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Rosa B, Margalit-Yehuda R, Gatt K, Sciberras M, Girelli C, Saurin JC, Cortegoso Valdivia P, Cotter J, Eliakim R, Caprioli F, Baatrup G, Keuchel M, Ellul P, Toth E, Koulaouzidis A. Scoring systems in clinical small-bowel capsule endoscopy: all you need to know! Endosc Int Open 2021; 9:E802-E823. [PMID: 34079861 PMCID: PMC8159625 DOI: 10.1055/a-1372-4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractCapsule endoscopy (CE) emerged out of the pressing clinical need to image the small bowel (SB) in cases of midgut bleeding and provide an overall comfortable and reliable gastrointestinal (GI) diagnosis 1. Since its wider adoption in clinical practice, significant progress has been made in several areas including software development, hardware features and clinical indications, while innovative applications of CE never cease to appear 2
3. Currently, several manufacturers provide endoscopic capsules with more or less similar technological features 4. Although there is engaging and continuous academic and industry-fueled R&D, promising furtherment of CE technology 4
5, the current status of clinical CE remains that of by and large an imaging modality. Clinical relevance of CE images is cornerstone in the decision-making process for medical management. In one of the larger to date SB CE studies, 4,206 abnormal images were detected in 3,280 patients 6. Thus, CE leads to the identification of a large amount of potential pathology, some of which are pertinent (or relevant) while some (probably the majority) are not.Soon artificial intelligence (AI) is likely to carry out several roles currently performed by humans; in fact, we are witnessing only the first stages of a transition in the clinical adoption of AI-based solutions in several aspects of gastroenterology including CE 7. Until then though, human-based decision-making profoundly impacts patient care and – although not suggested in the updated European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) European curriculum 8
9 – it should be an integral part of CE training. Frequently, interpretation of CE images by experts or at least experienced readers differs. In a tandem CE reading study, expert review of discordant cases revealed a 50 % (13/25 discordant results) error rate by experienced readers, corresponding (in 5/13 cases) to ‘over-classification’ of an irrelevant abnormality 10. Another comparative study showed an ‘over-classification’ of such irrelevant abnormalities in ~10 % of CE readings 11. One thing which has been for a while on the table – in relation to optimizing and/or standardizing CE reporting and subsequent decision-making – is the need for reproducible scoring systems and for a reliable common language among clinicians responsible for further patient’s management.Over the years, several of these scoring systems were developed while others appear in the wake of software and hardware improvements aiming to replace and/or complement their predecessors. This review presents a comprehensive account of the currently available classification/scoring systems in clinical CE spanning from predicting the bleeding potential of identified SB lesions (with emphasis on vascular lesions), and the individual rebleeding risk; scoring systems for the prediction of SB lesions in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGlB), having the potential to improve patient selection and rationalize the use of enteroscopy, with better allocation of resources, optimized diagnostic workflow and tailored treatment. This review also includes scores for reporting the inflammatory burden, the cleansing level that underscores confidence in CE reporting and the mass or bulge question in CE. Essentially, the aim is to become a main text for reference when scoring is required and facilitate the inclusion of -through readiness of access- one of the other in the final report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Rosa
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho-Braga. Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory – Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Reuma Margalit-Yehuda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Kelly Gatt
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | | | - Carlo Girelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology & Digestive Endoscopy, Hospital of Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Jean-Christophe Saurin
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et d'Endoscopie Digestive, Lyon, France
| | - Pablo Cortegoso Valdivia
- Gastroenterology & Endoscopy Unit, University Hospital of Parma, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Jose Cotter
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho-Braga. Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory – Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Rami Eliakim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Flavio Caprioli
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gunnar Baatrup
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin Keuchel
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, Bethesda Krankenhaus Bergedorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pierre Ellul
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Ervin Toth
- Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anastasios Koulaouzidis
- Endoscopy Unit, The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
- Department of Social Medicine & Public Health, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Persano G, Cantone N, Pani E, Ciardini E, Noccioli B. Heterotopic pancreas in the gastrointestinal tract in children: a single-center experience and a review of the literature. Ital J Pediatr 2019; 45:142. [PMID: 31706342 PMCID: PMC6842505 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-019-0738-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heterotopic pancreas, that is the abnormal localization of a well-differentiated pancreatic tissue, is a rare occurrence in pediatric patients. Most lesions are found incidentally; in some circumstances, the presence of heterotopic pancreas may cause gastrointestinal symptoms, such as obstructive symptoms or bleeding. Patients and methods The clinical notes of patients with histological diagnosis of heterotopic pancreas treated at Meyer Children’s Hospital between 2009 and 2017 have been retrospectively examined. Four variables have been examined: clinical presentation, age at diagnosis, timing of surgery and localization of the heterotopic pancreas. Patients have been classified accordingly. Results Fourteen patients were diagnosed with heterotopic pancreas at a single institution. In half cases, heterotopic pancreas caused symptoms that warranted surgical exploration. Symptomatic patients were significantly older than patients in whom heterotopic pancreas was an incidental finding (mean age 9 years and 5 months vs 2 years and 9 months; p = 0.02). Heterotopic pancreas was more frequently found in patients who underwent urgent surgical procedure than in patients who underwent elective surgery (2.61% vs 0.22%; p < 0.0001). In all cases, foci of heterotopic pancreas were resected. Conclusion Heterotopic pancreas is usually discovered in the submucosa of the stomach, duodenum and small bowel. Heterotopic tissue may cause symptoms related to mechanical complications, bleeding from the surrounding intestinal mucosa or, occasionally, to the development of malignancy. Heterotopic tissue is a rare but clinically relevant cause of gastrointestinal symptoms. The presence of heterotopic tissue should be considered in children with gastrointestinal symptoms of unclear origin and surgical resection is advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Persano
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, IRCCS Gaslini, via Gerolamo Gaslini, 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Noemi Cantone
- Department of Neonatal and Emergency Surgery, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Pani
- School of Pediatric Surgery, University of Genoa, Italy - Department of Pediatric Surgery, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Ciardini
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, District Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | - Bruno Noccioli
- Department of Neonatal and Emergency Surgery, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Tziatzios G, Gkolfakis P, Hassan C, Toth E, Zullo A, Koulaouzidis A, Dimitriadis GD, Triantafyllou K. Meta-analysis shows similar re-bleeding rates among Western and Eastern populations after index video capsule endoscopy. Dig Liver Dis 2018; 50:226-239. [PMID: 29396130 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is the first-line diagnostic procedure for investigating obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). Different re-bleeding rates following index VCE have been reported among Western and Eastern studies. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search to identify studies examining re-bleeding rates after VCE for OGIB. Meta-analysis assessed the pooled proportion of re-bleeding events after VCE for OGIB according to study's origin (Western vs. Eastern) and according to the length of follow-up (≥24 months vs. <24 months). We also calculated the re-bleeding odds ratios (OR; 95% CI) after positive vs. negative index VCE, overt vs. occult initial presentation of bleeding and after interventional treatment for positive index cases, according to the study's origin. RESULTS We included 46 (30 Western and 16 Eastern) studies with 5796 patients. Significant heterogeneity was detected among meta-analyzed studies. Overall, the pooled re-bleeding rate was similar between Western (29%; 95% CI: 23-34) and Eastern (21%; 95% CI: 15-27) populations, irrespective of the length of follow-up. The odds of re-bleeding was significantly higher after positive as compared to negative index VCE in Eastern studies (OR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.07-2.94). Application of specific treatment after positive index VCE was associated with lower re-bleeding odds in both Western (OR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.16-0.87) and Eastern (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.21-0.72) populations. CONCLUSIONS Patients undergoing VCE for OGIB have similar re-bleeding rates in the East and the West, regardless of the length of follow-up. However, increased re-bleeding odds after positive index VCE is observed in Eastern studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tziatzios
