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Cao XD, Huang YL, Chen JS, Liao CS. Molecular surveillance of Helicobacter species with high prevalence from two streams with various wastewater pollution in Taiwan. One Health 2024; 18:100757. [PMID: 38803321 PMCID: PMC11128502 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter species are potential zoonotic pathogens classified as either enterohepatic or gastric. Helicobacter infection can be transmitted through wastewater from households and livestock and through water from irrigation and streams. In this study, the distribution and source of Helicobacter species in the Donggang and Yenshui rivers, two natural water bodies with different characteristics, were analyzed. A total of 44 water samples were collected over the four seasons. The samples were subjected to Helicobacter 16 s rRNA gene PCR, followed by sequencing and comparison for identification and analysis. The detection rate of Helicobacter species in both rivers was 79.55%, with H. kayseriensis (10/35, 28.57%) being the most common species. Analysis of the environment around the sampling sites showed a high detection rate in the livestock-rich area, and the results of BLAST for species identification and comparison indicated feces as the contamination source. The area around the Donggang River was developed for animal husbandry, led to a high detection rate of Helicobacter species. Many Helicobacter species were identified to have a risk of zoonotic transmission, especially if the stream is used as a source of drinking, agricultural, or even aquacultural water. The high presence of Helicobacter species in natural water bodies suggests that wastewater treatment is an effective strategy to control pathogen spread. Therefore, investigation and monitoring of pathogens in wastewater are highly important. However, methods for the isolation and culture of Helicobacter species in natural waters have yet to be developed. Hence, future research should focus on developing such methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Di Cao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840203, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sen Liao
- Department of Medical Science & Biotechnology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan
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Ma C, Zhou F, Lu D, Xu S, Luo J, Gan H, Gao D, Yao Z, He W, Kurup PU, Zhu DZ. Quantification and cultivation of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) from various urban water environments: A comprehensive analysis of precondition methods and sample characteristics. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 187:108683. [PMID: 38735073 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Substantial evidence suggests that all types of water, such as drinking water, wastewater, surface water, and groundwater, can be potential sources of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Thus, it is critical to thoroughly investigate all possible preconditioning methods to enhance the recovery of H. pylori, improve the reproducibility of subsequent detection, and optimize the suitability for various water types and different detection purposes. In this study, we proposed and evaluated five distinct preconditioning methods for treating water samples collected from multiple urban water environments, aiming to maximize the quantitative qPCR readouts and achieve effective selective cultivation. According to the experimental results, when using the qPCR technique to examine WWTP influent, effluent, septic tank, and wetland water samples, the significance of having a preliminary cleaning step becomes more evident as it can profoundly influence qPCR detection results. In contrast, the simple, straightforward membrane filtration method could perform best when isolating and culturing H. pylori from all water samples. Upon examining the cultivation and qPCR results obtained from groundwater samples, the presence of infectious H. pylori (potentially other pathogens) in aquifers must represent a pressing environmental emergency demanding immediate attention. Furthermore, we believe groundwater can be used as a medium to reflect the H. pylori prevalence in a highly populated community due to its straightforward analytical matrix, consistent detection performance, and minimal interferences from human activities, temperature, precipitation, and other environmental fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ma
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Geography Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fangyuan Zhou
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Geography Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Dingnan Lu
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Geography Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA; Institute of Ocean Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Shengliang Xu
- Ningbo Municipal Engineering Construction Group Co., 315000, China
| | - Jiayue Luo
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Geography Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA; Institute of Ocean Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Huihui Gan
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Geography Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA; Institute of Ocean Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Doudou Gao
- Ningbo Municipal Engineering Construction Group Co., 315000, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yao
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Geography Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Institute of Ocean Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Weidong He
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Geography Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Pradeep U Kurup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - David Z Zhu
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Geography Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Institute of Ocean Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
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Ekundayo TC, Swalaha FM, Ijabadeniyi OA. Socioeconomic indices guided linear mixed-effects and meta-regression modelling of the temporal, global and regional prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in environmental waters: A class I carcinogen. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 342:118282. [PMID: 37315468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental waters (EW) substantially lend to the transmission of Helicobacter pylori (Hp). But the increase in Hp infections and antimicrobial resistance is often attributed to socioeconomic status. The connection between socioeconomic status and Hp prevalence in EW is however yet to be investigated. This study aimed to assess the impacts of socioeconomic indices (SI: continent, world bank region (WBR), world bank income (WBI), WHO region, Socio-demographic Index (SDI quintile), Sustainable Development Index (SuDI), and Human Development Index (HDI)) on the prevalence of Hp in EW. Hp-EW data were fitted to a generalized linear mixed-effects model and SI-guided meta-regression models with a 1000-resampling test. The worldwide prevalence of Hp in EW was 21.76% [95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.29-40.29], which declined significantly from 59.52% [43.28-74.37] in 1990-99 to 19.36% [3.99-58.09] in 2010-19 and with increasing trend in 2020-22 (33.33%, 22.66-45.43). Hp prevalence in EW was highest in North America (45.12%, 17.07-76.66), then Europe (22.38%, 5.96-56.74), South America (22.09%, 13.76-33.49), Asia (2.98%, 0.02-85.17), and Africa (2.56%, 0.00-99.99). It was negligibly different among sampling settings, WBI, and WHO regions demonstrating highest prevalence in rural location [42.62%, 3.07-94.56], HIEs [32.82%, 13.19-61.10], and AMR [39.43%, 19.92-63.01], respectively. However, HDI, sample size, and microbiological method robustly predict Hp prevalence in EW justifying 26.08%, 21.15%, and 16.44% of the true difference, respectively. In conclusion, Hp is highly prevalence in EW across regional/socioeconomic strata and thus challenged the uses of socioeconomic status as surrogate for hygienic/sanitary practices in estimating Hp infection prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope C Ekundayo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Steve Bike Campus, 121 Steve Biko Rd, Musgrave, Berea, 4001, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Feroz M Swalaha
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Steve Bike Campus, 121 Steve Biko Rd, Musgrave, Berea, 4001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Oluwatosin A Ijabadeniyi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Steve Bike Campus, 121 Steve Biko Rd, Musgrave, Berea, 4001, Durban, South Africa
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Molecular Methods for Pathogenic Bacteria Detection and Recent Advances in Wastewater Analysis. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13243551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With increasing concerns about public health and the development of molecular techniques, new detection tools and the combination of existing approaches have increased the abilities of pathogenic bacteria monitoring by exploring new biomarkers, increasing the sensitivity and accuracy of detection, quantification, and analyzing various genes such as functional genes and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG). Molecular methods are gradually emerging as the most popular detection approach for pathogens, in addition to the conventional culture-based plate enumeration methods. The analysis of pathogens in wastewater and the back-estimation of infections in the community, also known as wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), is an emerging methodology and has a great potential to supplement current surveillance systems for the monitoring of infectious diseases and the early warning of outbreaks. However, as a complex matrix, wastewater largely challenges the analytical performance of molecular methods. This review synthesized the literature of typical pathogenic bacteria in wastewater, types of biomarkers, molecular methods for bacterial analysis, and their recent advances in wastewater analysis. The advantages and limitation of these molecular methods were evaluated, and their prospects in WBE were discussed to provide insight for future development.
