetes Investig 2018; 9:1110-1118. [PMID: 29502350 PMCID: PMC6123026 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Protein preload improves postprandial glycemia by stimulating secretion of insulin and incretin hormones. However, it requires a large dose of protein to produce a significant effect. The present study was carried out to investigate the postprandial glucose-lowering effect of a premeal protein-enriched, dietary fiber-fortified bar (PFB), which contains moderate amounts of protein, in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus or normal glucose tolerance (NGT). MATERIALS AND METHODS The participants (15 type 2 diabetes mellitus and 15 NGT) were randomly assigned to either a premeal or postmeal PFB group and underwent two mixed meal tolerance tests, 1 week apart in reverse order. Plasma levels of glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide were measured. RESULTS During the mixed meal tolerance tests, the incremental area under the curve from 0 to 180 min of plasma glucose levels was lower with premeal PFB than with postmeal PFB in the type 2 diabetes mellitus (14,723 ± 1,310 mg min/dL vs 19,642 ± 1,367 mg min/dL; P = 0.0002) and NGT participants (3,943 ± 416 mg min/dL vs 4,827 ± 520 mg min/dL, P = 0.0296). In the type 2 diabetes mellitus participants, insulinogenic index and the incremental area under the curve from 0 to 180 min of plasma total glucagon-like peptide-1 levels were higher with premeal PFB than with postmeal PFB, but not in the NGT participants. There was no difference in postprandial glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide levels between premeal and postmeal PFB in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Acute administration of premeal PFB decreased postprandial glucose excursion in both type 2 diabetes mellitus and NGT participants. In the type 2 diabetes mellitus participants, premeal PFB augmented the early-phase insulin secretion, possibly through enhancing glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Bae
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University HospitalSeoulKorea
| | - Lee Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal MedicineCheju Halla General HospitalJejuKorea
| | - Se Hee Min
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University HospitalSeoulKorea
| | - Chang Ho Ahn
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University HospitalSeoulKorea
| | - Young Min Cho
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University HospitalSeoulKorea
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21
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Tack J, Corsetti M, Camilleri M, Quigley EM, Simren M, Suzuki H, Talley NJ, Tornblom H, Van Oudenhove L. Plausibility criteria for putative pathophysiological mechanisms in functional gastrointestinal disorders: a consensus of experts. Gut 2018; 67:1425-1433. [PMID: 28814481 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are extremely common conditions associated with a considerable personal, social and health economic burden. Managing FGIDs in clinical practice is challenging because of the uncertainty of symptom-based diagnosis, the high frequency of overlap between these conditions and the limited efficacy of available therapies. It has often been argued that successful drug development and management of FGIDs requires knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology. Numerous and highly variable candidate pathophysiological mechanisms have been implicated in the generation of FGID symptoms, but there is no current consensus on how to best define the relevance of these disturbances. METHODS A group of international experts on FGIDs developed plausibility criteria that should be fulfilled by relevant pathophysiological mechanisms in FGIDs. RESULTS Five criteria are proposed: (1) the presence of the abnormality in a subset of patients, (2) temporal association between proposed mechanism and symptom(s), (3) correlation between the level of impairment of the mechanism and symptom(s), (4) induction of the symptom(s) by provoking the pathophysiological abnormality in healthy subjects and (5) treatment response by a therapy specifically correcting the underlying disorder or congruent natural history of symptoms and dysfunction in the absence of specific therapy. Based on strength of evidence for these five criteria according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system, a plausibility score can be calculated for each mechanism. CONCLUSION Evaluation of the strength of evidence for candidate pathophysiological abnormalities fulfilling these five plausibility criteria will help to identify the most relevant mechanisms to target for novel diagnostic approaches and for the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maura Corsetti
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Michael Camilleri
- CENTER Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eamonn Mm Quigley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lynda K and David M Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Magnus Simren
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Nicholas J Talley
- Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hans Tornblom
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Cisse F, Erickson DP, Hayes AMR, Opekun AR, Nichols BL, Hamaker BR. Traditional Malian Solid Foods Made from Sorghum and Millet Have Markedly Slower Gastric Emptying than Rice, Potato, or Pasta. Nutrients 2018; 10:E124. [PMID: 29373493 PMCID: PMC5852700 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
From anecdotal evidence that traditional African sorghum and millet foods are filling and provide sustained energy, we hypothesized that gastric emptying rates of sorghum and millet foods are slow, particularly compared to non-traditional starchy foods (white rice, potato, wheat pasta). A human trial to study gastric emptying of staple foods eaten in Bamako, Mali was conducted using a carbon-13 (13C)-labelled octanoic acid breath test for gastric emptying, and subjective pre-test and satiety response questionnaires. Fourteen healthy volunteers in Bamako participated in a crossover design to test eight starchy staples. A second validation study was done one year later in Bamako with six volunteers to correct for endogenous 13C differences in the starches from different sources. In both trials, traditional sorghum and millet foods (thick porridges and millet couscous) had gastric half-emptying times about twice as long as rice, potato, or pasta (p < 0.0001). There were only minor changes due to the 13C correction. Pre-test assessment of millet couscous and rice ranked them as more filling and aligned well with postprandial hunger rankings, suggesting that a preconceived idea of rice being highly satiating may have influenced subjective satiety scoring. Traditional African sorghum and millet foods, whether viscous in the form of a thick porridge or as non-viscous couscous, had distinctly slow gastric emptying, in contrast to the faster emptying of non-traditional starchy foods, which are popular among West African urban consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimata Cisse
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- Institut d'Economie Rurale du Mali (IER), BP 258 Bamako, Mali.
