|
1
|
Ducatelle R, Goossens E, Eeckhaut V, Van Immerseel F. Poultry gut health and beyond. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2023; 13:240-248. [PMID: 37168453 PMCID: PMC10164775 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal health is critically important for the digestion and absorption of nutrients and thus is a key factor in determining performance. Intestinal health issues are very common in high performing poultry lines due to the high feed intake, which puts pressure on the physiology of the digestive system. Excess nutrients which are not digested and absorbed in the small intestine may trigger dysbiosis, i.e. a shift in the microbiota composition in the intestinal tract. Dysbiosis as well as other stressors elicit an inflammatory response and loss of integrity of the tight junctions between the epithelial cells, leading to gut leakage. In this paper, key factors determining intestinal health and the most important nutritional tools which are available to support intestinal health are reviewed.
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Jan TR, Lin CS, Wang SY, Yang WY. Cytokines and cecal microbiome modulations conferred by a dual vaccine in Salmonella-infected layers. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102373. [PMID: 36527813 PMCID: PMC9792558 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic Salmonella infection is a critical and challenging issue for public health. Since human infections are mainly associated with consuming contaminated chicken products, strategies to reduce Salmonella carriage and shedding are essential. Here we investigate the mechanisms of the live attenuated Salmonella vaccine (AviPro Salmonella Duo) against Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infection. We focused on inflammatory-related cytokine expressions and cecal microbiota modulations in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and field layers. Forty-eight 2-day-old SPF layers were randomly allotted into S.SEvc, S.SEc, S.Vc, and S.Ct groups in trial 1. The equal number of filed layers at 25 wk were allocated into SEvc, SEc, Vc, and Ct groups in trial 2. Each group contained 12 layers. Groups were further assigned for vaccination (S.Vc and Vc groups), SE challenge (S.SEc and SEc groups), vaccination and the following SE challenge (S.SEvc and SEvc groups), or the placebo treatment (S.Ct and Ct groups). Cecal tissues and contents of layers on day 14 post-SE-challenges were collected for cytokine mRNA expression and 16S rRNA metagenomic analyses. We found that SE challenges significantly upregulated expressions of IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-12β, and NFκB1A in SPF layers. The vaccine notably counteracted the levels of IFNα, IFNγ, and NFκB1A activated by SE attacks. The vaccination, SE challenge, and their combination did not significantly affect alpha diversities but promoted dissimilarities in microbial communities between groups. Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes and Faecalibacterium_prausnitzii were identified as contributory taxa in the cecal microbiota of SE-challenged and vaccinated SPF layers. A significantly higher abundance of Faecalibacterium_prausnitzii in the ceca further correlated with the vaccination conferred protection against SE infection. In contrast, Oscillibacter_valericigenes and Mediterraneibacter_glycyrrhizinilyticus were featured taxa in Salmonella-infected field layers. Megamonas_hypermegale and Megamonas_rupellensis were identified as featured taxa in vaccinated field layers compared to SE-infected layers. To conclude, applying a dual Salmonella vaccine in this study modulated expressions of inflammatory-related cytokines and the cecal microbiome in layers, contributing to protection against SE infection. The feature microbes are promising for developing predictive indices and as antibiotic alternatives added to feed to reduce the risk of Salmonella shedding and contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Rong Jan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Si Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan; Zoonoses Research Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 106, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yao Wang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 106, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yuan Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan; Zoonoses Research Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 106, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Kaiser MG, Hsieh J, Kaiser P, Lamont SJ. Differential immunological response detected in mRNA expression profiles among diverse chicken lines in response to Salmonella challenge. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101605. [PMID: 34936953 PMCID: PMC8703071 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a bacterial pathogen that contributes to poultry production losses and human foodborne illness. The bacterium elicits a broad immune response involving both the innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Coordination of the immune response is largely directed by cytokines. The objective of the current study was to characterize the expression of a select set of cytokines and regulatory immune genes in three genetically diverse chicken lines after infection with S. Enteritidis. Leghorn, Fayoumi and broiler day-old chicks were orally infected with pathogenic S. Enteritidis or culture medium. At 2 and 18 h postinfection, spleens and ceca were collected and mRNA expression levels for 7 genes (GM-CSF, IL2, IL15, TGF-β1, SOCS3, P20K, and MHC class IIβ) were evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR. Genetic line had a significant effect on mRNA expression levels of IL15, TGF-β1, SOCS3 and P20K in the spleen and on P20K and MHC class IIβ in the cecum. Comparing challenged vs. unchallenged birds, the expression of SOCS3 and P20K mRNA were significantly higher in the spleen and cecum, while MHC class IIβ mRNA was significantly lower in spleen. Combining the current RNA expression results with those of previously reported studies on the same samples reveals distinct RNA expression profiles among the three genetic chicken lines and the 2 tissues. This study illustrates that these diverse genetic lines have distinctively different immune response to S. Enteritidis challenge within the spleen and the cecum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Kaiser
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3150, USA
| | - John Hsieh
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3150, USA
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3150, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Mshelbwala FM, Ibrahim NDG, Saidu SN, Babatunde EG, Kadiri AKF, Thomas FC, Kwanashie CN, Agbaje M. Quantitative distribution and interaction of Salmonella Zega with host cells in visceral organs of chickens infected orally, intraperitoneally and per cloaca. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03180. [PMID: 31956710 PMCID: PMC6956758 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemical study of the visceral organs of chickens experimentally infected with Salmonella Zega by three routes was carried out to compare the quantitative distribution and interaction of the organism with host cells. 100 birds comprising of 2 week-old chickens were divided into 4 groups of 25 each. Group A was inoculated orally, group B intraperitoneally, group C were administered per cloaca and D were not inoculated and served as control. All the infected birds were inoculated with 0.2 ml of 1 × 108 cfu of the bacteria. Two birds from each group were sacrificed every 24 h post infection. Samples of visceral organs were collected for immunohistochemistry. The distribution of Salmonella Zega in every organ was taken as Mean ± SD of the number of foci of immunoreactions and Compared using a 2-way ANOVA. The interaction of Salmonella Zega with host cells was determined by taking the percentage of the days post infection in which immunoreactions were detected in host cells in each route of infection. The distribution of the organism was highest in the lung of intraperitoneally infected chickens (83.95 ± 27.89) and lowest in the heart (5.21 ± 3.65) of chickens that were infected per cloaca. The highest percentage of interaction of Salmonella Zega was recorded in the epithelial (100%) and blood (100%) cells in all the routes of infection. There were variations in the distribution of Salmonella Zega in visceral organs of chickens but the level of interactions with host cells were similar even when infected through different routes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Funmilola Clara Thomas
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Clara Nna Kwanashie
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Michael Agbaje
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Mshelbwala FM, Ibrahim NDG, Saidu SN, Kadiri AKF, Kwanashie CN. Comparison of the clinical signs, pathological and immuohistochemical findings in visceral organs of chickens experimentally infected with Salmonella Zega through three routes. Acta Trop 2019; 200:105123. [PMID: 31401191 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella Zega isolated from natural outbreaks that were characterized by high mortality in poultry farms in three Southwestern States of Nigeria was used to inoculate two week-old chicks through different routes in order to determine and compare the clinical signs, pathological and immunohistochemical changes in each route of infection. The birds were divided into 4 groups of 25 each as groups A (orally inoculated), B (intraperitoneally inoculated), C (inoculated per cloaca) and D (uninoculated control). All the birds were inoculated with 0.2 ml of 1 × 108 cfu of the bacteria. Clinical signs were observed and recorded according to the route of infection, and with the days post-infection from day 0 till day 10 post-infection. Two birds from each group were sacrificed every 24 h and examined for