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Vesga FJ, Moreno Y, Ferrús MA, Ledesma-Gaitan LM, Campos C, Trespalacios AA. Correlation among fecal indicator bacteria and physicochemical parameters with the presence of Helicobacter pylori DNA in raw and drinking water from Bogotá, Colombia. Helicobacter 2019; 24:e12582. [PMID: 30950129 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quality of raw and drinking water is a matter of considerable concern due to the possibility of fecal contamination. To assess the quality and public health risk of different types of water, the fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are used. However, some pathogens, such as Helicobacter pylori, may be present in water when FIB cannot be found. H pylori is recognized as the causative agent of chronic gastritis, peptic and duodenal ulcers, and gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships among physicochemical parameters, FIB concentrations, and the presence of H pylori DNA in raw and drinking water from Bogotá, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 310 water samples were collected 1 day per week from July 2015 to August 2016, and physicochemical parameters (pH, turbidity, conductivity, and residual free chlorine) were measured. Presence of H pylori DNA was determined and quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Fecal indicator bacteria (total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and spores of sulfite-reducing Clostridia) were enumerated by using standard culture techniques. RESULTS Thirty of 155 (31%) raw water samples and forty-eight of 155 (38.7%) drinking water samples were positive for the presence of H pylori. No statistically significant relationships were found between physicochemical parameters or FIB with the presence or absence of H pylori in any sample (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence of the presence of H pylori DNA in raw and drinking water in Bogotá, and shows that the detection and enumeration of FIB and physicochemical parameters in water do not correlate with the risk of contamination with H pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidson-Juarismy Vesga
- Science Faculty, Microbiology Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Research Institute of Water Engineering and Environment (IIAMA), Universitat Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Moreno
- Research Institute of Water Engineering and Environment (IIAMA), Universitat Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Antonia Ferrús
- Biotechnology Department, ETSIAM, Universitat Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Claudia Campos
- Science Faculty, Microbiology Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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Pina-Pérez MC, González A, Moreno Y, Ferrús MA. Helicobacter Pylori Detection in Shellfish: A Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Approach. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:137-143. [PMID: 30457890 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Shellfish is a highly valuated natural food product that is usually consumed minimally processed. Some foodborne pathogens have been associated to marine products and isolated from aquatic environments. Helicobacter pylori emerges as one of the most concerning human pathogens associated to water and, thereby, it could be present in raw and slightly treated marine food products. The present research work aimed to detect the presence of H. pylori in Spanish commercial samples of shellfish (mussels, clams, and cockles) by means of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) approach based on the vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA) gene specificity. Putative H. pylori amplicons were confirmed by sequencing. qPCR was positive for 12 out of the 100 samples, being 67% (8/12) from mussels, 25% (3/12) from clams, and only 8% (1/12) from cockles. After sequencing, three of the amplicons showed 97-99% homology with the H. pylori vacA gene. Quantitative results indicate that the levels of contamination remained below 102 log10 colony forming units per mL (CFU/mL). The present research shows for the first time the effectiveness of the optimized qPCR in the identification of potentially H. pylori contaminated shellfish products. Our results confirm the presence of H. pylori in shellfish from the Spanish western seacoast and verify the possible relationship between the presence of H. pylori in seawater and the role of contaminated seafoods as vehicles of H. pylori entrance into the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Consuelo Pina-Pérez
- 1 Departamento de Biotecnología-Área de Microbiología, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural (ETSIAMN), Universitat Politècnica de València , Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana González
- 1 Departamento de Biotecnología-Área de Microbiología, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural (ETSIAMN), Universitat Politècnica de València , Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Moreno
- 2 Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València , Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Antonia Ferrús
- 1 Departamento de Biotecnología-Área de Microbiología, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural (ETSIAMN), Universitat Politècnica de València , Valencia, Spain
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Krzyżek P, Biernat MM, Gościniak G. Intensive formation of coccoid forms as a feature strongly associated with highly pathogenic Helicobacter pylori strains. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 64:273-281. [PMID: 30449016 PMCID: PMC6529389 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0665-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The variability of Helicobacter pylori morphology and the heterogeneity of virulence factors expressed by these bacteria play a key role as a driving force for adaptation to the hostile stomach environment. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the presence of certain genes encoding virulence factors and H. pylori morphology. One reference and 13 clinical H. pylori strains with a known virulence profile (vacA, cagA, babA2, dupA, and iceA) were used in this study. Bacteria were cultured for 1 h and 24 h in stressogenic culture conditions, i.e., serum-free BHI broths at suboptimal conditions (room temperature and atmosphere, without shaking). H. pylori cell morphology was observed by light and scanning electron microscopy. The vacA polymorphism and the cagA and babA2 presence were positively correlated with the reduction in cell size. Exposure to short-time stressogenic conditions caused more intense transformation to coccoid forms in highly pathogenic H. pylori type I strains (35.83% and 47.5% for type I s1m2 and I s1m1, respectively) than in intermediate-pathogenic type III (8.17%) and low pathogenic type II (9.92%) strains. The inverse relationship was observed for the number of rods, which were more common in type III (46.83%) and II (48.42%) strains than in type I s1m2 (19.25%) or I s1m1 (6.58%) strains. Our results suggest that there is a close relationship between the presence of virulence genes of H. pylori strains and their adaptive morphological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Krzyżek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Monika M Biernat
- Department of Haematology, Blood Neoplasms, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Faculty of Postgraduate Medical Training, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Gościniak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Vesga FJ, Moreno Y, Ferrús MA, Campos C, Trespalacios AA. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in drinking water treatment plants in Bogotá, Colombia, using cultural and molecular techniques. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:595-601. [PMID: 29709385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common causes of chronic bacterial infection in humans, and a predisposing factor for peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. The infection has been consistently associated with lack of access to clean water and proper sanitation. H. pylori has been detected in surface water, wastewater and drinking water. However, its ability to survive in an infectious state in the environment is hindered because it rapidly loses its cultivability. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of cultivable and therefore viable H. pylori in influent and effluent water from drinking water treatment plants (DWTP). A total of 310 influent and effluent water samples were collected from three drinking water treatment plants located at Bogotá city, Colombia. Specific detection of H. pylori was achieved by culture, qPCR and FISH techniques. Fifty-six positive H. pylori cultures were obtained from the water samples. Characteristic colonies were covered by the growth of a large number of other bacteria present in the water samples, making isolation difficult to perform. Thus, the mixed cultures were submitted to Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) and qPCR analysis, followed by sequencing of the amplicons for confirmation. By qPCR, 77 water samples, both from the influent and the effluent, were positive for the presence of H. pylori. The results of our study demonstrate that viable H. pylori cells were present in both, influent and effluent water samples obtained from drinking water treatment plants in Bogotá and provide further evidence that contaminated water may act as a transmission vehicle for H. pylori. Moreover, FISH and qPCR methods result rapid and specific techniques to identify H. pylori from complex environmental samples such as influent water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidson-Juarismy Vesga
- Microbiology Department, Science Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, 110231, Colombia; Research Institute of Water Engineering and Environment (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Yolanda Moreno
- Research Institute of Water Engineering and Environment (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain.