| | - Daniel P Erickson
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Anna M R Hayes
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Antone R Opekun
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Buford L Nichols
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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23
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Maher T, Clegg ME. Dietary lipids with potential to affect satiety: Mechanisms and evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1619-1644. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1423277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Maher
- Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, UK
| | - Miriam E. Clegg
- Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, UK
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24
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AlHasawi FM, Fondaco D, Ben-Elazar K, Ben-Elazar S, Fan YY, Corradini MG, Ludescher RD, Bolster D, Carder G, Chu Y, Chung Y, Kasturi P, Johnson J, Rogers MA. In vitro measurements of luminal viscosity and glucose/maltose bioaccessibility for oat bran, instant oats, and steel cut oats. Food Hydrocoll 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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Preload of slowly digestible carbohydrate microspheres decreases gastric emptying rate of subsequent meal in humans. Nutr Res 2017; 45:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Repin N, Kay BA, Cui SW, Wright AJ, Duncan AM, Douglas Goff H. Investigation of mechanisms involved in postprandial glycemia and insulinemia attenuation with dietary fibre consumption. Food Funct 2017; 8:2142-2154. [PMID: 28581555 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00331e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This work examines the mechanisms involved in the attenuation of postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses associated with soluble dietary fibre (SDF) consumption. The effect of SDF, including yellow mustard mucilage, soluble flaxseed gum and fenugreek gum on in vitro amylolysis and maltose transport was studied. Furthermore, a human clinical trial was conducted to investigate the effect of SDF consumption on postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses and gastric emptying, as estimated based on the absorption of paracetamol. Participants (n = 15) at risk for type II diabetes consumed maltose syrup- and starch-based pudding treatments supplemented with each SDF, each at a concentration to match three times the apparent viscosity (18.54 mPa s at 60 s-1) equivalent to the European Food Safety Authority (2011) glycemia control health claim for cereal β-glucan, measured under simulated small intestinal conditions. The presence of each SDF delayed in vitro amylolysis to a similar extent, but had no effect on maltose transport. Generally, all SDF-containing treatments attenuated blood glucose and plasma insulin peak concentrations and plasma paracetamol 1 h incremental area under the curve values to a similar extent, relative to the controls, despite differences in the amounts at which each SDF was used (from 5.9 to 15.5 g). The postprandial attenuations were related to the ability of each SDF to modify digesta viscosity, perhaps through the delay of gastric emptying, as a delay of amylolysis and sugar transport under simulated upper intestinal conditions did not seem to have a substantial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Repin
- University of Guelph, Department of Food Science, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1. and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Research and Development Centre, 93 Stone Rd. W., Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Brittney A Kay
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1
| | - Steve W Cui
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Research and Development Centre, 93 Stone Rd. W., Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Amanda J Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1
| | - Alison M Duncan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1
| | - H Douglas Goff
- University of Guelph, Department of Food Science, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1.
