• Crohn’s disease
• Endoscopy
• Enterography
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Ulcerative colitis

• Humans
• Diagnosis, Differential
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis
• Crohn Disease/diagnosis
• Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis
• Colitis, Ulcerative/surgery

• Crohn’s Disease
• Disease Recurrence
• Microbiota
• Prediction

• Humans
• Crohn Disease/microbiology
• Crohn Disease/surgery
• Crohn Disease/pathology
• Male
• Female
• Adult
• Ileum/pathology
• Ileum/microbiology
• Ileum/surgery
• Recurrence
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Prospective Studies
• Middle Aged
• Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
• Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
• Colon/microbiology
• Colon/pathology
• Colon/surgery
• Colonoscopy
• Biopsy
• Young Adult
• RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
• Prognosis

• U01 DK062423 NIDDK NIH HHS
• U01 DK062432 NIDDK NIH HHS

• epidemiology
• indeterminate colitis
• inflammatory bowel disease type unclassified
• pediatrics

• Humans
• Male
• Female
• Scotland/epidemiology
• Child
• Follow-Up Studies
• Adolescent
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/classification
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/epidemiology
• Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis
• Colitis, Ulcerative/epidemiology
• Colitis, Ulcerative/classification
• Prospective Studies
• Crohn Disease/diagnosis
• Crohn Disease/classification
• Crohn Disease/epidemiology
• Disease Progression
• Severity of Illness Index

• Disease activity
• Endoscopy assessment
• Interobserver agreement
• Mucosal healing

• Humans
• Severity of Illness Index
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/pathology
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis
• Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
• Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis
• Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal/methods
• Observer Variation
• Crohn Disease/pathology
• Crohn Disease/diagnosis

• (1)H NMR spectroscopy
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Mass spectrometry
• Metabolomics

• Humans
• Metabolomics/methods
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/metabolism
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis
• Mass Spectrometry/methods
• Precision Medicine/methods
• Metabolome
• Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods
• Biomarkers/metabolism

• Inflammatory bowel disease
• core outcome set
• measurement instruments
• minimum dataset
• real-world evidence

• Humans
• Observational Studies as Topic
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis

• Faroe Islands
• inflammatory bowel disease
• mortality

• Faroese Research Council
• Aage & Johanne Louis-Hansens Foundation
• Faroese Foundation
• Torben & Alice Frimodts Foundation
• Betri Foundation

• Clinical features
• Indeterminate colitis
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Inflammatory bowel disease unclassified
• Prognosis

• Humans
• Abscess
• Case-Control Studies
• Colitis, Ulcerative/complications
• Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis
• Colitis, Ulcerative/surgery
• Crohn Disease/complications
• Crohn Disease/diagnosis
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/surgery
• Retrospective Studies
• Ulcer
• Male
• Female

• No.7202161 Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China
• No.81570505 and No.81970495 National Natural Science Foundation of China

• ASCA
• Crohn’s disease
• PR3-ANCA
• serology
• ulcerative colitis

• 177523 Swiss IBD Cohort study

• IBD control
• Patient participation
• Patient reported outcome measure
• Reliability
• Validity

• Comprehensive care unit
• inflammatory bowel disease
• multicriteria decision analysis
• patient reported outcome
• quality indicators

• Humans
• Quality Indicators, Health Care
• Spain
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/therapy
• Quality of Health Care
• Decision Support Techniques

• AbbVie

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is caused by an abnormal immune response. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is an immunostimulatory molecule, which interacts with PD ligand (PD-L1) playing a prime important role among autoimmune diseases. Bifidobacterium infantis (B. infantis) can promote the differentiation of CD (cluster of differentiation) 4⁺ T cells into regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs participate in the development of IBD and may be related to disease activity. B. infantis amplify the expression level of PD-1, PD-L1 and Tregs’ nuclear transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3). But the mechanism of B. infantis on PD-1/PD-L1 signaling remains unclear.

To explore the mechanism of B. infantis regulating the immune response in IBD.