| | - María Antonia Ferrús
- Biotechnology Department, ETSIAM, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Claudia Campos
- Microbiology Department, Science Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, 110231, Colombia
| | - Alba Alicia Trespalacios
- Microbiology Department, Science Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, 110231, Colombia
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Boehnke KF, Brewster RK, Sánchez BN, Valdivieso M, Bussalleu A, Guevara M, Saenz CG, Alva SO, Gil E, Xi C. An assessment of drinking water contamination with Helicobacter pylori in Lima, Peru. Helicobacter 2018; 23:e12462. [PMID: 29316052 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori is a gut bacterium that is the primary cause of gastric cancer. H. pylori infection has been consistently associated with lack of access to sanitation and clean drinking water. In this study, we conducted time-series sampling of drinking water in Lima, Peru, to examine trends of H. pylori contamination and other water characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Drinking water samples were collected from a single faucet in Lima's Lince district 5 days per week from June 2015 to May 2016, and pH, temperature, free available chlorine, and conductivity were measured. Quantities of H. pylori in all water samples were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Relationships between the presence/absence and quantity of H. pylori and water characteristics in the 2015-2016 period were examined using regression methods accounting for the time-series design. RESULTS Forty-nine of 241 (20.3%) of drinking water samples were contaminated with H. pylori. Statistical analyses identified no associations between sampling date and the likelihood of contamination with H. pylori. Statistically significant relationships were found between lower temperatures and a lower likelihood of the presence of H. pylori (P < .05), as well as between higher pH and higher quantities of H. pylori (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS This study has provided evidence of the presence of H. pylori DNA in the drinking water of a single drinking water faucet in the Lince district of Lima. However, no seasonal trends were observed. Further studies are needed to determine the presence of H. pylori in other drinking water sources in other districts in Lima, as well as to determine the viability of H. pylori in these water sources. Such studies would potentially allow for better understanding and estimates of the risk of infection due to exposure to H. pylori in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin F Boehnke
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca K Brewster
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brisa N Sánchez
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Manuel Valdivieso
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alejandro Bussalleu
- Departamento Académico de Clínicas Médicas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Magaly Guevara
- Dirección General de Salud Ambiental e Inocuidad Alimentaria - DIGESA: Ministerio de Salud del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Claudia Gonzales Saenz
- Dirección General de Salud Ambiental e Inocuidad Alimentaria - DIGESA: Ministerio de Salud del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Soledad Osorio Alva
- Dirección General de Salud Ambiental e Inocuidad Alimentaria - DIGESA: Ministerio de Salud del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Elena Gil
- Dirección General de Salud Ambiental e Inocuidad Alimentaria - DIGESA: Ministerio de Salud del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Chuanwu Xi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Jäger T, Alexander J, Kirchen S, Dötsch A, Wieland A, Hiller C, Schwartz T. Live-dead discrimination analysis, qPCR assessment for opportunistic pathogens, and population analysis at ozone wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 232:571-579. [PMID: 29032906 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In respect to direct and indirect water reuse, the microbiological quality of treated wastewater is highly important. Conventional wastewater treatment plants are normally not equipped with advanced technologies for the elimination of bacteria. Molecular biology analyses were combined with live-dead discrimination analysis of wastewater population using Propidium monoazide (PMA) to study population shifts during ozonation (1 g ozone/g DOC) at a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were quantified by polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and the whole wastewater population was analyzed by metagenomic sequencing. The PMA-qPCR experiments showed that the abundances of P. aeruginosa didn't change by ozone treatment, whereas a reduction was observed for E. coli and enterococci. Results comparing conventional cultivation experiments with PMA-qPCR underlined the presence of viable but not culturable cells (VBNC) and their regrowth potential after ozone treatment. Illumina HiSeq sequencing results with and without PMA treatment demonstrated high population similarities in water samples originating from ozone inflow sampling sides. Upon using PMA treatment after ozonation, population shifts became visible and also underlined the importance of PMA treatment for the evaluation of elimination and selection processes during ozonation at WWTPs. Amongst a number of 14 most abundant genera identified in the inflow samples, 9 genera were found to be reduced, whereas 4 genera increased in relative abundance and 1 genus almost remained constant. The strongest increase in relative abundance after ozonation was detected for Oscillatoria spp., Microcoleus spp. and Nitrospira spp. Beside this, a continuous release of Pseudomonas spp. (including P. aeruginosa) to the downstream receiving body was confirmed. Regrowth experiments demonstrated a high prevalence of P. aeruginosa as part of the surviving bacterial population. Summing up, molecular biology analyses in combination with live-dead discrimination are comprehensive methods to evaluate the elimination processes targeting specific species and/or whole microbial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jäger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus North, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Department of Bioengineering and Biosystems, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Johannes Alexander
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus North, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Department of Bioengineering and Biosystems, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Silke Kirchen
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus North, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Department of Bioengineering and Biosystems, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas Dötsch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus North, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Department of Bioengineering and Biosystems, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Arne Wieland
- Xylem Services GmbH, Boschstraße 4 - 14, 32051 Herford, Germany
| | - Christian Hiller
- Zweckverband Klärwerk Steinhäule, Reinzstrasse 1, 89233 Neu-Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwartz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus North, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Department of Bioengineering and Biosystems, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Fernandes RM, Silva H, Oliveira R, Almeida C, Azevedo NF, Vieira MJ. Morphological transition of Helicobacter pylori adapted to water. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:1167-1179. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aims to investigate the morphological transition of Helicobacter pylori during adaptation to water. Materials & methods: Different strains were adapted to water. Changes regarding cultivability and cellular morphology were recorded. Expression of 11 genes involved in H. pylori morphological changes was evaluated by real-time PCR. Results: H. pylori presented increased cultivability in water after adaptation. The permanent loss of the spiral shape was observed, but no transition into coccoid form has occurred. Expression levels of genes involved in peptidoglycan assembly of H. pylori 26695 have shown significant changes between adapted and nonadapted strains. Conclusion: Adaption to water favors the culturable phenotype and the morphological transition to the rod shape, into a process that implicates the peptidoglycan turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M Fernandes
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Hélder Silva
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Oliveira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carina Almeida
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- INIAV, IP – National Institute for Agrarian & Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Nuno F Azevedo