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28
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Zaremba SMM, Drummond S, Steinert RE. The need to standardize ad libitum eating protocols in dietary fibre appetite research. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 71:570-572. [PMID: 28000690 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S M M Zaremba
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S Drummond
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R E Steinert
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd. R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland
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29
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Hours MA, Sagols E, Junien-Castagna A, Feugier A, Moniot D, Daniel I, Biourge V, Samuel S, Queau Y, German AJ. Comparison of voluntary food intake and palatability of commercial weight loss diets in healthy dogs and cats. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:274. [PMID: 27919269 PMCID: PMC5139085 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0899-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity in dogs and cats is usually managed by dietary energy restriction using a purpose-formulated weight loss diet, but signs of hunger and begging commonly occur causing poor owner compliance. Altering diet characteristics so as to reduce voluntary food intake (VFI) can improve the likelihood of success, although this should not be at the expense of palatability. The aim of the current study was to compare the VFI and palatibility of novel commercially available canine and feline weight loss diets. Methods The relative performance of two canine (C1 and C2) and two feline (F1 and F2) diets was assessed in groups of healthy adult dogs and cats, respectively. Diets varied in energy, protein, fibre, and fat content. To assess canine VFI, 12 (study 1) and 10 (study 2) dogs were offered food in 4 meals, for 15 min on each occasion, with hourly intervals between the meals. For feline VFI, 12 cats were offered food ad libitum for a period of 18 h per day over 5 consecutive days. The palatability studies used separate panels of 37 dogs and 30 cats, with the two diets being served, side-by-side, in identical bowls. Results In dogs, VFI was significantly less for diet C1 than diet C2 when assessed on energy intake (study 1, 42% less, P = 0.032; study 2, 28% less, P = 0.019), but there was no difference in gram weight intake (study 1: P = 0.964; study 2: P = 0.255). In cats, VFI was 17% less for diet F1 than diet F2 when assessed by energy intake (P < 0.001), but there was again no difference in gram weight (P = 0.207). There was no difference in palatability between the two canine diets (P = 0.490), whilst the panel of cats diet preferred F1 to F2 (P < 0.001). Conclusion Foods with different characteristics can decrease VFI without affecting palatability in both dogs and cats. The effects seen could be due to decreased energy content, decreased fat content, increased fibre content, different fibre source, and increased protein content. Further studies are now needed to determine whether similar findings occur in obese dogs and cats on controlled weight loss programmes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0899-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Serisier Samuel
- Unité de Nutrition et d'Endocrinologie, Oniris, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Faculty of Dental Surgery, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042, Nantes, France
| | - Yann Queau
- Royal Canin Research Center, Aimargues, France
| | - Alexander J German
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK. .,Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK.
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30
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Abutair AS, Naser IA, Hamed AT. Soluble fibers from psyllium improve glycemic response and body weight among diabetes type 2 patients (randomized control trial). Nutr J 2016; 15:86. [PMID: 27733151 PMCID: PMC5062871 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water-soluble dietary fibers intake may help control blood glucose and body weight. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine whether soluble fiber supplementation from psyllium improves glycemic control indicators and body weight in type 2 diabetic patients. METHOD Forty type 2 diabetes patients, non-smoker, aged >35 years were stratified to different strata according to sex, age, body mass index (BMI) and fasting blood sugar level (FBS) and randomly assigned into two groups; The intervention group which consists of 20 participants was on soluble fiber (10.5 g daily), and the control group which consist of 20 participants continued on their regular diet for eight weeks duration. RESULTS After 8 weeks of intervention, soluble fiber supplementation showed significant reduction in the intervention group in BMI (p < 0.001) when compared with the control group. Moreover, water soluble fiber supplementation proven to improve FBS (163 to 119 mg/dl), HbA1c (8.5 to 7.5 %), insulin level (27.9 to 19.7 μIU/mL), C-peptide (5.8 to 3.8 ng/ml), HOMA.IR (11.3 to 5.8) and HOMA-β % (103 to 141 %). CONCLUSION The reduction in glycemic response was enhanced by combining soluble fiber to the normal diet. Consumption of foods containing moderate amounts of these fibers may improve glucose metabolism and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials PHRC/HC/28/15 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman S. Abutair
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine
| | - Ihab A. Naser
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine
| | - Amin T. Hamed
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine
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Tan C, Wei H, Zhao X, Xu C, Zhou Y, Peng J. Soluble Fiber with High Water-Binding Capacity, Swelling Capacity, and Fermentability Reduces Food Intake by Promoting Satiety Rather Than Satiation in Rats. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8100615. [PMID: 27706095 PMCID: PMC5084003 DOI: 10.3390/nu8100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand whether soluble fiber (SF) with high water-binding capacity (WBC), swelling capacity (SC) and fermentability reduces food intake and whether it does so by promoting satiety or satiation or both, we investigated the effects of different SFs with these properties on the food intake in rats. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to four equal groups and fed the control diet or diet containing 2% konjac flour (KF), pregelatinized waxy maize starch (PWMS) plus guar gum (PG), and PWMS starch plus xanthan gum (PX) for three weeks, with the measured values of SF, WBC, and SC in the four diets following the order of PG > KF > PX > control. Food intake, body weight, meal pattern, behavioral satiety sequence, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in cecal content were evaluated. KF and PG groups reduced the food intake, mainly due to the decreased feeding behavior and increased satiety, as indicated by decreased meal numbers and increased inter-meal intervals. Additionally, KF and PG groups increased concentrations of acetate acid, propionate acid, and SCFAs in the cecal contents. Our results indicate that SF with high WBC, SC, and fermentability reduces food intake—probably by promoting a feeling of satiety in rats to decrease their feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengquan Tan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xichen Zhao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Chuanhui Xu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yuanfei Zhou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Brum JM, Gibb RD, Peters JC, Mattes RD. Satiety effects of psyllium in healthy volunteers. Appetite 2016; 105:27-36. [PMID: 27166077 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Controlling hunger between meals is a challenge for many individuals. This manuscript comprises 2 sequential clinical trials investigating the effects of psyllium (Metamucil) on satiety, both using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design. The first study determined the effects of 3.4 g, 6.8 g, and 10.2 g of psyllium taken before breakfast and lunch for 3 days. The second study determined the effects of 6.8 g (taken before breakfast and lunch on Days 1 and 2 and before breakfast on Day 3) on the satiety of participants receiving an energy restricted meal in the morning (breakfast) for 3 days. Efficacy endpoints were mean inter-meal hunger, desire to eat, and Satiety Labeled Intensity Magnitude Visual Analog Scale scores. In Study 1, all 3 psyllium doses resulted in directional or statistically significant mean reductions in hunger and desire to eat, and increased fullness between meals compared to placebo, with both higher doses better than placebo or 3.4 g. The 6.8 g dose provided more consistent (p ≤ 0.013) satiety benefits versus placebo. In Study 2, satiety was assessed similarly to Study 1. A significant (p ≤ 0.004) decrease in the 3-day mean hunger and desire to eat, as well as an increase in fullness for psyllium relative to placebo was observed. Most adverse events were mild gastrointestinal symptoms and were similar for psyllium compared to placebo. These results indicate that psyllium supplementation contributes to greater fullness and less hunger between meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Brum
- Procter & Gamble Personal Health Care, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, OH, 45040, USA
| | - Roger D Gibb
- Procter & Gamble Personal Health Care, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, OH, 45040, USA
| | - John C Peters
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, 12348 E. Montview Blvd, C263, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Purdue University, 212 Stone Hall, 700 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2059, USA.
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El Khoury D, Goff HD, Anderson GH. The role of alginates in regulation of food intake and glycemia: a gastroenterological perspective. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 55:1406-24. [PMID: 24915329 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.700654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of food intake through modulation of gastrointestinal responses to ingested foods is an ever-growing component of the therapeutic approaches targeting the obesity epidemic. Alginates, viscous and gel-forming soluble fibers isolated from the cell wall of brown seaweeds and some bacteria, are recently receiving considerable attention because of their potential role in satiation, satiety, and food intake regulation in the short term. Enhancement of gastric distension, delay of gastric emptying, and attenuation of postprandial glucose responses may constitute the basis of their physiological benefits. Offering physical, chemical, sensorial, and physiological advantages over other viscous and gel-forming fibers, alginates constitute promising functional food ingredients for the food industry. Therefore, the current review explores the role of alginates in food intake and glycemic regulation, their underlying modes of action and their potential in food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D El Khoury
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto , M5S 3E2 , ON , Canada
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Horner KM, Schubert MM, Desbrow B, Byrne NM, King NA. Acute exercise and gastric emptying: a meta-analysis and implications for appetite control. Sports Med 2016; 45:659-78. [PMID: 25398225 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric emptying (GE) could influence exercise-induced changes in appetite and energy intake. GE also could contribute to changes in gastric symptoms and the availability of nutrients during exercise, which will subsequently affect performance. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to determine the effects of acute exercise on GE using a systematic review and meta-analysis. The most common parameters to determine GE were selected, consisting of half-emptying time and volume emptied. Oral-caecal transit time (OCTT) was also examined. DATA SOURCES Research databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, SPORTDiscus) were searched through November 2013 for original studies, abstracts, theses and dissertations that examined the influence of acute exercise on GE. STUDY SELECTION Studies were included if they evaluated GE or OCTT during and/or after exercise and involved a resting control trial. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS Initially, 195 studies were identified. After evaluation of study characteristics and quality and validity, data from 20 studies (35 trials) involving 221 participants (157 men; 52 women; 12 unknown) were extracted for meta-analysis. Random-effects meta-analyses were utilised for the three main outcome variables, and effect sizes (ES) are reported as Hedge's g due to numerous small sample sizes. RESULTS Random-effects modelling revealed non-significant and small/null main effect sizes for volume emptied (ES = 0.195; 95% CI -0.25 to 0.64), half-time (ES = -0.109, 95% CI -0.66 to 0.44) and OCTT (ES = 0.089; 95% CI -0.64 to 0.82). All analyses exhibited significant heterogeneity and numerous variables moderated the results. There was a dose response of exercise intensity; at lower intensities GE was faster, and at high exercise intensities GE was slower. Walking was associated with faster GE and cycling with slower GE. Greater volume of meal/fluid ingested, higher osmolality of beverage and longer exercise duration were also associated with slower GE with exercise. LIMITATIONS The major limitation is that the majority of studies utilised a liquid bolus administered pre-exercise to determine GE; the relationship to post-exercise appetite and energy intake remains unknown. Study populations were also generally active or trained individuals. Furthermore, our review was limited to English language studies and studies that utilised resting control conditions. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that exercise intensity, mode, duration and the nature of meal/fluid ingested all influence GE during and after acute exercise. The relationship of GE parameters with appetite regulation after exercise remains largely unexplored. Further integrative studies combining GE and alterations in gut hormones, as well as in populations such as overweight and obese individuals are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy M Horner
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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35
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The addition of carboxymethylcellulose in caseinomacropeptide acid gels: Rheological, optical and microstructural characteristics. Food Hydrocoll 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Geliebter A, Grillot CL, Aviram-Friedman R, Haq S, Yahav E, Hashim SA. Effects of oatmeal and corn flakes cereal breakfasts on satiety, gastric emptying, glucose, and appetite-related hormones. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2015; 66:93-103. [PMID: 25612907 DOI: 10.1159/000365933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The extent to which different types of breakfasts affect appetite and food intake is unclear. To assess the satiety effects of a high-fiber cereal, we compared oatmeal, isocaloric corn flakes, and water. SUBJECTS/METHODS Thirty-six subjects (18 lean, 18 overweight) were assigned to three conditions in a randomized sequence on different days. Ratings of hunger and fullness were obtained concurrently with blood samples for measuring concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon, leptin, and acetaminophen (gastric emptying tracer). Appetite was assessed by calculating the area under the curve (AUC) for fullness and hunger, and by measuring food intake of an ad libitum lunch meal at 180 min. RESULTS Lunch meal intake was lowest after consuming oatmeal (p < 0.00001), which was lower for overweight subjects than lean subjects (p = 0.007). Fullness AUC was greatest (p = 0.00001), and hunger AUC lowest (p < 0.001) after consuming oatmeal. At 180 min, blood glucose was lowest after the corn flakes (p = 0.0001). Insulin AUC was greater for both cereals than water (p < 0.00001). Leptin AUC and glucagon AUC values did not differ between conditions. Acetaminophen concentrations peaked latest after consuming oatmeal (p = 0.046), reflecting slower gastric emptying. CONCLUSIONS Satiety was greater and ad libitum test meal intake lower after consuming oatmeal than after corn flakes, especially in the overweight subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Geliebter
- New York Nutrition Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, N.Y., USA
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Chukwuma CI, Islam MS. Effects of xylitol on carbohydrate digesting enzymes activity, intestinal glucose absorption and muscle glucose uptake: a multi-mode study. Food Funct 2015; 6:955-962. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00994k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Some possible mechanisms behind the anti-diabetic effects of xylitol have been understood from the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Ifeanyi Chukwuma
- Department of Biochemistry
- School of Life Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus)
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | - Md. Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry
- School of Life Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus)
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
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Fondaco D, AlHasawi F, Lan Y, Ben-Elazar S, Connolly K, Rogers MA. Biophysical Aspects of Lipid Digestion in Human Breast Milk and Similac™ Infant Formulas. FOOD BIOPHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-014-9388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Mollard RC, Luhovyy BL, Smith C, Anderson GH. Acute effects of pea protein and hull fibre alone and combined on blood glucose, appetite, and food intake in healthy young men--a randomized crossover trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:1360-5. [PMID: 25302637 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Whether pulse components can be used as value-added ingredients in foods formulated for blood glucose (BG) and food intake (FI) control requires investigation. The objective of this study was to examine of the effects of pea components on FI at an ad libitum meal, as well as appetite and BG responses before and after the