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine - Propaedeutic, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevas Gkolfakis
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine - Propaedeutic, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Cesare Hassan
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Nuovo Regina Margherita Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ervin Toth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Angelo Zullo
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Nuovo Regina Margherita Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasios Koulaouzidis
- Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - George D Dimitriadis
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine - Propaedeutic, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Triantafyllou
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine - Propaedeutic, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Tziatzios G, Gkolfakis P, Dimitriadis GD, Triantafyllou K. Long-term effects of video capsule endoscopy in the management of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:196. [PMID: 28567376 PMCID: PMC5438793 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.03.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) accounts for approximately 5% of all gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhages. It usually arises from a small bowel lesion beyond the reach of conventional endoscopy including esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy. Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) revolutionized the evaluation of OGIB patients since it allows reliable and noninvasive visualization of the small bowel mucosal surface. Since 2001, VCE has evolved into an efficient technology integrated in clinical practice. It is the cornerstone in the algorithm of OGIB investigation given its high diagnostic yield, which compares favorably to that of double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE). In terms of outcomes, a positive index VCE examination usually correlates to a high re-bleeding rate, while a negative one provides adequate evidence of low re-bleeding risk, suggesting a wait and watch approach in this subset of patients. Additionally, a variety of factors has been acknowledged as significant predictors of re-bleeding episodes. While research data regarding immediate endoscopic findings have matured, data concerning the clinical utility of VCE in patients with OGIB on the long-term remain sparse. This manuscript reviews the current literature, aiming to highlight the role of VCE in the long-term management of OGIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tziatzios
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine - Propaedeutic, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ''Attikon" University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevas Gkolfakis
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine - Propaedeutic, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ''Attikon" University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George D Dimitriadis
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine - Propaedeutic, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ''Attikon" University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Triantafyllou
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine - Propaedeutic, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ''Attikon" University General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Wildgruber M, Wrede CE, Zorger N, Müller-Wille R, Hamer OW, Zeman F, Stroszczynski C, Heiss P. Computed tomography versus digital subtraction angiography for the diagnosis of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Eur J Radiol 2017; 88:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lin OS. Small Bowel Capsule Endoscopy. ENDOSCOPY IN SMALL BOWEL DISORDERS 2015:93-106. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-14415-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2025]
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Matsumura T, Arai M, Saito K, Okimoto K, Saito M, Minemura S, Oyamada A, Maruoka D, Nakagawa T, Watabe H, Katsuno T, Yokosuka O. Predictive factor of re-bleeding after negative capsule endoscopy for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: over 1-year follow-up study. Dig Endosc 2014; 26:650-658. [PMID: 24628735 DOI: 10.1111/den.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Capsule endoscopy (CE) is now widely accepted as a first-line diagnostic modality for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB), with a high diagnostic yield compared to other modalities. However, even after negative CE examination, re-bleeding is often known to occur. The aim of the present study was to identify predictive factors of re-bleeding after negative CE, and to clarify the clinical utility of double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) after negative CE for OGIB. METHODS Two hundred and sixty patients who underwent CE for OGIB between October 2007 and September 2012 were included, and followed up for at least 1 year after CE examination. Demographic and clinical parameters associated with re-bleeding after negative CE were investigated. RESULTS A total of 154 patients (59.2%) had negative findings. Thirteen of those patients (8.4%) had one or more re-bleeding episodes during the follow-up period. In comparing patients with and without re-bleeding, Cox hazard regression analysis revealed that advanced age was a predictive factor for re-bleeding after negative CE (hazard ratio 1.05 [1.01-1.10], P = 0.03). Subsequent DBE for reasons other than re-bleeding was carried out in 51 patients (33.1%). Mucosal lesions (ulcer or multiple erosions) were subsequently detected in seven patients (13.7%), and endoscopic therapies were carried out in two patients (3.9%). CONCLUSIONS In patients of advanced age, more extensive follow up is needed, even if the CE result is negative. In addition, DBE subsequent to negative CE may be useful to detect lesions that were overlooked on CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Matsumura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Zhu M, Zhang J, Tang J, Mao GP, Ning SB, Jin XW, Li YF. Diagnostic value of single balloon endoscopy in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:1033-1036. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i7.1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the diagnostic value of single balloon endoscopy (SBE) in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB).
METHODS: Clinical data for 115 patients with OGIB who underwent SBE from July 2009 to May 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. The causes of gastrointestinal bleeding were observed by SBE. Eleven patients underwent endoscopic therapy.
RESULTS: The detection rate of gastrointestinal bleeding was 73.91% (85/115). The most common reasons for OGIB were small intestinal ulcer, small intestinal diverticulum, mucosal inflammatory changes, interstitialoma, small intestine carcinoma, Crohn's disease, small intestinal polyps, vascular dilatation, and other rare diseases. Seventy-eight (67.83%) patients had overt bleeding, and 37 (32.17%) had occult bleeding. The detection rate of overt bleeding was significantly higher than that of occult bleeding (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: SBE has high diagnostic yield in OGIB, and is a safe and reliable method for diagnosis and treatment of OGIB. The most common reasons for OGIB are small intestinal ulcer, small intestinal diverticulum, and mucosal inflammatory changes.
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García Sánchez MC, Maroto Castellanos M, Crespo Pérez L, Senosiain Lalastra C, Cañete Ruiz Á, Moreira Vicente V, Graus Morales J, Boixeda de Miquel D, Albillos Martínez A. [Usefulness of urgent endoscopic capsule in severe gastrointestinal bleeding due to diffuse intestinal hemangiomatosis]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2013; 36:626-8. [PMID: 24011649 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Riccioni ME, Urgesi R, Cianci R, Rizzo G, D’Angelo L, Marmo R, Costamagna G. Negative capsule endoscopy in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding reliable: recurrence of bleeding on long-term follow-up. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:4520-4525. [PMID: 23901227 PMCID: PMC3725376 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i28.4520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the rate of recurrent bleeding of the small bowel in patients with obscure bleeding already undergone capsule endoscopy (CE) with negative results. METHODS We reviewed the medical records related to 696 consecutive CE performed from December 2002 to January 2011, focusing our attention on patients with recurrence of obscure bleeding and negative CE. Evaluating the patient follow-up, we analyzed the recurrence rate of obscure bleeding in patient with a negative CE. Actuarial rates of rebleeding during follow-up were calculated, and factors associated with rebleeding were assessed through an univariate and multivariate analysis. A P value of less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of negative CE were calculated. RESULTS Two hundred and seven out of 696 (29.7%) CE studies resulted negative in patient with obscure/overt gastrointestinal bleeding. Overall, 489 CE (70.2%) were positive studies. The median follow-up was 24 mo (range 12-36 mo). During follow-up, recurrence of obscure bleeding was observed only in 34 out of 207 negative CE patients (16.4%); 26 out of 34 with obscure overt bleeding and 8 out of 34 with obscure occult bleeding. The younger age (< 65 years) and the onset of bleeding such as melena are independent risk factors of rebleeding after a negative CE (OR = 2.6703, 95%CI: 1.1651-6.1202, P = 0.0203; OR 4.7718, 95%CI: 1.9739-11.5350, P = 0.0005). The rebleeding rate (CE+ vs CE-) was 16.4% vs 45.1% (χ(2) test, P = 0.00001). The sensitivity, specificity, and PPV and NPV were 93.8%, 100%, 100%, 80.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION Patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and negative CE had a significantly lower rebleeding rate, and further invasive investigations can be deferred.