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Vieira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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12
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Boehnke KF, Eaton KA, Fontaine C, Brewster R, Wu J, Eisenberg JN, Valdivieso M, Baker LH, Xi C. Reduced infectivity of waterborne viable but nonculturable Helicobacter pylori strain SS1 in mice. Helicobacter 2017; 22:e12391. [PMID: 28436616 PMCID: PMC5518193 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori infection has been consistently associated with lack of access to clean water and proper sanitation, but no studies have demonstrated that the transmission of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) H. pylori can occur from drinking contaminated water. In this study, we used a laboratory mouse model to test whether waterborne VBNCH. pylori could cause gastric infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed five mouse experiments to assess the infectivity of VBNCH. pylori in various exposure scenarios. VBNC viability was examined using Live/Dead staining and Biolog phenotype metabolism arrays. High doses of VBNCH. pylori in water were chosen to test the "worst-case" scenario for different periods of time. One experiment also investigated the infectious capabilities of VBNC SS1 using gavage. Further, immunocompromised mice were exposed to examine infectivity among potentially vulnerable groups. After exposure, mice were euthanized and their stomachs were examined for H. pylori infection using culture and PCR methodology. RESULTS VBNC cells were membrane intact and retained metabolic activity. Mice exposed to VBNCH. pylori via drinking water and gavage were not infected, despite the various exposure scenarios (immunocompromised, high doses) that might have permitted infection with VBNCH. pylori. The positive controls exposed to viable, culturable H. pylori did become infected. CONCLUSIONS While other studies that have used viable, culturable SS1 via gavage or drinking water exposures to successfully infect mice, in our study, waterborne VBNC SS1 failed to colonize mice under all test conditions. Future studies could examine different H. pylori strains in similar exposure scenarios to compare the relative infectivity of the VBNC vs the viable, culturable state, which would help inform future risk assessments of H. pylori in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin F. Boehnke
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Kathryn A. Eaton
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Clinton Fontaine
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Rebecca Brewster
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | | | - Manuel Valdivieso
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Laurence H. Baker
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Chuanwu Xi
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
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13
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Ranjbar R, Khamesipour F, Jonaidi-Jafari N, Rahimi E. Helicobacter pylori in bottled mineral water: genotyping and antimicrobial resistance properties. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:40. [PMID: 26970903 PMCID: PMC4789264 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0647-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to now, fecal-oral and oral-oral are the most commonly known routes for transmission of H. pylori, therefore, contaminated water can play an important role in transmission of H. pylori to humans. Genotyping using virulence markers of H. pylori is one of the best approaches to study the correlations between H. pylori isolates from different samples. The present research was carried out to study the vacA, cagA, cagE, oipA, iceA and babA2 genotyping and antimicrobial resistance properties of H. pylori isolated from the bottled mineral water samples of Iran. RESULTS Of 450 samples studied, 8 samples (1.77%) were contaminated with H. pylori. Brand C of bottled mineral water had the highest prevalence of H. pylori (3.63%). The bottled mineral water samples of July month had the highest levels of H. pylori-contamination (50%). H. pylori strains had the highest levels of resistance against metronidazole (62.5%), erythromycin (62.5%), clarithromycin (62.5%), amoxicillin (62.5%) and trimethoprim (62.5%). Totally, 12.5% of strains were resistant to more than 6 antibiotics. VvacAs1a (100%), vacAm1a (87.5%), cagA (62.5%), iceA1 (62.5%), oipA (25%), babA2 (25%) and cagE (37.5%) were the most commonly detected genotypes. M1as1a (62.5%), m1as2 (37.5%), m2s2 (37.5%) and S1a/cagA+/IceA2/oipA-/babA2-/cagE- (50%) were the most commonly detected combined genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Contaminated bottled mineral water maybe the sources of virulent and resistant strains H. pylori. Careful monitoring of bottled mineral water production may reduce the risk of H. pylori transmission into the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ranjbar
- />Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faham Khamesipour
- />Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | | | - Ebrahim Rahimi
- />Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Boehnke KF, Eaton KA, Valdivieso M, Baker LH, Xi C. Animal Model Reveals Potential Waterborne Transmission of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Helicobacter 2015; 20:326-33. [PMID: 25664781 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori infection has been consistently associated with lack of access to clean water and proper sanitation, but no studies have demonstrated that the transmission of H. pylori can occur from drinking contaminated water. In this study, we used a laboratory mouse model to test whether waterborne H. pylori could cause gastric infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Groups of immunocompetent C57/BL6 Helicobacter-free mice were exposed to static concentrations (1.29 × 10(5), 10(6), 10(7), 10(8), and 10(9) CFU/L) of H. pylori in their drinking water for 4 weeks. One group of Helicobacter-free mice was exposed to uncontaminated water as a negative control. H. pylori morphology changes in water were examined using microscopy Live/Dead staining. Following exposure, H. pylori infection and inflammation status in the stomach were evaluated using quantitative culture, PCR, the rapid urease test, and histology. RESULTS None of the mice in the negative control or 10(5) groups were infected. One of 20 cages (one of 40 mice) of the 10(6) group, three of 19 cages (four of 38 mice) of the 10(7) CFU/L group, 19 of 20 cages (33 of 40 mice) of the 10(8) group, and 20 of 20 cages (39 of 40 mice) of the 10(9) CFU/L group were infected. Infected mice had significantly higher gastric inflammation than uninfected mice (27.86% higher inflammation, p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS We offer proof that H. pylori in water is infectious in mice, suggesting that humans drinking contaminated water may be at risk of contracting H. pylori infection. Much work needs to be performed to better understand the risk of infection from drinking H. pylori-contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin F Boehnke
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kathryn A Eaton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Manuel Valdivieso
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Laurence H Baker
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chuanwu Xi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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15
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Santiago P, Moreno Y, Ferrús MA. Identification of Viable Helicobacter pylori in Drinking Water Supplies by Cultural and Molecular Techniques. Helicobacter 2015; 20:252-259. [PMID: 25655472 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common causes of chronic bacterial infection in humans, directly related to peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. It has been suggested that H. pylori can be acquired through different transmission routes, including water. In this study, culture and qPCR were used to detect and identify the presence of H. pylori in drinking water. Furthermore, the combined techniques PMA-qPCR and DVC-FISH were applied for detection of viable cells of H. pylori. RESULTS Among 24 drinking water samples, 16 samples were positive for the presence of H. pylori, but viable cells were only detected in six samples. Characteristic colonies, covered by a mass of bacterial unspecific growth, were observed on selective agar plates from an only sample, after enrichment. The mixed culture was submitted to DVC-FISH and qPCR analysis, followed by sequencing of the amplicons. Molecular techniques confirmed the growth of H. pylori on the agar plate. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate for the first time that H. pylori can survive and be potentially infective in drinking water, showing that water distribution systems could be a potential route for H. pylori transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Santiago