meal. In a repeated-measures crossover trial, men (n = 15) randomly consumed (i) pea hull fibre (7 g), (ii) pea protein (10 g), (iii) pea protein (10 g) plus hull fibre (7 g), (iv) yellow peas (406 g), and (v) control. Pea hull fibre and protein were served with tomato sauce and noodles, while yellow peas were served with tomato sauce. Control was noodles and tomato sauce. FI was measured at a pizza meal (135 min). Appetite and BG were measured pre-pizza (0-135 min) and post-pizza (155-215 min). Protein plus fibre and yellow peas led to lower pre-pizza BG area under the curve compared with fibre and control. At 30 min, BG was lower after protein plus fibre and yellow peas compared with fibre and control, whereas at 45 and 75 min, protein plus fibre and yellow peas led to lower BG compared with fibre (p < 0.05). Following the pizza meal (155 min), yellow peas led to lower BG compared with fibre (p < 0.05). No differences were observed in FI or appetite. This trial supports the use of pea components as value-added ingredients in foods designed to improve glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Mollard
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
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41
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Schubert MM, Grant G, Horner K, King N, Leveritt M, Sabapathy S, Desbrow B. Coffee for morning hunger pangs. An examination of coffee and caffeine on appetite, gastric emptying, and energy intake. Appetite 2014; 83:317-326. [PMID: 25218717 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world and has a number of potential health benefits. Coffee may influence energy expenditure and energy intake, which in turn may affect body weight. However, the influence of coffee and its constituents - particularly caffeine - on appetite remains largely unexplored. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of coffee consumption (with and without caffeine) on appetite sensations, energy intake, gastric emptying, and plasma glucose between breakfast and lunch meals. In a double-blind, randomised crossover design. Participants (n = 12, 9 women; Mean ± SD age and BMI: 26.3 ± 6.3 y and 22.7 ± 2.2 kg•m⁻²) completed 4 trials: placebo (PLA), decaffeinated coffee (DECAF), caffeine (CAF), and caffeine with decaffeinated coffee (COF). Participants were given a standardised breakfast labelled with ¹³C-octanoic acid and 225 mL of treatment beverage and a capsule containing either caffeine or placebo. Two hours later, another 225 mL of the treatment beverage and capsule was administered. Four and a half hours after breakfast, participants were given access to an ad libitum meal for determination of energy intake. Between meals, participants provided exhaled breath samples for determination of gastric emptying; venous blood and appetite sensations. Energy intake was not significantly different between the trials (Means ± SD, p> 0.05; Placebo: 2118 ± 663 kJ; Decaf: 2128 ± 739 kJ; Caffeine: 2287 ± 649 kJ; Coffee: 2016 ± 750 kJ); Other than main effects of time (p <0.05), no significant differences were detected for appetite sensations or plasma glucose between treatments (p > 0.05). Gastric emptying was not significantly different across trials (p > 0.05). No significant effects of decaffeinated coffee, caffeine or their combination were detected. However, the consumption of caffeine and/or coffee for regulation of energy balance over longer periods of time warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Schubert
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld., Australia.
| | - Gary Grant
- School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld., Australia
| | - Katy Horner
- School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld., Australia; Division of Weight Management & Wellness, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Neil King
- School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld., Australia
| | - Michael Leveritt
- School of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld., Australia
| | - Surendran Sabapathy
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld., Australia
| | - Ben Desbrow
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld., Australia
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Residual gastric volume estimated with a new radiological volumetric model: relationship with weight loss after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg 2014; 24:359-63. [PMID: 24242920 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-013-1113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The volume of the gastric reservoir appears crucial to explain the success of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in the treatment of morbid obesity. The aims of this study were to describe a new, easy model to estimate gastric reservoir volume after LSG; to evaluate the volumetric changes 1 year after surgery; and to analyze their relationship with weight loss. METHODS This is a prospective observational study of all patients undergoing LSG in the Department of Surgery at our institution. The gastric reservoir was evaluated radiologically considering the image as a complex geometrical shape with two components: a cylinder (gastric body) and a truncated cone (antrum). Radiologic assessment using this new model was performed at 1 and 12 months after surgery. Moreover, body mass index and percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) were evaluated at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months after LSG. RESULTS Forty-five patients (34 F/11 M) with a mean age of 46.9 years were included. A significant increase in total gastric reservoir volume (124.8 ± 58.7 and 188.6 ± 76.4 mL at 1 and 12 months, respectively; p = 0.001) was observed. No statistically significant differences were observed comparing volume of the two components at the two time points. The %EWL at 18 months was inversely correlated with reservoir volume changes at 12 months after LSG (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS We describe an easy volumetric model to estimate the size of the gastric reservoir after LSG. Moreover, a direct relationship between an increase in gastric reservoir volume and a lower weight loss after surgery was documented.