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Jin XW, Zhu M, Tang J, Mao GP, Ning SB. Diagnostic value of double balloon endoscopy in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly patients. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:1681-1684. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i17.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the diagnostic value of double balloon endoscopy (DBE) in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) in elderly patients.
METHODS: Clinical data for 48 elderly patients with OGIB who underwent DBE from January 2007 to March 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Meanwhile, 106 cases of young patients were analyzed. The causes of gastrointestinal bleeding were observed by DBE.
RESULTS: The detection rate of gastrointestinal bleeding by DBE was 87.5% (42/48), and the causes of gastrointestinal bleeding were diagnosed in 83.33% (40/48) of cases. Common causes of OGIB in elderly people included small intestinal ulcer, vascular dilatation, small intestinal carcinoma, interstitialoma, mucosal inflammatory changes, small intestinal diverticulum, Crohn's disease, polyps, and melanoma metastasis to small bowel. No significant difference was found in types of diseases between elderly and young patients (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: DBE has high diagnostic value in the detection of OGIB in elderly patients. Common reasons for OGIB include small intestinal ulcer, vascular dilatation, small intestinal carcinoma and interstitialoma. There is no significant difference in types of diseases between elderly and young patients.
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Capsule Endoscopy in Patients with Implantable Electromedical Devices is Safe. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013; 2013:959234. [PMID: 23710168 PMCID: PMC3654345 DOI: 10.1155/2013/959234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Study Aims. The presence of an implantable electromechanical cardiac device (IED) has long been considered a relative contraindication to the performance of video capsule endoscopy (CE). The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of CE in patients with IEDs. A secondary purpose was to determine whether IEDs have any impact on images captured by CE. Patients and Methods. A retrospective chart review of all patients who had a capsule endoscopy at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, AZ, USA, or Rochester, MN, USA, (January 2002 to June 2010) was performed to identify CE studies done on patients with IEDs. One hundred and eighteen capsule studies performed in 108 patients with IEDs were identified and reviewed for demographic data, method of preparation, and study data. Results. The most common indications for CE were obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (77%), anemia (14%), abdominal pain (5%), celiac disease (2%), diarrhea (1%), and Crohn's disease (1%). Postprocedure assessments did not reveal any detectable alteration on the function of the IED. One patient with an ICD had a 25-minute loss of capsule imaging due to recorder defect. Two patients with LVADs had interference with capsule image acquisition. Conclusions. CE did not interfere with IED function, including PM, ICD, and/or LVAD and thus appears safe. Additionally, PM and ICD do not appear to interfere with image acquisition but LVAD may interfere with capsule images and require that capsule leads be positioned as far away as possible from the IED to assure reliable image acquisition.
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Pongprasobchai S, Chitsaeng S, Tanwandee T, Manatsathit S, Kachintorn U. Yield, etiologies and outcomes of capsule endoscopy in Thai patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 5:122-7. [PMID: 23515435 PMCID: PMC3600548 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v5.i3.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the yield, etiologies and impact of capsule endoscopy (CE) in Thai patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB).
METHODS: The present study is a retrospective cohort study. All patients with OGIB who underwent CE in Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand during 2005-2009 were included in the study. All the patients’ medical records and results of the CE videos were reviewed. CE findings were classified as significant, suspicious/equivocal and negative. Sites of the lesions were located to duodenum, jejunum, jejunoileum, ileum and diffuse lesions by the localization device of the CE. Impact of CE on the patients’ management was defined by any investigation or treatment given to the patients that was more than an iron supplement or blood transfusion. Patients’ outcomes (rebleeding, persistent bleeding, anemia or requirement of blood transfusion) were collected from chart reviews and direct phone interviews with the patients.
RESULTS: Overall, there were 103 patients with OGIB included in the study. Mean age of the patients was 64 ± 16 years (range 9-88 years) and 57 patients (55%) were male. Types of OGIB were overt in 80 (78%) and occult in 23 patients (22%). The median time interval of CE after onset of OGIB was 10 d (range 1-180 d). The median time of follow-up was 19 mo (range 1-54 mo). Capsules reached caecum in 77 patients (74%) and capsule retention was found in 1 patient (1%). The diagnostic yield of CE revealed significant lesions in 37 patients (36%), suspicious/equivocal lesions in 15 patients (15%) and 51 patients (49%) had negative CE result. Among the significant lesions, the bleeding etiologies were small bowel ulcers in 44%, angiodysplasia in 27%, small bowel tumor in 13%, miscellaneous in 8% and active bleeding without identifiable causes in 8%. Patients with small bowel ulcers were significantly associated with the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (48%, P = 0.034), while patients with small bowel tumors were more commonly female (86%, P = 0.043) compared to the other etiologies. The rate of rebleeding, persistent bleeding or anemia in patients with positive, equivocal and negative CE results were 5%, 0% and 18%, respectively (P = 0.078). All the 9 patients with rebleeding after negative CE were subsequently found to be from hematologic disorders (4), colonic diverticulosis (2), colonic Dieulafoy’s (1), hemorrhoid (1) and hemosuccus pancreaticus (1). Results of CE had a positive impact on the patients’ management in 35% of the patients whose results were positive, but none on the patients whose results were equivocal or negative CE (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: In Thai OGIB patients, CE had low yield and small bowel ulcer was most common. Positive CE impacted managements and outcomes. Negative CE caused low rebleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supot Pongprasobchai
- Supot Pongprasobchai, Songla Chitsaeng, Tawesak Tanwandee, Sathaporn Manatsathit, Udom Kachintorn, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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Suárez Ferrer C, González Lama Y, Blázquez Gómez I, Barrios Peinado C, Martinez Porras JL, Vera Mendoza MI, Abreu García L. Utilidad y coste de la cápsula endoscópica. Tres años de experiencia de nuestro centro. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2013; 36:121-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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16
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Vadamalayan B, Hii M, Kark J, Bjarnason I. Feasibility of small bowel capsule endoscopy in children under the age of 4 years: a single centre experience. Frontline Gastroenterol 2012; 3:267-271. [PMID: 28839679 PMCID: PMC5369840 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2012-100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on the use of wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) in younger children remain limited. However, this single centre study suggests that it is a relatively complication-free procedure that may be considered in younger children below 4 years of age, when small bowel pathology is suspected. We retrospectively reviewed the King's College Hospital WCE database between August 2009 and August 2011. Patients aged 4 years or younger were included in the study. Six children fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The indications for WCE were unexplained gastrointestinal tract (GIT) bleeding (n=4), chronic diarrhoea with (n=1) and without (n=1) GIT bleeding (n=1). All had an oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and an ileocolonoscopy before WCE. The mean age at the time of WCE was 2 years 6 months (range 1 year 7 months to 3 years 7 months). The mean weight at WCE was 13.3 kg (range 9-17 kg). Four children had a complete study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu Vadamalayan
- Pediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michael Hii
- Pediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Justin Kark
- Pediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ingvar Bjarnason
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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17