Forty-eight-week-old BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups: The control group, dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) model group, DSS + B. infantis group, DSS + B. infantis + anti-PD-L1 group, and DSS + anti-PD-L1 group. The control group mice were given drinking water freely, the other four groups were given drinking water containing 5% DSS freely. The control group, DSS model group, and DSS + anti-PD-L1 group were given normal saline (NS) 400 μL daily by gastric lavage, and the DSS + B. infantis group and DSS + B. infantis + anti-PD-L1 group were given NS and 1 × 10⁹ colony-forming unit of B. infantis daily by gastric lavage. The DSS + B. infantis + anti-PD-L1 group and DSS + anti-PD-L1 group were given 200 μg of PD-L1 blocker intraperitoneally at days 0, 3, 5, and 7; the control group, DSS + anti-PD-L1 group, and DSS + B. infantis group were given an intraperitoneal injection of an equal volume of phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Changes in PD-L1, PD-1, Foxp3, interleukin (IL)-10, and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) 1 protein and gene expression were observed. Flow cytometry was used to observe changes in CD4⁺, CD25⁺, Foxp3⁺ cell numbers in the blood and spleen.

Compared to the control group, the expression of PD-1, Foxp3, IL-10, and TGF-β1 was significantly decreased in the intestinal tract of the DSS mice (P < 0.05). Compared to the control group, the proportion of CD4⁺, CD25⁺, Foxp3⁺ cells in spleen and blood of DSS group was visibly katabatic (P < 0.05). B. infantis upgraded the express of PD-L1, PD-1, Foxp3, IL-10, and TGF-β1 (P < 0.05) and increased the proportion of CD4⁺, CD25⁺, Foxp3⁺ cells both in spleen and blood (P < 0.05). After blocking PD-L1, the increase in Foxp3, IL-10, and TGF-β1 protein and gene by B. infantis was inhibited (P < 0.05), and the proliferation of CD4⁺, CD25⁺, Foxp3⁺ cells in the spleen and blood was also inhibited (P < 0.05). After blocking PD-L1, the messenger ribonucleic acid and protein expression of PD-1 were invariant.

It is potential that B. infantis boost the proliferation of CD4⁺, CD25⁺, Foxp3⁺ T cells in both spleen and blood, as well as the expression of Foxp3 in the intestinal tract by activating the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway.

• Bifidobacterium infantis
• Enteritis
• Programmed cell death ligand
• T-Lymphocytes

• Animals
• Apoptosis
• Bifidobacterium
• Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis/metabolism
• Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
• Immunity
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/metabolism
• Interleukin-10/metabolism
• Mice
• Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
• T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory
• Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism

• Classification
• IBD
• Montreal
• Phenotype

Despite significant advances in therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in recent years, there is still a big room for improvement. In particular, biological treatment can induce not only clinical remission but also mucosal healing of the gastrointestinal tract. Among these therapeutic molecules, anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNF-α) antibodies were the first to revolutionize treatment algorithms in IBD. However, due to the parenteral route of administration and systemic mode of action, TNF-α blockers are characterised by high rates of immunogenicity-related loss of response and serious adverse events. Moreover, intravenous or subcutaneous therapy is not considered patient-friendly and requires occasional, direct contact with healthcare centres. To overcome these limitations, several attempts have been made to design oral pharmaceutical formulations of these molecules. It is hypothesized that oral anti-TNF-α antibodies therapy can directly provide a targeted and potent anti-inflammatory effect in the inflamed gastrointestinal tissues without significant systemic exposure, improving long-term treatment outcomes and safety. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge and future perspectives regarding different approaches made towards entering a new era of oral anti-TNF-α therapy, namely, the tailoring of biocompatible nanoparticles with anti-TNF-α antibodies for site-specific targeting to IBD. In particular, we discuss the latest concepts applying the achievements of nanotechnology-based drug design in this area.

• Anti-TNF-α antibodies therapy
• Inflammatory bowel diseases
• Lipid nanoparticles
• Oral drug delivery

• crohn disease
• inflammatory bowel disease
• ulcerative colitis

• Adult
• Age Factors
• Biological Factors/therapeutic use
• Colectomy/statistics & numerical data
• Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis
• Colitis, Ulcerative/epidemiology
• Colitis, Ulcerative/therapy
• Crohn Disease/diagnosis
• Crohn Disease/epidemiology
• Crohn Disease/therapy
• Databases, Factual/statistics & numerical data
• Disease Progression
• Female
• Humans
• Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
• Incidence
• Male
• Mesalamine/therapeutic use
• Middle Aged
• Retrospective Studies
• Risk Factors
• Sex Factors
• Taiwan/epidemiology
• Treatment Outcome

• in situ hybridization
• inflammatory bowel disease
• miRNA
• pediatric
• quantitative polymerase chain reaction

The pathological conditions of UC and CD involved in inflammatory bowel disease-unclassified (IBD-U), UC with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC-UC), and UC with autoimmune pancreatitis type 2 (AIP-UC) remain unclear. Therefore, it is difficult to decide the appropriate treatments for these subtypes of UC. Our aim was to examine whether the discriminant equation using the mucosally expressed mediators designed as our previous study for IBD, could characterize IBD-U, PSC-UC, or AIP-UC.