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Zhu Y, Hollis JH. Gastric emptying rate, glycemic and appetite response to a liquid meal in lean and overweight males. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014; 65:615-20. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.854747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Knudsen SH, Karstoft K, Solomon TPJ. Hyperglycemia abolishes meal-induced satiety by a dysregulation of ghrelin and peptide YY3-36 in healthy overweight/obese humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E225-31. [PMID: 24302008 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00563.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Satiety and satiety-regulating gut hormone levels are abnormal in hyperglycemic individuals. We aimed to determine whether these abnormalities are secondary to hyperglycemia. Ten healthy overweight/obese subjects (age: 56 ± 3 yr; BMI: 30.3 ± 1.2 kg/m(2)) received three equicaloric meals at t = 0, 4, and 8 h in the absence (control trial) and presence of experimental hyperglycemia (hyperglycemia trial; 5.4 mM above basal). Circulating levels of glucose, insulin, ghrelin, and peptide YY (PYY)3-36 and visual analog scale ratings of satiety were measured throughout each trial. In the control trial, glucose, insulin, PYY3-36, and the feeling of fullness were increased in the postprandial periods, whereas ghrelin was decreased. In the hyperglycemia trial, in which plasma glucose was increased to 11.2 ± 0.1 mmol/l, postprandial meal responses (AUC: 0-2, 4-6, and 8-10 h) of PYY3-36 were lower (meal 1, P < 0.0001; meal 2, P < 0.001; meal 3, P < 0.05), whereas insulin (meal 1, P < 0.01; meal 2, P < 0.001; meal 3, P < 0.05) and ghrelin (meal 1, P < 0.05; meal 2, P > 0.05; meal 3, P > 0.05) were higher compared with the control trial. Furthermore, the incremental (Δ0-0.5, 4-4.5, and 8-8.5 h) ghrelin response to the first and third meals was higher in the hyperglycemia trial in contrast to control (Δ: 2.3 ± 8.0, P = 0.05; Δ: 14.4 ± 2.5, P < 0.05). Also, meal-induced fullness was prevented (meal 1, P = 0.06; meal 2, P = 0.01; meal 3, P = 0.08) by experimental hyperglycemia. Furthermore, trends in ghrelin, PYY3-36, and fullness were described by different polynomial functions between the trials. In conclusion, hyperglycemia abolishes meal-induced satiety and dysregulates postprandial responses of the gut hormones PYY3-36 and ghrelin in overweight/obese healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sine H Knudsen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
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Hill BR, Rolls BJ, Roe LS, De Souza MJ, Williams NI. Ghrelin and peptide YY increase with weight loss during a 12-month intervention to reduce dietary energy density in obese women. Peptides 2013; 49:138-44. [PMID: 24076434 PMCID: PMC4218742 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reducing dietary energy density (ED) promotes weight loss; however, underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine if low-ED diets facilitate weight loss through actions on ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY), independent of influences of psychosocial measures. Seventy-one obese women (BMI 30-40 kg/m(2)) ages 22-60 years received counseling to reduce ED. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for total ghrelin and total PYY by radioimmunoassay at months 0, 3, 6, and 12. Restraint, disinhibition, and hunger were assessed by the Eating Inventory. Body weight (-7.8 ± 0.5 kg), BMI (-2.9 ± 0.2 kg/m(2)), body fat (-3.0 ± 0.3%), and ED (-0.47 ± 0.05 kcal/g or -1.97 ± 0.21 kJ/g) decreased from months 0 to 6 (p<0.05) after which no change occurred from months 6 to 12. Ghrelin increased in a curvilinear fashion (month 0: 973 ± 39, month 3: 1024 ± 37, month 6: 1109 ± 44, and month 12: 1063 ± 45 pg/ml, p<0.001) and PYY increased linearly (month 0: 74.2 ± 3.1, month 3: 76.4 ± 3.2, month 6: 77.2 ± 3.0, month 12: 82.8 ± 3.2 pg/ml, p<0.001). ED, body weight, and hunger predicted ghrelin, with ED being the strongest predictor (ghrelin = 2674.8+291.6 × ED-19.2 × BW-15 × H; p<0.05). There was a trend toward a significant association between ED and PYY (PYY = 115.0-43.1 × ED; p = 0.05). Reductions in ED may promote weight loss and weight loss maintenance by opposing increases in ghrelin and promoting increases in PYY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna R Hill
- Women's Health and Exercise Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
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Abstract
Despite years of advising patients to alter their dietary and supplementary fiber intake, the evidence surrounding the use of fiber for functional bowel disease is limited. This paper outlines the organization of fiber types and highlights the importance of assessing the fermentation characteristics of each fiber type when choosing a suitable strategy for patients. Fiber undergoes partial or total fermentation in the distal small bowel and colon leading to the production of short-chain fatty acids and gas, thereby affecting gastrointestinal function and sensation. When fiber is recommended for functional bowel disease, use of a soluble supplement such as ispaghula/psyllium is best supported by the available evidence. Even when used judiciously, fiber can exacerbate abdominal distension, flatulence, constipation, and diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Eswaran
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5362, USA
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[Three-port laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: feasibility and short outcomes in 25 consecutives super-obese patients]. Cir Esp 2013; 91:294-300. [PMID: 23477445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ciresp.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this paper is to propose our technique, namely three-port laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (TPLSG), to define the feasibility and expose the short-outcomes, as an alternative between the standard laparoscopic approach and the single incision (SILSG) for such patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a prospective study of 25 patients: 12 male and 13 female, reporting a mean BMI of 53 kg/m² (range: 50-72) and a mean age of 38 years (range: 29-55). To evaluate the feasibility of our technique we have always respecting 3 pre-operatives conditions: BMI ≥ 50 kg/m². Preoperative abdominal US or CT to measure the liver and determine the hepato-splenic characteristics. "Intent to treat by 3 ports" (2 of 5 mm and one 12 mm in diameter). The short outcomes follow-up include: operative time, conversion, transfusions, fistula, reinterventions and parietal herniation at one and three months after surgery. RESULTS Hepatomegaly was present in 19 (76%) patients, and it's greater on the left hepatic lobe in 9 (36%) patients. The mean operation time was 72 min (range: 50-110). No per-operative complications were observed. Conversion to four ports procedure was necessary in one patient. The mean hospital stay was 3 days (range: 2-5). No mortality and 30th POD morbidity rate was reported. No patient developed an incisional hernia to date. CONCLUSION The TPLSG reduces the ports in number and in size and subsequently the parietal trauma, it also an instrumental triangulation, making surgery safe and reproducible.