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Lee MJ, Chang JH, Maeng IH, Park JY, Im YS, Kim TH, Han SW, Lee DS. Ectopic pancreas bleeding in the jejunum revealed by capsule endoscopy. Clin Endosc 2012; 45:194-7. [PMID: 22977800 PMCID: PMC3429734 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2012.45.3.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic pancreas is defined as pancreatic tissue found outside the usual anatomic location. It is often found incidentally at different sites in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The incidence of ectopic pancreatic tissue in autopsy series is 1% to 2%, with 70% of the ectopic lesions found in the stomach, duodenum and jejunum. Although it is usually a silent anomaly, an ectopic pancreas may become clinically evident when complicated by inflammation, bleeding, obstruction or malignant transformation. We report a case of ectopic pancreas located in the jejunum and presenting as an obscure GI bleeding, which was diagnosed by capsule endoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Small Bowel Bleeding. GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9781444398892.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Niemenmaa H, Mäkelä T, Jussila A, Krekelä I, Voutilainen M, Björknäs H, Hirvioja A, Kaukinen K, Collin P. The diagnostic value of video capsule endoscopy. Eur J Intern Med 2010; 21:383-5. [PMID: 20816589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) offers the best means of studying small bowel, but is expensive. We investigated how physicians appraise the value of VCE. METHODS A questionnaire was sent to remitting physicians comprising questions on the value of VCE in altogether 189 adults. The follow-up time was at least one year. The patient history was also scrutinized in case records. RESULTS The most common indications for VCE were anaemia (n=100) or gastrointestinal bleeding (n=21) (60%), suspicion of Crohn's disease (21%), abdominal pain (9%) and coeliac disease (6%). The diagnostic value of VCE was rated best in patients suffering from anaemia or bleeding, being decisive or beneficial in 33% (OR 2.3, CI=1.1-4.8 compared to all series) and helpful in exclusion in an additional 36%. In Crohn's disease, VCE was helpful in the exclusion of intestinal lesions in 50% of cases; in coeliac disease the corresponding percentage was 42%. When abdominal pain was the only indication for VCE, the examination was beneficial in one patient only. CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic value of VCE was evident in patients with anaemia or gastrointestinal bleeding. The procedure was deemed to be helpful in exclusion also in Crohn's disease and in coeliac disease. Abdominal pain was a rare indication, and the diagnostic yield limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Niemenmaa
- Tampere University Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Fireman Z. Capsule endoscopy: Future horizons. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 2:305-7. [PMID: 21160761 PMCID: PMC2999029 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v2.i9.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Capsule endoscopy (CE) was launched at the beginning of this millennium and has since become a well established methodology for evaluating the entire small bowel for manifold pathologies. CE far exceeded early expectations by providing a tool for establishing the correct diagnosis for elusive gastrointestinal (GI) conditions such as obscure GI bleeding, Crohn’s disease, polyposis syndrome and others. Contemporary CE, like radiology, gives results that can only be read, unlike conventional endoscopic procedures which enable concomitant biopsy when indicated. This is one of the major limitations of the technique. The ideal CE should improve the quality of the image and have a faster frame rate than the currently available one. There should be a therapeutic capsule capable of performing a biopsy, aspirating fluid, delivering drugs as well as measuring the motility of the small bowel wall. Another major leap forward would be the capability of remote control of the capsule’s movement in order to navigate it to reach designated anatomical areas for carrying out a variety of therapeutic options. Technology for improving the capability of the future generation capsule is almost within grasp and it would not be surprising to witness the realization of these giant steps within the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Fireman
- Zvi Fireman, Department of Gastroenterology, Hillel-Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera 38100, Israel
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Lorenceau-Savale C, Ben-Soussan E, Ramirez S, Antonietti M, Lerebours E, Ducrotté P. Outcome of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding after negative capsule endoscopy: results of a one-year follow-up study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 34:606-11. [PMID: 20822872 DOI: 10.1016/j.gcb.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capsule endoscopy (CE) is an effective method for investigating the small bowel, especially in cases of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB), although the long-term outcome of patients with a negative CE is generally not known. PATIENTS AND METHODS For 49 patients with OGIB and a negative CE, their referring physicians filled out a follow-up questionnaire to assess bleeding recurrence and any repeat investigations after negative video capsule endoscopy (VCE). RESULTS A minimum follow-up duration of one year (median: 15.9 months) was available for 35 patients with an overall rebleeding rate of 23% (n=8). Of these eight patients, four women presented with recurrence prior to new investigations. In the four remaining patients, repeat endoscopy work-ups after negative CE were performed and revealed previously missed lesions with bleeding potential, mainly in the stomach. Overall, 13 patients, with or without rebleeding, had repeat endoscopy work-ups after a negative CE, leading to a definitive diagnosis in nine patients, with lesions located in the stomach and colon in eight of them. CONCLUSION Patients with OGIB and a negative CE had a low rate of rebleeding. This study highlights the importance of the initial endoscopy work-up, and suggests that CE be proposed after a minimum of two gastroscopies and one complete colonoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lorenceau-Savale
- Service d'hépatogastroentérologie et nutrition, centre hospitalier universitaire de Rouen, 76031 Rouen cedex, France.
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Esaki M, Matsumoto T, Yada S, Yanaru-Fujisawa R, Kudo T, Yanai S, Nakamura S, Iida M. Factors associated with the clinical impact of capsule endoscopy in patients with overt obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:2294-301. [PMID: 19957038 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-1036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Capsule endoscopy (CE) does not necessarily identify positive findings in patients with overt obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). We aimed to identify factors predictive of positive CE findings and those of re-bleeding after negative CE in overt OGIB. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 68 patients who underwent CE for overt OGIB. CE findings, therapeutic interventions, and clinical course after CE were reviewed. Clinical variables associated with positive CE findings and those associated with re-bleeding after negative CE findings were investigated. RESULTS Positive CE finding was found in 36 (53%) patients. Marked decrease in hemoglobin value [OR; 18.8, 95% CI; 3.4-152.0] and earlier CE examination within a week after the last episode of bleeding [OR; 8.0, 95% CI; 2.2-35.9] were factors associated with positive CE findings. Nine (28%) of 32 patients with negative CE findings re-bled. Marked decrease in hemoglobin value was more frequent in patients with re-bleeding than those without (P = 0.07). CONCLUSION Patients with massive and overt OGIB are the best candidates for CE. Earlier CE, virtually within a week, contributes to the better diagnostic yield of the procedure. Careful follow-up seems necessary for patients with massive bleeding even in cases of negative CE findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Esaki
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate Schools of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Chait MM. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 2:147-54. [PMID: 21160742 PMCID: PMC2998909 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v2.i5.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is an important worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. The incidence of LGIB increases with age and corresponds to the increased incidence of specific gastrointestinal diseases that have worldwide regional variation, co-morbid diseases and polypharmacy. The evaluation and treatment of patients is adjusted to the rate and severity of hemorrhage and the clinical status of the patient and may be complicated by the presence of visual, auditory and cognitive impairment due to age and co-morbid disease. Bleeding may be chronic and mild or severe and life threatening, requiring endoscopic, radiologic or surgical intervention. Colonoscopy provides the best method for evaluation and treatment of patients with LGIB. There will be a successful outcome of LGIB in the majority of elderly patients with appropriate evaluation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell M Chait
- Maxwell M Chait, The Hartsdale Medical Group, 180 East Hartsdale Avenue, Hartsdale, New York, NY 10530, United States
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24
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Laine L, Sahota A, Shah A. Does capsule endoscopy improve outcomes in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding? Randomized trial versus dedicated small bowel radiography. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:1673-1680.e1; quiz e11-2. [PMID: 20138043 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Capsule endoscopy improves the diagnostic yield in patients with obscure gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, but whether it improves outcomes is uncertain. METHODS Patients with obscure GI bleeding and negative upper endoscopy, colonoscopy, and push enteroscopy were randomly assigned to capsule endoscopy or dedicated small bowel contrast radiography. Patients returned at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months for follow-up visits and to check hemoglobin level. The primary endpoint was further bleeding. RESULTS The predefined sample size of 136 patients (54 overt bleeding, 82 occult bleeding) was enrolled. Diagnostic yield was 20 (30%) with capsule vs 5 (7%) with radiography (difference = 23%; 95% CI: 11%-36%). Further bleeding with capsule versus radiography occurred in 20 (30%) versus 17 (24%) (difference, 6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -9% to 21%), subsequent diagnostic or therapeutic interventions for bleeding were performed in 17 (26%) versus 15 (21%) (difference, 4%; 95% CI, -10% to 19%), subsequent hospitalizations for bleeding were required in 8 (12%) versus 4 (6%) (difference, 6%; 95% CI, -3% to 16%), and subsequent blood transfusions were given in 5 (8%) versus 4 (6%) (difference, 2%; 95% CI, -7% to 10%). Further bleeding was more common in patients presenting with overt bleeding than in those with occult bleeding (21/54 [39%] vs 16/82 [20%]; difference, 19%; 95% CI, 4% to 35%). CONCLUSIONS The significant improvement in diagnostic yield with capsule endoscopy may not translate into improved outcomes in a population with obscure GI bleeding. Most patients do well whether or not abnormalities are identified, and additional diagnostic or therapeutic interventions may be required whether or not capsule endoscopy identifies a source of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Laine