- Biotechnology Department, Polytechnic University of Valencia, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Moreno
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Ingeneering (IIAMA), Polytechnic University of Valencia, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Antonía Ferrús
- Biotechnology Department, Polytechnic University of Valencia, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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16
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Mazaheri Assadi M, Chamanrokh P, Whitehouse CA, Huq A. Methods for Detecting the Environmental Coccoid Form of Helicobacter pylori. Front Public Health 2015; 3:147. [PMID: 26075197 PMCID: PMC4446911 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is recognized as the most common pathogen to cause gastritis, peptic and duodenal ulcers, and gastric cancer. The organisms are found in two forms: (1) spiral-shaped bacillus and (2) coccoid. H. pylori coccoid form, generally found in the environment, is the transformed form of the normal spiral-shaped bacillus after exposed to water or adverse environmental conditions such as exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial agents. The putative infectious capability and the viability of H. pylori under environmental conditions are controversial. This disagreement is partially due to the fact of lack in detecting the coccoid form of H. pylori in the environment. Accurate and effective detection methods of H. pylori will lead to rapid treatment and disinfection, and less human health damages and reduction in health care costs. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to H. pylori environmental coccoid forms, their transmission, and detection methods. We further discuss the use of these detection methods including their accuracy and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Mazaheri Assadi
- Environmental Biotechnology Group, Biotechnology Department, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology , Tehran , Iran
| | - Parastoo Chamanrokh
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland , College Park, MD , USA
| | | | - Anwar Huq
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland , College Park, MD , USA
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17
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Baingana RK, Kiboko Enyaru J, Davidsson L. Helicobacter pylori infection in pregnant women in four districts of Uganda: role of geographic location, education and water sources. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:915. [PMID: 25190150 PMCID: PMC4164757 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection varies in relation to geography, ethnicity and socioeconomic factors. Available data on the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Uganda are not representative of the general population. We sought to describe the epidemiology of this infection in pregnant women in Uganda to provide background data for a study into the effect of H. pylori infection during pregnancy on the hematological response to iron supplementation. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design, H. pylori infection was assessed by the stool antigen test among 447 pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics in Apac, Mbale, Mbarara and Rakai Districts which are in different geographical regions in Uganda, and at Kawempe Health Center which serves a low-income densely populated area in Kampala City. Socio-demographic and household data were collected by face-to-face interviews using a questionnaire. Associations between H. pylori infection and socio-demographic and household characteristics were analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection was 45.2% but varied by geographical location from 18.2% in Apac District to 60.5% at Kawempe Health Centre. At 18.4%, the Langi ethnic group, who were enrolled exclusively in Apac District, had the lowest prevalence of H. pylori infection while the Gisu had the highest prevalence (58.4%). H. pylori was independently associated with enrollment at clinics not in Apac (adjusted OR = 5.68; 95% CI: 3.02-10.7) and with using water from public wells, boreholes or springs (AOR = 3.20; 95% CI: 1.19-8.61) and from rivers, lakes or streams (AOR = 5.20; 95% CI: 1.58-17.05). Urban residence (AOR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.13-2.60) and no formal education (AOR = 1.95; 95% CI: 1.03-3.67) were also independently associated with H. pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS The unexpected variation in the prevalence of H. pylori infection in Uganda calls for population-based studies in the region and offers an opportunity to study the transmission dynamics of H. pylori infection. The association between H. pylori infection and surface water sources for household use suggests waterborne transmission of H. pylori infection highlighting the need for concerted efforts in environmental health in communities and at the household level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhona Kezabu Baingana
- />Department of Biochemistry and Sports Science, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Kiboko Enyaru
- />Department of Biochemistry and Sports Science, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lena Davidsson
- />Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Food and Nutrition Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Lopes AI, Vale FF, Oleastro M. Helicobacter pylori infection - recent developments in diagnosis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:9299-9313. [PMID: 25071324 PMCID: PMC4110561 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i28.9299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the recommended indications for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication therapy and the broad spectrum of available diagnostic methods, a reliable diagnosis is mandatory both before and after eradication therapy. Only highly accurate tests should be used in clinical practice, and the sensitivity and specificity of an adequate test should exceed 90%. The choice of tests should take into account clinical circumstances, the likelihood ratio of positive and negative tests, the cost-effectiveness of the testing strategy and the availability of the tests. This review concerns some of the most recent developments in diagnostic methods of H. pylori infection, namely the contribution of novel endoscopic evaluation methodologies for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection, such as magnifying endoscopy techniques and chromoendoscopy. In addition, the diagnostic contribution of histology and the urea breath test was explored recently in specific clinical settings and patient groups. Recent studies recommend enhancing the number of biopsy fragments for the rapid urease test. Bacterial culture from the gastric biopsy is the gold standard technique, and is recommended for antibiotic susceptibility test. Serology is used for initial screening and the stool antigen test is particularly used when the urea breath test is not available, while molecular methods have gained attention mostly for detecting antibiotic resistance.
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Yee KC, Wei MH, Yee HC, Everett KDE, Yee HP, Hazeki-Talor N. A screening trial of Helicobacter pylori-specific antigen tests in saliva to identify an oral infection. Digestion 2014; 87:163-9. [PMID: 23615458 DOI: 10.1159/000350432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Helicobacter pylori infection places a heavy burden on medical and economic resources. Standard diagnosis requires the presence of established H. pylori gastric disease. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING A multicenter screening trial assessing 2 immunochromatographic H. pylori antigen oral tests was carried out with 201 participants. The analysis also included a urea breath test (UBT), a Campylobacter-like organism test, silver stain, culture, serology, and stool tests. RESULTS The participants were grouped into UBT positive (UBT+) and UBT negative (UBT-) people, using conventional methods with congruent clusters based on p values from McNemar's paired χ2 analysis and 95% CI estimates. Both oral tests were also positive in 82% of the seropositive UBT- people. However, oral antigen and seroprevalence divided UBT- people into 2 statistically separate CI subgroups: the UBT- symptomatic (highly positive) group and the UBT- asymptomatic (mostly negative) group. 90.5% of all people whose oral tests were both negative were also UBT-. CONCLUSIONS Saliva H. pylori antigen is an important indicator in UBT- asymptomatic patients. Currently, its clinical significance remains uncertain, but saliva may be a reservoir from where H. pylori is transmitted to the stomach. In symptomatic patients, it is strongly associated with stomach infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Ching Yee
- Research Division, Ameritek USA, Everett, Washington 98208, USA.