gross lesions, which were described and scored according to the route of infection and days post-infection. Samples of visceral organs were collected for bacteriology, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Clinical signs in chicks infected orally and intraperitoneally were weakness, anoraexia lethargy, somnolescence, yellowish diarrhoea observed from 4 days till day 10 post infections. Mild sign of weakness was observed in chickes infected per cloaca, from day 3 to 7. The gross lesions were congestion, oedema and enlargement and necrosis in visceral organs from day 4 to 10 post infection in orally and intraperitoneally infected chicks, but mild vascular changes were observed in chicks infected per cloaca, except in the caecum were lesions of necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells were moderate to severe. Microscopic lesions were necrosis of host cells and infiltration by lymphocytes, heterophils and macrophages in multiple organs observed from day 4 to 10 post infection in orally and intraperitoneally infected chicks. Immunoreactions were observed in all the visceral organs examined. Clinical signs, pathological and immunohistochemical findings were mild in chicks infected per cloaca, except caecal lesions. Salmonella Zega isolated from an outbreak in poultry farms in Abeokuta, Nigeria was highly pathogenic in chicken and produced similar findings in oral and intraperitoneal infections; while per cloacal infection showed a localized infection of the caecum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Clara Nna Kwanashie
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Van Immerseel F, Cauwerts K, Devriese L, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R. Feed additives to control Salmonella in poultry. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps20020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K. Cauwerts
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L.A. Devriese
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F. Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - R. Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
|
7
|
Pathogenic traits of Salmonella Montevideo in experimental infections in vivo and in vitro. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46232. [PMID: 28387311 PMCID: PMC5384224 DOI: 10.1038/srep46232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella serovar Montevideo (SM) is frequently associated with human Salmonella infections and causes gastrointestinal disease, cases are common particularly among individuals who come in close contact with live poultry or poultry meat products. To characterize SM disease in chickens, the pathogenic traits and tissue predilections of the disease were investigated. Dissemination of fluorescent-tagged SM (JOL1575GFP) was monitored after oral and intramuscular mock infections of specific-pathogen-free chickens. The spleen was predominantly affected by intramuscular infection while the cecum, spleen, and minimally liver were affected by oral infection. No conspicuous illness was observed in infected birds, and histopathological examination showed minimal damage of the intestinal epithelium and splenic parenchyma though SM was readily isolated from these tissues. Levels of SM internalization by primary chicken peritoneal macrophages were similar to that of Salmonella Typhimurium. SM was more sensitive to chicken than rabbit serum complement killing. Internal egg contamination of SM mock infected layers also occurred at trace levels and lasted for a week after inoculation. This study also confirmed that SM infection in chickens is sub-clinical and asymptomatic, which suggests that latent asymptomatic carriers may excrete a large number of bacteria and transmit the pathogen by contaminating water or food sources.
Collapse
|
|
8
|
Shao Y, Wang Z, Tian X, Guo Y, Zhang H. Yeast β-d-glucans induced antimicrobial peptide expressions against Salmonella infection in broiler chickens. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 85:573-84. [PMID: 26794312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of yeast β-d-glucans (YG) on gene expression of endogenous β-defensins (AvBDs), cathelicidins (Cath) and liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2) in broilers challenged with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). 240 day-old Cobb male broilers were randomly assigned to 2×2 factorial arrangements of treatments with two levels of dietary YG (0 or 200mg/kg in diet) and two levels of SE challenge (0 or 1×10(9) SE at 7-9 days of age). The results showed SE infection reduced growth performance,and increased salmonella cecal colonization and internal organs invasion, increased concentration of intestinal specific IgA and serum specific IgG antibody, as compared to uninfected birds. SE challenge differentially regulated AvBDs, Caths and LEAP-2 gene expression in the jejunum and spleen of broiler chickens during the infection period. However, YG supplementation inhibited the growth depression by SE challenge, and further increased level of serum specific IgG and intestinal specific IgA antibody. Higher level of salmonella colonization and internal organs invasion in the SE-infected birds were reduced by YG. SE-induced differentially expression patterns of AMPs genes was inhibited or changed by YG. Results indicated YG enhance chicken's resistance to salmonella infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Shao