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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25
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Park JJ, Cheon JH, Kim HM, Park HS, Moon CM, Lee JH, Hong SP, Kim TI, Kim WH. Negative capsule endoscopy without subsequent enteroscopy does not predict lower long-term rebleeding rates in patients with obscure GI bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71:990-997. [PMID: 20304392 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capsule endoscopy (CE) is now widely accepted as a first-line diagnostic modality for obscure GI bleeding (OGIB). However, the clinical implications of negative results of CE studies remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate long-term (>1 year) outcomes for patients undergoing CE for OGIB and to identify risk factors associated with rebleeding. DESIGN AND SETTING Retrospective study in a tertiary care hospital. METHODS A total of 57 consecutive patients who had undergone CE for OGIB were enrolled and their pre- and post-CE clinical data were collected. Specific treatments were defined as treatments directly aimed at presumed bleeding causes including hemostasis and disease-specific medical therapy, whereas nonspecific treatments were defined as symptomatic treatments for anemia. RESULTS Of the 57 patients, the indication for CE was obscure-overt bleeding in 46 patients and obscure-occult bleeding in 11 patients. Among 51 patients for whom long-term data were available, significant (P2) lesions were found in 23 (45.1%) patients. The overall rebleeding rate was 35.3% during a median follow-up duration of 31.7 months (range 12.8-58.0 months). There was no statistically significant difference in the cumulative rebleeding rate between patients with positive and negative CE results (34.8% vs 35.7%, respectively; P = .989). However, specific treatments after CE (hazard ratio, 0.111; 95% CI, 0.013-0.980; P = .043) significantly decreased rebleeding. LIMITATIONS Small number of patients, retrospective study design. CONCLUSIONS The rebleeding rate for patients with OGIB and negative CE results was substantial, indicating that these patients should be closely observed. However, specific treatment after CE significantly reduced the incidence of recurrent bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Jun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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26
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[Endoscopy of the small bowel: light into the dark]. Internist (Berl) 2010; 51:711-21. [PMID: 20405097 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-009-2565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction of capsule endoscopy and later balloon enteroscopy in clinical practice, endoscopic examination of the small bowel has dramatically improved. For the first time, it is possible to diagnose the whole small bowel without the necessity of laparotomy and intraoperative enteroscopy. The methods revolutionized the field of small bowel diagnostic and therapy and become part of daily clinical practice. This article provides a review of small bowel enteroscopic methods.
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Optimized multidetector computed tomographic protocol for the diagnosis of active obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: a feasibility study. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2009; 33:698-704. [PMID: 19820495 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0b013e3181937f1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this feasibility study was to prospectively evaluate an optimized multidetector computed tomographic protocol for the diagnosis of active obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). METHODS Between October 2006 and February 2008, patients admitted for active OGIB were included in this prospective unicenter study. Water was administered orally and rectally as neutral luminal contrast material. A contrast-enhanced 16-row multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) was performed in the arterial and venous phases. Mesenteric digital subtraction angiography was carried out immediately after MDCT as standard of reference. RESULTS Six patients were included in this study. Multidetector computed tomography identified the bleeding site and source in 5 (83%) of the patients. Digital subtraction angiography was performed in 4 patients, and the result was positive in 1 (25%) of the patients. Multidetector computed tomography detected the site and source of bleeding in 2 patients whose digital subtraction angiographic result was negative. CONCLUSIONS The results of this feasibility study indicate that optimized MDCT is an excellent diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of active OGIB.
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Rajesh A, Sandrasegaran K, Jennings SG, Maglinte DDT, McHenry L, Lappas JC, Rex D. Comparison of capsule endoscopy with enteroclysis in the investigation of small bowel disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 34:459-66. [PMID: 18546034 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-008-9427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare results of capsule endoscopy with those of barium enteroclysis or CT enteroclysis. METHODS Retrospective review of hospital records revealed 65 patients who had an enteroclysis and small bowel capsule endoscopy. The diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy was compared with the enteroclysis using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS The main indications were obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 37) and suspected Crohn disease (n = 17). Radiologic studies included CT enteroclysis (n = 30), and fluoroscopic barium enteroclysis with carbon dioxide (n = 18) or with methylcellulose (n = 17). Capsule endoscopy had a higher diagnostic yield (8/17) compared to barium-methylcellulose cellulose enteroclysis (1/17) (P = 0.02). The diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy was not significantly different compared with barium-carbon dioxide (12/18 vs. 10/18) enteroclysis or with CT enteroclysis (9/30 vs. 8/30). Vascular lesions were better assessed with capsule endoscopy. However, the CT enteroclysis found more lesions in patients with chronic abdominal pain. CONCLUSION Barium-carbon dioxide enteroclysis and CT enteroclysis have similar diagnostic yields for small bowel disease compared to capsule endoscopy. Barium methylcellulose has an inferior diagnostic yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Rajesh
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Wireless capsule endoscopy in Italy: adding context-specific data to the review of the evidence from literature. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2009; 25:297-304. [PMID: 19619348 DOI: 10.1017/s0266462309990109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the evidence of diagnostic accuracy of the wireless capsule for endoscopy (WCE) for the diagnosis of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) and small bowel disease in adults and translate it to the context of the Italian National Health Service. METHODS We performed a systematic review of secondary and primary literature. We reviewed WCE diagnostic accuracy, safety, economic evaluations for OGIB. Context-specific data about WCE diffusion, costs, appropriateness of WCE use were collected by means of a national survey involving all Italian gastroenterological departments. RESULTS We updated the systematic review of the most recent health technology assessment report (2006). Our review shows lack of robust comparative evidence of diagnostic accuracy of WCE. The studies' design do not allow collection of reliable evidence due to the uncertainty surrounding morphological variability of bleeding vascular gut lesions. The national survey reported widespread WCE use and data on appropriateness and costs. CONCLUSIONS Evidence of WCE diagnostic accuracy is of low quality, and there is a requirement for randomized comparisons. Our findings raise the issue of technology governance and show the importance of an assessment before the technology being widely commercialized.
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Enteroscopy in the diagnosis and management of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2009; 19:409-26. [PMID: 19647649 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Capsule endoscopy and balloon-assisted enteroscopy, have revolutionized our approach to the diagnosis and management of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, largely replacing intraoperative enteroscopy and conventional barium studies. Despite its limitations, capsule endoscopy may well be the most reasonable initial diagnostic strategy to evaluate most patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, leaving balloon-assisted enteroscopy in reserve as a complementary tool. This article reviews the data on enteroscopy, with particular emphasis on the use of capsule endoscopy and balloon-assisted enteroscopy for the diagnosis and management of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding.