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20
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Helicobacter pylori. MICROBIOLOGY OF WATERBORNE DISEASES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415846-7.00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
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Varela AR, Manaia CM. Human health implications of clinically relevant bacteria in wastewater habitats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:3550-3569. [PMID: 23508533 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to reflect on the multiple roles of bacteria in wastewater habitats with particular emphasis on their harmful potential for human health. Indigenous bacteria promote a series of biochemical and metabolic transformations indispensable to achieve wastewater treatment. Some of these bacteria may be pathogenic or harbour antibiotic resistance or virulence genes harmful for human health. Several chemical contaminants (heavy metals, disinfectants and antibiotics) may select these bacteria or their genes. Worldwide studies show that treated wastewater contain antibiotic resistant bacteria or genes encoding virulence or antimicrobial resistance, evidencing that treatment processes may fail to remove efficiently these bio-pollutants. The contamination of the surrounding environment, such as rivers or lakes receiving such effluents, is also documented in several studies. The current state of the art suggests that only some of antibiotic resistance and virulence potential in wastewater is known. Moreover, wastewater habitats may favour the evolution and dissemination of new resistance and virulence genes and the emergence of new pathogens. For these reasons, additional research is needed in order to obtain a more detailed assessment of the long-term effects of wastewater discharges. In particular, it is important to measure the human and environmental health risks associated with wastewater reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Varela
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
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22
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Bahrami AR, Rahimi E, Ghasemian Safaei H. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in city water, dental units' water, and bottled mineral water in Isfahan, Iran. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:280510. [PMID: 23606812 PMCID: PMC3628665 DOI: 10.1155/2013/280510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection in human is one of the most common infections worldwide. However, the origin and transmission of this bacterium has not been clearly explained. One of the suggested theories is transmission via water. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence rate of H. pylori in tap water, dental units' water, and bottled mineral water in Iran. In the present study, totally 200 water samples were collected in Isfahan province and tested for H. pylori by cultural method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by the detection of the ureC (glmM) gene. Using cultural method totally 5 cultures were positive. Two out of 50 tap water samples (4%), 2 out of 35 dental units' water (5.8%) samples, and 1 out of 40 (2.5%) from water cooler in public places were found to be contaminated with H. pylori. H. pylori ureC gene was detected in 14 (7%) of water samples including 5 tap water (10%), 4 dental units' water (11.4%), 1 refrigerated water with filtration, and 4 (10%) water cooler in public places samples. This may be due to the coccoid form of bacteria which is detected by PCR method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Reza Bahrami
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahimi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hajieh Ghasemian Safaei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Botes M, de Kwaadsteniet M, Cloete TE. Application of quantitative PCR for the detection of microorganisms in water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:91-108. [PMID: 23001336 PMCID: PMC7079929 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of microorganisms in water due to contamination is a health risk and control thereof is a necessity. Conventional detection methods may be misleading and do not provide rapid results allowing for immediate action. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method has proven to be an effective tool to detect and quantify microorganisms in water within a few hours. Quantitative PCR assays have recently been developed for the detection of specific adeno- and polyomaviruses, bacteria and protozoa in different water sources. The technique is highly sensitive and able to detect low numbers of microorganisms. Quantitative PCR can be applied for microbial source tracking in water sources, to determine the efficiency of water and wastewater treatment plants and act as a tool for risk assessment. Different qPCR assays exist depending on whether an internal control is used or whether measurements are taken at the end of the PCR reaction (end-point qPCR) or in the exponential phase (real-time qPCR). Fluorescent probes are used in the PCR reaction to hybridise within the target sequence to generate a signal and, together with specialised systems, quantify the amount of PCR product. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (q-RT-PCR) is a more sensitive technique that detects low copy number RNA and can be applied to detect, e.g. enteric viruses and viable microorganisms in water, and measure specific gene expression. There is, however, a need to standardise qPCR protocols if this technique is to be used as an analytical diagnostic tool for routine monitoring. This review focuses on the application of qPCR in the detection of microorganisms in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marelize Botes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag XI, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, Western Cape 7602, South Africa.
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Determination of risk factors and transmission pathways of Helicobacter pylori in asymptomatic subjects in Western India using polymerase chain reaction. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Codony F, Pérez LM, Adrados B, Agustí G, Fittipaldi M, Morató J. Amoeba-related health risk in drinking water systems: could monitoring of amoebae be a complementary approach to current quality control strategies? Future Microbiol 2012; 7:25-31. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Culture-based methods for fecal indicator microorganisms are the standard protocol to assess potential health risk from drinking water systems. However, these traditional fecal indicators are inappropriate surrogates for disinfection-resistant fecal pathogens and the indigenous pathogens that grow in drinking water systems. There is now a range of molecular-based methods, such as quantitative PCR, which allow detection of a variety of pathogens and alternative indicators. Hence, in addition to targeting total Escherichia coli (i.e., dead and alive) for the detection of fecal pollution, various amoebae may be suitable to indicate the potential presence of pathogenic amoeba-resisting microorganisms, such as Legionellae. Therefore, monitoring amoeba levels by quantitative PCR could be a useful tool for directly and indirectly evaluating health risk and could also be a complementary approach to current microbial quality control strategies for drinking water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Martín Pérez
- Laboratori de Microbiologia Sanitaria i Mediambiental (MSM-Lab) & Aquasost – UNESCO Chair in Sustainability, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Edifici Gaia, Pg. Ernest Lluch/Rambla Sant Nebridi, Terrassa – 08222, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bárbara Adrados
- Laboratori de Microbiologia Sanitaria i Mediambiental (MSM-Lab) & Aquasost – UNESCO Chair in Sustainability, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Edifici Gaia, Pg. Ernest Lluch/Rambla Sant Nebridi, Terrassa – 08222, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Agustí
- Laboratori de Microbiologia Sanitaria i Mediambiental (MSM-Lab) & Aquasost – UNESCO Chair in Sustainability, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Edifici Gaia, Pg. Ernest Lluch/Rambla Sant Nebridi, Terrassa – 08222, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariana Fittipaldi
- Laboratori de Microbiologia Sanitaria i Mediambiental (MSM-Lab) & Aquasost – UNESCO Chair in Sustainability, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Edifici Gaia, Pg. Ernest Lluch/Rambla Sant Nebridi, Terrassa – 08222, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Morató
- Laboratori de Microbiologia Sanitaria i Mediambiental (MSM-Lab) & Aquasost – UNESCO Chair in Sustainability, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Edifici Gaia, Pg. Ernest Lluch/Rambla Sant Nebridi, Terrassa – 08222, Barcelona, Spain
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Trevors JT. Viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria: Gene expression in planktonic and biofilm cells. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 86:266-73. [PMID: 21616099 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria are common in nutrient poor and/or stressed environments as planktonic cells and biofilms. This article discusses approaches to researching VBNC bacteria to obtain knowledge that is lacking on their gene expression while in the VBNC state, and when they enter into and then recover from this state, when provided with the necessary nutrients and environmental conditions to support growth and cell division. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins, global gene expression, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and sequencing by synthesis coupled with data on cell numbers, viability and species present are central to understanding the VBNC state.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Trevors
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Environmental Sciences, Rm. 3320 Bovey Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd., East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Srinivasan S, Aslan A, Xagoraraki I, Alocilja E, Rose JB. Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron qPCR signals through wastewater and septage treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:2561-2572. [PMID: 21420709 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fecal indicators such as Escherichia coli and enterococci are used as regulatory tools to monitor water with 24 h cultivation techniques for possible input of sewage or feces and presence of potential enteric pathogens yet their source (human or animal) cannot be determined with routine methods. This critical uncertainty has furthered water pollution science toward new molecular approaches. Members of Bacteroides genus, such as Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron are found to have features that allow their use as alternative fecal indicators and for Microbial Source Tracking (MST). The overall aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration and fate of B. thetaiotaomicron, throughout a wastewater treatment facility and septage treatment facility. A large number of samples were collected and tested for E. coli and enterococci by both cultivation and qPCR assays. B. thetaiotaomicron qPCR equivalent cells (mean: 1.8 × 10(7)/100 mL) were present in significantly higher concentrations than E. coli or enterococci in raw sewage and at the same levels in raw septage. The removal of B. thetaiotaomicron target qPCR signals was similar to E. coli and enterococci DNA during the treatment of these wastes and ranged from 3 to 5 log(10) for wastewater and was 7 log(10) for the septage. A significant correlation was found between B. thetaiotaomicron marker and each of the conventional indicators throughout the waste treatment process for both raw sewage and septage. A greater variability was found with enterococci when compared to E. coli, and CFU and equivalent cells could be contrasted by various treatment processes to examine removal and inactivation via septage and wastewater treatment. These results are compared and contrasted with other qPCR studies and other targets in wastewater samples providing a view of DNA targets in such environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Srinivasan