- College of Biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiangyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Angel Yeast Co., Ltd., Yichang City, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
9
|
Liu H, Chen L, Wang X, Si W, Wang H, Wang C, Liu S, Li G. Decrease of colonization in the chicks' cecum and internal organs of Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum by deletion of cpdB by Red system. Microb Pathog 2015; 80:21-6. [PMID: 25576890 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum) is a worldwide poultry pathogen of considerable economic importance, particularly in those countries with a developing poultry industry. A variety of genes that affect S. Pullorum colonization in chickens had been identified. 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiesterase (cpdB) is the bifunctional enzyme which possess 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiesterase as well as 3'-nucleotidase activity. To assess the role of cpdB of S. Pullorum in colonization of cecum and internal organs in poultry, seven-day-old chicks were infected with 10(9) CFU/ml of a cpdB mutant and wild type strain. High number of cpdB mutant and wild type strain colonized the internal organs shortly after infection, but no colonization of cpdB mutant were observed from internal organs at day 10 post-infection, meanwhile, wild type bacteria in internal organs were observed at day 16 post-infection. Furthermore, the colonization of cpdB mutant in the cecum was seriously decreased from 6 days post-infection simultaneously wild type strain was increased and seriously decreased at day 8 post-infection. At day 12 post-infection, no cpdB mutant was observed from cecum, however high numbers of wild type strain were isolated at day 16 post-infection. It is concluded that cpdB is involved in long-term colonization of S. Pullorum in the chicks' cecum and internal organs. In addition, deletion of cpdB from S. Pullorum was not affect the morphology and growth of bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Liping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wei Si
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Huanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chunlai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Siguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Guangxing Li
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
|
10
|
Zhang B, Shao Y, Liu D, Yin P, Guo Y, Yuan J. Zinc prevents Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium-induced loss of intestinal mucosal barrier function in broiler chickens. Avian Pathol 2014; 41:361-7. [PMID: 22834550 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2012.692155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The study was carried out to evaluate the beneficial effects of supplemental zinc (Zn) on the intestinal mucosal barrier function in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium-challenged broiler chickens in a 42-day experiment. A total of 336 1-day-old male Arbor Acres broiler chicks were assigned to eight treatment groups. A 4×2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a completely randomized experimental design to study the effects of levels of supplemental Zn (0, 40, 80 and 120 mg/kg diet), pathogen challenge (with or without S. Typhimurium challenge), and their interactions. S. Typhimurium infection caused reduction of growth performance (P<0.05) and intestinal injury, as determined by reduced (P<0.05) villus height/crypt depth ratio and sucrase activity in the ileum, increased (P<0.05) plasma endotoxin levels, and reduced (P<0.05) claudin-1, occludin and mucin-2 mRNA expression in the ileum at day 21. Zn pre-treatment tended to improve body weight gain (P=0.072) in the starter period, to increase the activity of ileal sucrase (P=0.077), to reduce plasma endotoxin levels (P=0.080), and to significantly increase (P<0.05) the villus height/crypt depth ratio and mRNA levels of occludin and claudin-1 in the ileum at day 21. The results indicated that dietary Zn supplementation appeared to alleviate the loss of intestinal mucosal barrier function induced by S. Typhimurium challenge and the partial mechanism might be related to the increased expression of occludin and claudin-1 in broiler chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Feed Safety and Bioavailability, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
11
|