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Böcker U, Löhr JM, Marx A. Twenty-six-year-old female with assumed Crohn's disease and a gastrointestinal stromal tumor: Response. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:489-490. [PMID: 18825771 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Viazis N, Papaxoinis K, Vlachogiannakos J, Efthymiou A, Theodoropoulos I, Karamanolis DG. Is there a role for second-look capsule endoscopy in patients with obscure GI bleeding after a nondiagnostic first test? Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 69:850-6. [PMID: 18950762 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2008.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term follow-up data on patients with obscure GI bleeding subjected to capsule endoscopy (CE) are missing. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to follow up patients with a nondiagnostic test and determine whether a second-look CE would be beneficial. PATIENTS We enrolled 293 subjects. CE studies were classified as diagnostic (positive findings) or nondiagnostic (findings of uncertain significance/no findings). Patients were followed up for a mean (SD) 24.8 (5.2) months. Outcome was defined as continued or complete resolution of bleeding. INTERVENTIONS Patients with a nondiagnostic test were subjected to a repeat CE if they manifested a new bleeding episode or a drop in hemoglobin >or=2 g/dL. RESULTS Positive findings, findings of uncertain significance, and no findings were identified in 41.6%, 16.0%, and 42.3% of our patients, respectively. Therapeutic intervention was possible in 72.1% of those with positive findings and in 30% of those with findings of uncertain significance. Complete resolution of bleeding occurred more often in patients with a diagnostic test (65.2%) compared with those with a nondiagnostic test (35.4%, P < .001). Second-look CE was performed in a subgroup of our patients (n = 76) and was diagnostic in those whose presentation changed from occult to overt or those whose hemoglobin dropped >or=4 g/dL. CONCLUSIONS In patients with obscure GI bleeding, a diagnostic CE leads to therapeutic interventions and a favorable outcome. Patients with a nondiagnostic test would definitely benefit from a second-look CE if the bleeding presentation changes from occult to overt or if the hemoglobin value drops >or=4 g/dL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Viazis
- Second Department of Gastroenterology, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Rokkas T, Papaxoinis K, Triantafyllou K, Pistiolas D, Ladas SD. Does purgative preparation influence the diagnostic yield of small bowel video capsule endoscopy?: A meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104:219-227. [PMID: 19098872 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2008.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is a useful tool in investigating small bowel pathology. However, the role of bowel preparation is controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the role of bowel preparation and in particular its consequences on diagnostic yield in a meta-analysis of all relevant studies. METHODS Extensive English-language medical literature searches were performed up to February 2008, using suitable keywords, looking for human studies that compared different modes of small bowel preparation (purgative vs. clear liquids diet). We examined the effects of this preparation on the following three primary end points, diagnostic yield (DY), small bowel visualization quality (SBVQ), and VCE completion rate (CR) by meta-analysis of relevant studies. RESULTS A total of 12 eligible studies (6 prospective, 6 retrospective) were identified, including 16 sets of data relevant to our primary end points. There were significant differences between patients prepared with purgative vs. those prepared with clear liquids diet in DY (263 vs. 213 patients, respectively; OR (95% CI)=1.813 (1.251-2.628), P=0.002) and SBVQ (404 vs. 249 patients, respectively; OR (95% CI)=2.113 (1.252-3.566), P=0.005). There was no statistically significant difference regarding CR rate. Purgatives did not affect VCE gastric transit time (GTT) or VCE small bowel transit time (SBTT). CONCLUSIONS Pooled data showed that in comparison to clear liquids diet, purgative bowel cleansing, before VCE, improves the SBVQ and increases the DY of the examination, but does not affect the VCE completion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rokkas
- Gastroenterology Clinic, Henry Dunant Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Chen HL, Chang WH, Shih SC, Bair MJ, Lin SC. Changing Pattern of Ectopic Pancreas: 22 Years of Experience in a Medical Center. J Formos Med Assoc 2008; 107:932-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Impact of capsule endoscopy on outcome in mid-intestinal bleeding: a multicentre cohort study in 285 patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 20:971-7. [PMID: 18787463 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0b013e3282fb2a53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capsule endoscopy (CE) sensitively detects the bleeding source in the small bowel. However, the influence of CE on long-term outcome is not well established. METHODS In five tertiary hospitals, all CE investigations were retrospectively identified dating back to 3 years. Patients with intestinal bleeding and negative bidirectional endoscopy were included, and relapse of bleeding was recorded. RESULTS A bleeding source was detected in 219 of 285 patients (76.8%); CE provided the diagnosis in 175 of 219 (79.9%) and other, repeated investigations in 44 cases (20.1%). Follow-up (mean+/-SD=20.7+/-9.4 months) in 240 patients identified rebleeding in 65 (27.1%), and readmission to a hospital in 42 (17.5%). Hospital readmission was most frequent in patients with angiectasias (31.3%, relative risk (RR)=5.0; 95% confidence interval (CI)=2.4-10.4). Other risk factors included patients being older than 60 years of age (RR=3.8; 95% CI=1.5-9.5), and anticoagulant medication (RR=3.0; 95% CI=1.5-6.0). Therapeutic measures had a mean recurrence rate of 3.7% in surgical candidates (Meckel's diverticulum, tumor), 40% in endoscopically treated and 16% in medically treated patients. In case all the detected angiectasias had been cauterized, the relapse rate was low (11.8%), but in incompletely treated patients, it was high (85.7%). Bleeding relapse was never lethal. CONCLUSION CE guides therapeutic measures and predicts the risk of recurrent bleeding in small intestinal bleeding. High risk of rebleeding in angiectasias is significantly reduced by the cauterization of all demonstrable lesions.
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Lin OS. Breaching the final frontier: the future of small-intestinal capsule endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 68:495-8. [PMID: 18760177 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2008.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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de Graaf AP, Westerhof J, Weersma RK, Thijs WJ, Limburg AJ, Koornstra JJ. Correlation between predicted and actual consequences of capsule endoscopy on patient management. Dig Liver Dis 2008; 40:761-6. [PMID: 18394976 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2008.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capsule endoscopy (CE) is a relatively new diagnostic modality in the evaluation of patients with suspected small bowel pathology. It is unclear to what extent physicians are able to predict the clinical consequences of CE on patient management. METHODS In this prospective study, 180 consecutive CE examinations were analysed. Prior to CE, referring physicians were asked to indicate the consequences of CE according to potential different CE outcomes. The influence of CE on patient management was determined with at least 1 year follow-up. Management consequences were defined as major (surgical or endoscopic intervention, or medical therapy) or minor (nonspecific therapy, including iron supplementation, or no further diagnostic tests). RESULTS CE led to major management consequences in 32% of cases. Of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and normal CE findings, 91% were independent of blood transfusions and experienced no further bleeding episodes during a mean follow-up of 33 months. In 78% of 118 cases that were evaluated, the actual consequences of CE matched the consequences predicted by the referring physicians. CONCLUSION CE had a major impact on patient management in about one third of investigations. In the majority of cases, physicians adequately predicted the clinical consequences of CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P de Graaf
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
GOALS To assess the effectiveness, safety, and clinical use of capsule endoscopy (CE) in the diagnosis of small bowel diseases. STUDY Systematic review carried out in the main electronic databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, and COCHRANE. Papers were selected independently by the 2 researchers and the quality was determined using a purpose-designed scale. RESULTS A total of 9 systematic reviews and 28 original papers were included [11 assessed obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, 9 Crohn's disease (CD), and 4 hereditary polyposis syndromes]. The diagnostic yield of CE for the diagnosis of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding ranged from 39% to 77%. The diagnostic yield of push enteroscopy was lower than 40% in all but 1 study. CE detected suggestive findings in 19% to 71% of patients with suspected CD, whereas radiologic techniques did so in only 0% to 37% of the cases. In patients with suspected recurrence, detection with these techniques was 58% to 81% and 19% to 67%, respectively. Endoscopic capsule detected a greater number of polyps in patients with polyposis syndromes but other techniques allowed for better localization. CONCLUSIONS Although CE occupies a preferential place in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding and CD; there is insufficient evidence to establish whether it could be used as a first line diagnostic test. The evidence is insufficient to ascertain this technique's usefulness in small bowel disorders other than obscure bleeding or CD.