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, 13, Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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28
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Chenoll E, Casinos B, Bataller E, Astals P, Echevarría J, Iglesias JR, Balbarie P, Ramón D, Genovés S. Novel probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum CECT 7366 strain active against the pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:1335-43. [PMID: 21169430 PMCID: PMC3067243 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01820-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is considered one of the major risk factors underlying the development of gastritis and gastric and duodenal ulcers. Moreover, 50% of the population carries this bacterium, and consequently, when it is detected, eradication of H. pylori is strongly recommended. Regarding the use of probiotics as functional agents, several studies have shown that there is a direct relationship between the addition of certain probiotic bacteria and in vitro inhibition of H. pylori; however, in vivo studies showing bifidobacterial activity against H. pylori remain scarce. In this study, a Bifidobacterium bifidum strain which proved active in vitro against H. pylori has been isolated, with inhibition levels reaching 81.94% in the case of the supernatant and even 94.77% inhibition for supernatant purified by cationic exchange followed by an inverse phase. In vivo studies using a BALB/c mouse model have proved that this strain partially relieves damage to gastric tissues caused by the pathogen and also decreases the H. pylori pathogenicity ratio. This novel strain fulfills the main properties required of a probiotic (resistance to gastrointestinal juices, biliary salts, NaCl, and low pH; adhesion to intestinal mucus; and sensitivity to antibiotics). Furthermore, the absence of undesirable metabolites has been demonstrated, and its food safety status has been confirmed by acute ingestion studies in mice. In summary, the results presented here demonstrate that Bifidobacterium bifidum CECT 7366 can be considered a probiotic able to inhibit H. pylori both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Chenoll
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Biópolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, c/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, No. 9 Edificio 2, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain, Corporación Alimentaria Peñasanta, c/ Sierra de Granda s/n, 33199 Granda-Siero (Asturias), Spain
| | - B. Casinos
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Biópolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, c/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, No. 9 Edificio 2, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain, Corporación Alimentaria Peñasanta, c/ Sierra de Granda s/n, 33199 Granda-Siero (Asturias), Spain
| | - E. Bataller
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Biópolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, c/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, No. 9 Edificio 2, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain, Corporación Alimentaria Peñasanta, c/ Sierra de Granda s/n, 33199 Granda-Siero (Asturias), Spain
| | - P. Astals
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Biópolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, c/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, No. 9 Edificio 2, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain, Corporación Alimentaria Peñasanta, c/ Sierra de Granda s/n, 33199 Granda-Siero (Asturias), Spain
| | - J. Echevarría
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Biópolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, c/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, No. 9 Edificio 2, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain, Corporación Alimentaria Peñasanta, c/ Sierra de Granda s/n, 33199 Granda-Siero (Asturias), Spain
| | - J. R. Iglesias
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Biópolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, c/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, No. 9 Edificio 2, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain, Corporación Alimentaria Peñasanta, c/ Sierra de Granda s/n, 33199 Granda-Siero (Asturias), Spain
| | - P. Balbarie
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Biópolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, c/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, No. 9 Edificio 2, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain, Corporación Alimentaria Peñasanta, c/ Sierra de Granda s/n, 33199 Granda-Siero (Asturias), Spain
| | - D. Ramón
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Biópolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, c/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, No. 9 Edificio 2, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain, Corporación Alimentaria Peñasanta, c/ Sierra de Granda s/n, 33199 Granda-Siero (Asturias), Spain
| | - S. Genovés
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Biópolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, c/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, No. 9 Edificio 2, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain, Corporación Alimentaria Peñasanta, c/ Sierra de Granda s/n, 33199 Granda-Siero (Asturias), Spain
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29
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Buck A, Oliver JD. Survival of spinach-associated Helicobacter pylori in the viable but nonculturable state. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Girones R, Ferrús MA, Alonso JL, Rodriguez-Manzano J, Calgua B, Corrêa ADA, Hundesa A, Carratala A, Bofill-Mas S. Molecular detection of pathogens in water--the pros and cons of molecular techniques. WATER RESEARCH 2010; 44:4325-39. [PMID: 20619868 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of water by sewage and run-off from farms produces a serious public health problem in many countries. Viruses, along with bacteria and protozoa in the intestine or in urine are shed and transported through the sewer system. Even in highly industrialized countries, pathogens, including viruses, are prevalent throughout the environment. Molecular methods are used to monitor viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens, and to track pathogen- and source-specific markers in the environment. Molecular techniques, specifically polymerase chain reaction-based methods, provide sensitive, rapid, and quantitative analytical tools with which to study such pathogens, including new or emerging strains. These techniques are used to evaluate the microbiological quality of food and water, and to assess the efficiency of virus removal in drinking and wastewater treatment plants. The range of methods available for the application of molecular techniques has increased, and the costs involved have fallen. These developments have allowed the potential standardization and automation of certain techniques. In some cases they facilitate the identification, genotyping, enumeration, viability assessment, and source-tracking of human and animal contamination. Additionally, recent improvements in detection technologies have allowed the simultaneous detection of multiple targets in a single assay. However, the molecular techniques available today and those under development require further refinement in order to be standardized and applicable to a diversity of matrices. Water disinfection treatments may have an effect on the viability of pathogens and the numbers obtained by molecular techniques may overestimate the quantification of infectious microorganisms. The pros and cons of molecular techniques for the detection and quantification of pathogens in water are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosina Girones
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona. Av. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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31
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Cupples AM, Xagoraraki I, Rose JB. New Molecular Methods for Detection of Waterborne Pathogens. Environ Microbiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470495117.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Pérez LM, Codony F, López Leyton D, Fittipaldi M, Adrados B, Morató J. Quantification of Helicobacter pylori levels in soil samples from public playgrounds in Spain. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2010; 11:27-9. [PMID: 20043349 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0900238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori are ubiquitous Gram-negative bacteria with a high estimated level of infection in the world populations, but a majority of the infected persons are asymptomatic. This pathogen has been classified by the World Health Organization as a class I carcinogen and recognized as the causal agent of most peptic ulcers and chronic gastritis that might lead to stomach cancer. Although not all the transmission pathways of these bacteria into humans have been properly identified, enough data have suggested that the oral-oral or fecal-oral ones are the main infection routes. Helicobacter pylori have been detected in non-treated water and in drinking water, which suggested that water might be an important infection source. As childhood is the critical period of infection, the aim of the present work was to examine the presence of Helicobacter pylori in soil samples from public playing areas of Spanish parks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Martín Pérez
- Health and Environmental Laboratory (MSM-Lab)-Aquasost, UNESCO Chair in Sustainability, Uiversitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Violinista Vellsolá 37, 08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
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Vale FF, Vítor JMB. Transmission pathway of Helicobacter pylori: does food play a role in rural and urban areas? Int J Food Microbiol 2010; 138:1-12. [PMID: 20122750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative microaerophilic bacterium that has colonized the human gastric mucosa. This infection is very common and affects more than half of the human population. The prevalence is however unbalanced between rural developing areas (more than 80%) and urban developed areas (less than 40%). H. pylori is responsible for several pathologies, such as gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer but its transmission pathway is still not clear. The risk factors for H. pylori infection include poor social and economic development; poor hygienic practices; absence of hygienic drinking water; and unsanitary prepared food. There is evidence supporting a gastro-oral, oral-oral and faecal-oral transmission, but no predominant mechanism of transmission has been yet identified. Transmission may occur in a vertical mode (e.g. from parents to child) or in a horizontal mode (across individuals or from environmental contamination). In either case, the involvement of water and food cannot be excluded as vehicles or sources of infection. Indirect evidence of presence of H. pylori in water and food, namely the detection of its DNA and survival studies after artificial contamination of food and water has been described. This paper reviews data both favourable and against the role of water and food in the transmission of H. pylori, exploring their role as a potential transmission vehicle for person-to-person and food-chain transmission. The likelihood of the transmission pathway in developing rural and developed urban areas appears to be different. In developed areas, person-to-person transmission within families appears to be dominant, while in the rural developing areas the transmission pathway appears to be more complex. In this later case, the transmission by contaminated food, water, or via intensive contact between infants and non-parental caretakers may have a greater influence than within-family transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Vale
- Faculty of Engineering Catholic University of Portugal, Estrada Octávio Pato, Rio de Mouro, Portugal.