A total of 56 patients including UC (n = 24), CD (n = 15), IBD-U (n = 10), PSC-UC (n = 4), and AIP-UC (n = 3), along with 9 control patients were enrolled in this study. Mucosally expressed inflammatory mediators related to Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg were measured using quantitative PCR in endoscopic biopsies from the inflamed intestines of the patients. The IBD-U, PSC-UC or AIP-UC were characterized using discriminant analysis and principle component analysis.

Through discriminant analyses, combinations of 3 to 7 inflammatory mediators were used to discriminate between UC and CD. Moreover, the identified 3 markers could diagnose patients with IBD-U as UC or CD with high accuracy. The distribution graph of inflammatory mediators using the principal component analysis revealed that PSC-UC and AIP-UC exhibited CD-like and UC-like features, respectively.

The discriminant equation using mucosally expressed mediators of IL-13, IL-21 and T-bet can be used as a universal diagnostic tool not only for IBD-U but also to assess pathological conditions in PSC-UC and AIP-UC.

• Crohn’s disease
• Inflammatory mediator
• Ulcerative colitis

Deviation in the gut microbial composition is involved in various pathologies, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) can act as a promising approach to treat IBD by which changes in microbiome can be reversed and homeostasis restored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of FMT on the remission of acute inflammatory response using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced rat colitis model. Faecal microbial communities were analysed using the 16S rRNA approach, and clinical manifestations together with histological/haematological/biochemical/immunological analyses were assessed. Our study demonstrated significant shifts in the dominant species of microbiota under inflammatory conditions induced by DSS and evident restoration effect of FMT treatment on microbial composition. These faecal microbial alterations in FMT-treated rats led to a relative restoration of colon length, and a significant decrease in both epithelium damage and disease severity, which was reflected in lower serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Haematological/biochemical parameters in DSS-treated animals showed signs of anaemia with a significant reduction in red blood cell count together with increasing levels of total bilirubin, creatinine and phosphorus suggesting potential protective effect of FMT. These results support FMT as a valuable therapeutic strategy to control inflammation during acute colitis.

• DSS-induced colitis
• IBD
• cytokines
• faecal microbial transplant
• ulcerative colitis

After the COVID-19 outbreak, the Italian Government stopped most regular health care activity. As a result, patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) had limited access to outpatient clinics and hospitals.

This study aimed to analyze the perception of the COVID-19 emergency among patients with IBD during the early weeks of the lockdown.

We invited adult patients with IBD from the University of Salerno (Campania, South Italy) and the University of Padua (Veneto, North Italy) by email to answer an ad hoc anonymous survey about COVID-19. We also collected data on demographic and disease characteristics.

In total, 167 patients with IBD from Padua and 83 patients from Salerno answered the survey (age: mean 39.7 years, SD 13.9 years; female: n=116, 46.4%). We found that patients with IBD were particularly worried about the COVID-19 pandemic (enough: 77/250, 30.8%; much/very much: 140/250, 56.0%), as they felt more vulnerable to COVID-19 due to their condition (enough: 70/250, 28.0%; much/very much: 109/250, 43.6%). Patients with IBD from the red zone of Veneto were more worried than patients from Campania (P=.001), and men felt more susceptible to the virus than women (P=.05). Additionally, remote medicine was appreciated more by younger patients than older patients (P=.04).

The results of our survey demonstrate that the lockdown had a significant impact on the psychological aspects of patients with IBD and suggest the need for increasing communication with patients with IBD (eg, through telemedicine) to ensure patients receive adequate health care, correct information, and proper psychological support.

• COVID-19
• Crohn disease
• IBD
• biologic agents
• perception
• survey
• telemedicine
• ulcerative colitis

• Crohn’s disease
• European Crohn’s Colitis Organisation
• inflammatory bowel disease
• outcomes
• process
• quality of care
• quality standards
• standards of care
• structure
• ulcerative colitis

• Metalloproteinase 3
• TNF failure
• inflammatory bowel disease
• infliximab