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King NA, Horner K, Hills AP, Byrne NM, Wood RE, Bryant E, Caudwell P, Finlayson G, Gibbons C, Hopkins M, Martins C, Blundell JE. The Interaction Between Exercise, Appetite, and Food Intake. Am J Lifestyle Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827613475584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise could indirectly affect body weight by exerting changes on various components of appetite control, including nutrient and taste preferences, meal size and frequency, and the drive to eat. This review summarizes the evidence on how exercise affects appetite and eating behavior and in particular answers the question, “Does exercise induce an increase in food intake to compensate for the increase in energy expenditure?” Evidence will be presented to demonstrate that there is no automatic increase in food intake in response to acute exercise and that the response to repeated exercise is variable. The review will also identify areas of further study required to explain the variability. One limitation with studies that assess the efficacy of exercise as a method of weight control is that only mean data are presented—the individual variability tends to be overlooked. Recent evidence highlights the importance of characterizing the individual variability by demonstrating exercise-induced changes in appetite. Individuals who experience lower than theoretically predicted reductions in body weight can be characterized by hedonic (eg, pleasure) and homeostatic (eg, hunger) features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Anthony King
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - Katy Horner
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - Andrew Peter Hills
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - Nuala Mary Byrne
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - Rachel Elise Wood
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - Eleanor Bryant
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - Phillipa Caudwell
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - Catherine Gibbons
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - Mark Hopkins
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - Catia Martins
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
| | - John Edward Blundell
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (NAK, KH, APH, NMB, REW)
- Centre for Psychology Studies, University of Bradford, UK (EB)
- BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (PC, GF, CG, JEB)
- Department of Sport, Health, and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University College, Leeds, UK (MH)
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (CM)
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Chutkan R, Fahey G, Wright WL, McRorie J. Viscous versus nonviscous soluble fiber supplements: mechanisms and evidence for fiber-specific health benefits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 24:476-87. [PMID: 22845031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2012.00758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review focuses on the health benefits of viscous versus nonviscous soluble fibers, why symptoms can occur with increased fiber consumption, and how to avoid symptoms to improve adherence with a high-fiber diet. DATA SOURCES Review of scientific literature as well as evidence-based guidelines and resources. CONCLUSIONS While it is generally known that "fiber is good for you," it is less well known that specific health benefits are associated with specific fiber characteristics. Many of the health benefits of fiber can be directly correlated with the viscosity of soluble fibers when hydrated (i.e., gel-forming). A reduction in viscosity of a given fiber will attenuate these health benefits, and a nonviscous fiber does not exhibit these health benefits. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Increasing the viscosity of chyme with a viscous soluble fiber has been shown clinically to lower cholesterol for cardiovascular health, improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, normalize stool form in both constipation (softens hard stool) and diarrhea (firms loose/liquid stool), and improve the objective clinical measures of metabolic syndrome (glycemic control, lipoprotein profile, body mass index/weight loss, and blood pressure).
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Zhang PP, Hu XZ, Zhen HM, Xu C, Fan MT. Oat β-glucan increased ATPases activity and energy charge in small intestine of rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9822-9827. [PMID: 22970825 DOI: 10.1021/jf3017496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dietary oat or oat products may potentially help to fight against high risk of cardiovascular diseases and β-glucan in oat was considered as a central player. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary oat whole meal or β-glucan on insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism of rats. Rats were fed with control diet, oat whole meal based diet, or control diet with supplemented β-glucan for 4 weeks. Oat whole meal and β-glucan increased insulin sensitivity index. Interestingly, supplementation of oat whole meal or β-glucan induced increases in intestinal Na(+)K(+)-ATPase activity, Ca(2+)Mg(2+)-ATPase activity, and energy charge, particularly in the distal part of small intestine (ileum). Furthermore, amounts of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in colon contents were elevated by oat whole meal or β-glucan. These findings provide an insight into that β-glucan increased insulin sensitivity and benefited intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , 28 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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