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Endo H, Matsuhashi N, Inamori M, Akimoto K, Ohya T, Yanagawa T, Asayama M, Hisatomi K, Teratani T, Fujita K, Yoneda M, Nakajima A. Rebleeding rate after interventional therapy directed by capsule endoscopy in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. BMC Gastroenterol 2008; 8:12. [PMID: 18430253 PMCID: PMC2447670 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-8-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The precise role of capsule endoscopy in the diagnostic algorithm of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding has yet to be determined. Despite the higher diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy, the actual impact on clinical outcome remains poorly defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the follow-up results of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding to determine which management strategies after capsule endoscopy reduced rebleeding. Methods All patients in whom the cause of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding was investigated between May 2004 and March 2007 were studied retrospectively. We evaluated the clinical outcome of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding after capsule endoscopy using the rebleeding rate as the primary outcome. Results Seventy-seven patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding underwent capsule endoscopy. Capsule endoscopy identified clinically significant findings that were thought to be the sources of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding in 58.4% of the patients. The overall rebleeding rate was 36.4%. The rebleeding rate was significantly higher among patients with insignificant findings than among those with significant findings (p = 0.036). Among the patients in whom capsule endoscopy produced significant findings, the rebleeding rate of the patients who underwent therapeutic interventions was significantly lower than that in those who did not undergo intervention (9.5% vs 40.0%, p = 0.046). Conclusion Follow-up and further aggressive interventions are necessary for patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and significant capsule endoscopy findings to reduce the chance of rebleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Endo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
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Sandrasegaran K, Maglinte DDT, Jennings SG, Chiorean MV. Capsule endoscopy and imaging tests in the elective investigation of small bowel disease. Clin Radiol 2008; 63:712-23. [PMID: 18455564 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Capsule endoscopy enables high-resolution depiction of small bowel mucosa and has been shown, by several studies, to have a high diagnostic yield in a variety of small bowel diseases. In this review, we critically assess the contributions of capsule endoscopy and imaging tests in common small bowel disorders. Radiological tests that only assess the small bowel mucosa will be less useful in the era of capsule endoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sandrasegaran
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The impact of capsule endoscopy (CE) findings on patient management is unknown. We assessed the impact of CE findings on patient management, and whether physicians use these to alter management plans. METHODS Physicians requesting CE were contacted before the examination and asked what their management recommendations would be if CE were not available. These responses were compared with management recommendations by the same requesting physician after the CE. The responses were recorded on a data form. The physicians reading the CE were blinded to the pre-CE responses. The end points assessed were change in overall management and specific change in diagnostic and treatment strategy. RESULTS Responses were obtained from physicians before and after CE in 98 patients. Requesting physicians (n = 40) were composed of gastroenterologists (92%), internists (3%), and other specialties (5%). Physicians changed post-CE overall management plans in 67% of patients. Of these physicians, 74% did so as a result of CE findings (P = .001). Specifically, physicians changed post-CE diagnostic strategy in 61% of patients; the diagnostic strategy was changed to less complex or decreased risk associated in 43% of patients. Of those requesting physicians who changed their diagnostic strategy, 75% did so as a result of CE (P = .004). When treatment strategy was evaluated before and after CE, there was a change in 31% of patients. CONCLUSIONS Physicians requesting CE alter management in the majority of patients on the basis of CE findings. Diagnostic strategy is changed in the majority of patients, and often a less complex approach is pursued.
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Gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:80-93. [PMID: 18253137 DOI: 10.1038/ncpgasthep1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal bleeding affects a substantial number of elderly people and is a frequent indication for hospitalization. Bleeding can originate from either the upper or lower gastrointestinal tract, and patients with gastrointestinal bleeding present with a range of symptoms. In the elderly, the nature, severity, and outcome of bleeding are influenced by the presence of medical comorbidities and the use of antiplatelet medication. This Review discusses trends in the epidemiology and outcome of gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly patients. Specific causes of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding are discussed, and recommendations for approaches to endoscopic diagnosis and therapy are given.
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Turgeon DK, Brenner D, Brown RKJ, Dimagno MJ. Possible Role of Meckel's Scan Fused with SPECT CT Imaging: Unraveling the Cause of Abdominal Pain and Obscure-Overt Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2008; 2:83-90. [PMID: 21490844 PMCID: PMC3075172 DOI: 10.1159/000119642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A 27-year-old male presented with recurrent abdominal pain and high volume hematochezia despite undergoing extensive testing and a right hemicolectomy 3 years prior for a linear bleeding ulceration in the ascending colon. Studies at the University of Michigan included esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), colonoscopy and video capsule endoscopy (VCE), revealing an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in the terminal ileum. He was hospitalized for recurrent symptoms. His presentation suggested a small bowel source of obscure-overt GI bleeding based on prior non-diagnostic colonoscopy and EGD and a bilious nasogastric lavage. Tagged red blood cell scan localized bleeding to the right lower quadrant. Colonoscopy showed fresh blood in the terminal ileum without a clear source. Angiography showed no evidence of bleeding or terminal ileal AVM. A novel Meckel's scan fused with SPECT imaging showed focal uptake in the terminal ileum. The patient underwent Meckel's diverticulectomy with sparing of adjacent bowel and has remained asymptomatic for 19 months. This case illustrates that patients with obscure-overt GI bleeding require a step-wise multi-modality diagnostic work-up. Because Meckel's scans are false-positive in 28% of adults, Meckel's scan fused with SPECT imaging may offer an approach to refine diagnostic accuracy of either scan alone, but requires further investigation. Exploratory laparotomy should be reserved as a last option and is best performed with intraoperative endoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kim Turgeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA
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Kovács M, Pák P, Pák G, Fehér J, Hüttl K. [Multiple angiodysplasias diagnosed by capsule endoscopy]. Orv Hetil 2008; 148:2435-40. [PMID: 18055397 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2007.28272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Angiodysplasias are the most frequent vascular lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and sources of significant mortality from bleeding. Small bowel angiodysplasias account for approximately 40% of cases of gastrointestinal bleeding with obscure origin and represent the single most common cause for hemorrhage in this subset of patients. Their cause is unknown but most are probably acquired and the result of a degenerative process associated with aging. The difficulty of their diagnosis stems from their multiple appearance and small size. Examinations that have been performed so far support that the sensitivity of capsule endoscopy (CE) performed during active bleeding was higher than in case of previous overt bleeding and occult bleeding. CASE REPORT A 61-year-old female patient, who has received anticoagulant therapy for 13 years, presented with recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin underwent wireless capsule endoscopy after negative upper endoscopy and colonoscopy. CE showed non-bleeding typical angiodysplasia in the antrum of the stomach and active bleeding in the first third of jejunum without a visible bleeding source. As the next diagnostic step we performed selective mesenteric angiography to clarify the diagnosis and at the same time we also applied radiological intervention. CONCLUSION Capsule endoscopy changed in practice guidelines for obscure bleeding and became the first-line method for evaluation of patient after upper endoscopy and colonoscopy have been shown to be negative. If the examination is performed early, CE could shorten considerably the time to diagnosis, lead to definitive treatment and numerous examinations with low yield could be avoided. The therapy of small bowel angiodysplasias is questionable. Radiological intervention poses the least load for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márta Kovács
- Vaszary Kolos Kórház II. Belgyógyászati Osztály Esztergom Petofi u. 26-28. 2500.