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Albuquerque P, Mendes MV, Santos CL, Moradas-Ferreira P, Tavares F. DNA signature-based approaches for bacterial detection and identification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:3641-51. [PMID: 19062077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
During the late eighties, environmental microbiologists realized the potential of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the design of innovative approaches to study microbial communities or to detect and identify microorganisms in diverse and complex environments. In contrast to long-established methods of cultivation-based microbial identification, PCR-based techniques allow for the identification of microorganisms regardless of their culturability. A large number of reports have been published that describe PCR-inspired methods, frequently complemented by sequencing or hybridization profiling, to infer taxonomic and clonal microbial diversity or to detect and identify microorganisms using taxa-specific genomic markers. Typing methods have been particularly useful for microbial ecology-driven studies; however, they are not suitable for diagnostic purposes, such as the detection of specific species, strains or clones. Recently, comprehensive reviews have been written describing the panoply of typing methods available and describing their advantages and limitations; however, molecular approaches for bacterial detection and identification were either not considered or only vaguely discussed. This review focuses on DNA-based methods for bacterial detection and identification, highlighting strategies for selecting taxa-specific loci and emphasizing the molecular techniques and emerging technological solutions for increasing the detection specificity and sensitivity. The massive and increasing number of available bacterial sequences in databases, together with already employed bioinformatics tools, hold promise of more reliable, fast and cost-effective methods for bacterial identification in a wide range of samples in coming years. This tendency will foster the validation and certification of these methods and their routine implementation by certified diagnostic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Albuquerque
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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35
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Yáñez MA, Barberá VM, Soria E, Catalán V. Quantitative detection of Helicobacter pylori in water samples by real-time PCR amplification of the cag pathogenicity island gene, cagE. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:416-24. [PMID: 19302298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A new real-time PCR assay that simultaneously amplifies a 102-bp fragment of the cagE gene from Helicobacter pylori and a new internal positive control containing a specific sequence of the gyrB gene from Aeromonas hydrophila, was developed and validated for the detection of H. pylori in environmental samples. METHODS AND RESULTS The specificity, limits of detection and quantification, repeatability, reproducibility, and accuracy of the method were calculated. The resulting values confirmed the applicability of the method for the quantitative detection of H. pylori. The feasibility of the method was also evaluated by testing 13 pyloric antrum-positive biopsies and 69 water samples, including potable (10), surface (19) and wastewater (40) matrices. The results showed that all the biopsies and 3 of the 40 wastewater samples analysed were positive. CONCLUSIONS This real-time PCR method provides a sensitive, specific, and accurate method for the rapid quantification of H. pylori in environmental samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The PCR diagnostic system proposed in this work, provides a suitable tool for the quantitative detection of H. pylori in environmental samples and can be useful for verifying the role of water as a potential route of its transmission.
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Dube C, Tanih NF, Ndip RN. Helicobacter pylori in water sources: a global environmental health concern. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2009; 24:1-14. [PMID: 19476289 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.2009.24.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori are Gram-negative micro-aerophilic motile curve rods that inhabit the gastric mucosa of the human stomach. The bacterium chronically infects billions of people worldwide and is one of the most genetically diverse of bacterial species. More than half of the world population in both developed and developing countries are infected with this organism. Infection usually occurs without overt clinical symptoms, particularly in poor communities. If untreated, the infection can last for decades without causing symptoms. In some communities, however, infection with the organism causes peptic and duodenal ulcers, gastritis, duodenitis, and gastric cancers. How H. pylori initially enters the stomach is not known, but contaminated food particles and water are suspected, with the former physically shielding it from stomach acid. Similarly, the route of transmission of this pathogen is unknown. Several reports have suggested the possibility of waterborne transmission as the organism can survive for a few days in fresh cold water, salt water, distilled water, and tap water. Knowledge of the epidemiology and mode of transmission of H. pylori is important to prevent its spread and may be useful in identifying high risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dube
- Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
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Abstract
The different invasive and noninvasive diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori have been applied mainly in emerging countries. Molecular methods have been developed, especially a test for detection of H. pylori and its clarithromycin resistance directly from stools. The long-term effects of eradication on histologic lesions have been studied in a meta-analysis and the prognostic value of post-treatment in gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma has been assessed. An operating link for gastritis assessment (the OLGA staging) has also been published. Attempts to simplify the urea breath test protocol have been made, and new stool antigen tests have been proposed and compared to those previously available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Granstrom
- Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Hospital, SE171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Liu ZQ, Zheng PY, Yang PC. Efflux pump gene hefA of Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in multidrug resistance. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:5217-22. [PMID: 18777600 PMCID: PMC2744013 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.5217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine whether efflux systems contribute to multidrug resistance of H pylori.
METHODS: A chloramphenicol-induced multidrug resistance model of six susceptible H pylori strains (5 isolates and H pylori NCTC11637) was developed. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains were selected and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of erythromycin, metronidazole, penicillin G, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin in multidrug resistant strains and their parent strains was determined by agar dilution tests. The level of mRNA expression of hefA was assessed by fluorescence real-time quantitative PCR. A H pylori LZ1026 knockout mutant (ΔH pylori LZ1026) for (putative) efflux protein was constructed by inserting the kanamycin resistance cassette from pEGFP-N2 into hefA, and its susceptibility profiles to 10 antibiotics were evaluated.
RESULTS: The MIC of six multidrug-resistant strains (including 5 clinical isolates and H pylori NCTC11637) increased significantly (≥ 4-fold) compared with their parent strains. The expression level of hefA gene was significantly higher in the MDR strains than in their parent strains (P = 0.033). A H pylori LZ1026 mutant was successfully constructed and the ΔH pylori LZ1026 was more susceptible to four of the 10 antibiotics. All the 20 strains displayed transcripts for hefA that confirmed the in vitro expression of these genes.
CONCLUSION: The efflux pump gene hefA plays an important role in multidrug resistance of H pylori.
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Brettar I, Höfle MG. Molecular assessment of bacterial pathogens—a contribution to drinking water safety. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2008; 19:274-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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