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Wei W, Ge ZZ, Lu H, Gao YJ, Hu YB, Xiao SD. Purgative bowel cleansing combined with simethicone improves capsule endoscopy imaging. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103:77-82. [PMID: 18005366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effects of the various methods of small bowel preparation on the quality of visualization of the small bowel and the gastrointestinal transit time of capsule endoscopy (CE). METHODS Ninety patients referred for CE were prospectively randomized to three equal groups according to the preparation used: (a) a control group, in which patients were requested to drink 1 L of clear liquids only, 12 h before the examination; (b) a purgative group, in which patients were requested to ingest 1 L of a polyethylene glycol (PEG)/electrolyte solution only, 12 h before the examination; or (c) a purgative combined with simethicone group (P-S group), in which patients were requested to ingest 1 L of PEG, 12 h before the examination, and 300 mg of simethicone, 20 min before the examination. Effects of the different bowel preparations on the gastric transit time (GTT), small bowel transit time (SBTT), examination completion rate, quality of images of the entire small intestine, and cleansing of the proximal small bowel and distal ileum were evaluated. RESULTS The number of patients with "adequate" cleansing of the entire small intestine was 17 in the P-S group, 12 in the purgative group, and seven in the control group (P= 0.002). The P-S group had significantly better image quality than the control group (P= 0.001). The P-S group had significantly better image quality for the proximal small bowel (segment A [Seg A]) than the control group (P= 0.0001). Both the P-S group (P= 0.0001) and the purgative group (P= 0.0002) had significantly better image quality for the distal ileum (segment B [Seg B]) than the control group; the P-S group had significantly better image quality than the purgative group as well (P= 0.0121). Gastrointestinal transit time was not different among the three groups, nor was the examination completion rate. CONCLUSIONS Purgative bowel cleansing combined with simethicone before CE improved the quality of imaging of the entire small bowel as well as the visualization of the mucosa in the proximal and distal small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Capsule Endoscopy. APOLLO MEDICINE 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0976-0016(11)60458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Apostolopoulos P, Liatsos C, Gralnek IM, Kalantzis C, Giannakoulopoulou E, Alexandrakis G, Tsibouris P, Kalafatis E, Kalantzis N. Evaluation of capsule endoscopy in active, mild-to-moderate, overt, obscure GI bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 66:1174-81. [PMID: 18061718 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2007.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of capsule endoscopy (CE) in the diagnosis of active mild-to-moderate GI bleeding (GIB) immediately after a negative EGD and ileocolonoscopy has not been prospectively evaluated. OBJECTIVE To estimate the diagnostic yield and clinical significance of CE in patients with acute, obscure, overt, mild-to-moderate GIB. DESIGN A single-center prospective study. PATIENTS During a 3-year period, 573 patients admitted to the hospital with acute mild-to-moderate GIB were included in this study. Among them, 37 patients (6.5%) with negative endoscopic findings, after urgent upper- and lower-GI endoscopies, underwent CE within the first 48 hours to identify the source of bleeding. RESULTS CE revealed active bleeding in 34 patients and a diagnostic yield of 91.9%, including angiodysplasias in 18 patients, ulcers in 3 patients, and tumors in 2 patients. In the remaining 11 patients (32%), CE revealed the site of bleeding: distal duodenum in 1 case (9%), jejunum in 6 cases (54%), ileum in 2 cases (18%), and cecum in 2 cases (18%). From the 37 bleeders, 16 were managed conservatively, 14 endoscopically, and 7 surgically. During a 12-month follow-up period, bleeding recurrence was observed in 5 of 32 (15.6%). LIMITATIONS This study had a limited number of patients. CONCLUSIONS CE appeared to have a high diagnostic yield in patients with acute, mild-to-moderate, active hemorrhage of obscure origin when performed in the hospital after a negative standard endoscopic evaluation and has important clinical value in guiding medical management.
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van Tuyl SAC, van Noorden JT, Stolk MFJ, Kuipers EJ. Clinical consequences of videocapsule endoscopy in GI bleeding and Crohn's disease. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 66:1164-70. [PMID: 17904134 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2007.03.1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Videocapsule endoscopy (VCE) has a high diagnostic yield in the analysis of GI bleeding and Crohn's disease. Little information is available on the impact of VCE findings on clinical care. OBJECTIVE Assess the impact of VCE findings on clinical management and outcome. DESIGN Retrospective descriptive study. SETTING General hospital. PATIENTS VCE was performed in 150 patients for GI bleeding (n = 97), Crohn's disease (n = 36), and miscellaneous reasons (n = 17). MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Clinical consequences were evaluated by using a questionnaire and were divided into change of management or unchanged management. Change of medication, endoscopic procedures, surgical procedures, other consequences, and avoidance of additional investigations were considered a change of management. For all patients, an assessment of the actual clinical condition and the most recent Hb level were registered. RESULTS A definite diagnosis was established in 34%, a probable diagnosis in 34%, and no diagnosis in 32%. Management was changed in 38% of patients, increasing to 59% if a definite diagnosis was established at VCE. No relation between change of management and clinical improvement or increased Hb level could be established. LIMITATIONS The start of ethinylestradiol/norethisterone in case of telangiectasia was considered a change of management, although controversy on the rationale of this treatment exists. A more detailed and objective evaluation of the clinical condition should be performed to assess the clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS VCE findings have a serious impact on clinical practice. VCE in particular leads to a change of management in 59% of the patients in whom a definite diagnosis is established.
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Raju GS, Gerson L, Das A, Lewis B. American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute technical review on obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology 2007; 133:1697-717. [PMID: 17983812 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This literature review and the recommendations therein were prepared for the AGA Institute Clinical Practice and Economics Committee. The paper was approved by the Committee on March 12, 2007, and by the AGA Institute Governing Board on May 19, 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gottumukkala S Raju
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
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García-Compean D, Armenta JA, Marrufo C, Gonzalez JA, Maldonado H. Impact of therapeutic interventions induced by capsule endoscopy on long term outcome in chronic obscure GI bleeding. GASTROENTEROLOGIE CLINIQUE ET BIOLOGIQUE 2007; 31:806-11. [PMID: 18166857 DOI: 10.1016/s0399-8320(07)73969-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic yield and the clinical impact of capsule endoscopy (CE) in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) are well known. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of therapeutic interventions induced by CE findings on long term outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with chronic OGIB referred to our center from September 2003 to June 2005 for CE were included. Treatment of intestinal lesions was prescribed according to the clinical characteristics of patients and the nature of the lesions. RESULTS Forty patients were included, 18 females and 22 males. Median age was 54 yrs (range: 5-87) with a median follow-up of 13 months (range: 6-22). The diagnostic yield of CE was 75% (30/40). From 30 patients with positive CE, 16 received treatment (Group I) and 14 did not (Group II). Thus clinical impact was 40%. Ten patients had negative CE (Group III). During follow-up, bleeding recurrence was observed in only 1 patient from Group I (6%), 5 from Group II (36%) and 1 from Group III (10%). There were only significant differences between Group I vs Group II (P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS CE results had a favorable influence in patient outcome allowing for specific treatment as they showed significantly reduced recurrent bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego García-Compean
- Regional Center for the Study of Digestive Diseases, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México.
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