Vandeplas S, Dauphin RD, Thiry C, Beckers Y, Welling G, Thonart P, Théwis A. Efficiency of a Lactobacillus plantarum-xylanase combination on growth performances, microflora populations, and nutrient digestibilities of broilers infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. Poult Sci 2009; 88:1643-54. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
|
12
|
Levkut M, Pistl J, Lauková A, Revajová V, Herich R, Ševčíková Z, Strompfová V, Szabóová R, Kokinčáková T. Antimicrobial activity of Enterococcus faecium ef 55 against Salmonella enteritidis in chicks. Acta Vet Hung 2009; 57:13-24. [PMID: 19457770 DOI: 10.1556/avet.57.2009.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of Enterococcus faecium EF 55 against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis phage type 4 (SE PT4) was studied in 1-day-old chicks. The EF 55 strain (isolated and characterised by the authors earlier) was applied daily (1.10(9) CFU/0.2 ml PBS) for 7 days. Oral inoculation of the SE PT4 strain was performed on day 8 in a single dose of 5.10(8) CFU/0.2 ml PBS. The experiment lasted for 21 days. Samples were collected on day 1 of the experiment to verify the absence of Salmonella, on day 8 to check colonisation of EF 55 and immunological status in experimental birds, and on days 2, 4, 6, 8 and 14 after SE PT4 infection of chicks. Strain EF 55 sufficiently colonised the digestive tract of chicks after 7 days of application. The highest numbers of EF 55 in the faeces of chicks were observed before SE infection and persisted to day 6 post infection (p.i.) in both the EF and EF+SE groups. PCR confirmed the identity of the EF 55 strain. The counts of SE PT4 strain in faeces of the EF+SE group were significantly reduced in comparison to those in the SE group on days 2 and 14 p.i. (P < 0.01). The significant reduction of salmonellae in the caecum was recorded at the end of the experiment (day 14 p.i.) in the EF+SE group in comparison to the SE group (P < 0.01). At day 4 p.i., colonies of S. Enteritidis PT4 were found in the liver of chicks of the SE group in a higher concentration than in chicks of the EF+SE group (P < 0.001). Salmonellae were isolated from the liver until days 8 and 6 p.i. in the SE and EF+SE groups, respectively. The mean values of actual lymphocyte subpopulations in the blood and the relative percentage of caecal intraepithelial lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4, CD8, CD44, TCR, MHC II and IgM) were not influenced at a statistically significant level by the application of the EF 55 and/or the SE PT4 strain. The results demonstrate the antimicrobial effect of E. faecium EF 55 against S. Enteritidis PT4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikuláš Levkut
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Pathological Anatomy Komenského 73 041 81 Košice Slovak Republic
| | - Juraj Pistl
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Pathological Anatomy Komenského 73 041 81 Košice Slovak Republic
| | - Andrea Lauková
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Pathological Anatomy Komenského 73 041 81 Košice Slovak Republic
| | - Viera Revajová
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Pathological Anatomy Komenského 73 041 81 Košice Slovak Republic
| | - Robert Herich
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Pathological Anatomy Komenského 73 041 81 Košice Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Ševčíková
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Pathological Anatomy Komenského 73 041 81 Košice Slovak Republic
| | - Viola Strompfová
- 2 Slovak Academy of Sciences Institute of Animal Physiology Košice Slovak Republic
| | - Renáta Szabóová
- 2 Slovak Academy of Sciences Institute of Animal Physiology Košice Slovak Republic
| | - Tatiana Kokinčáková
- 1 University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Pathological Anatomy Komenského 73 041 81 Košice Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
|
13
|
Deng SX, Cheng AC, Wang MS, Cao P. Serovar-Specific Real-Time Quantitative Detection of Salmonella Enteritidis in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Ducks After Oral Challenge. Avian Dis 2008; 52:88-93. [DOI: 10.1637/8102-090107-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
|
14
|
Deng SX, Cheng AC, Wang MS, Cao P, Yan B, Yin NC, Cao SY, Zhang ZH. Quantitative studies of the regular distribution pattern for Salmonella enteritidis in the internal organs of mice after oral challenge by a specific real-time polymerase chain reaction. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:782-9. [PMID: 18205272 PMCID: PMC2684009 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To identify and understand the regular distribution pattern for Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis) in the internal organs of mice after an oral challenge over a 3 wk period.
METHODS: Assays based on the serovar-specific DNA sequence of S. enteritidis from GenBank, and a serovar-specific real-time, fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR) were developed for the detection of S. enteritidis. We used this assay to detect genomic DNA of S. enteritidis in the blood and the internal organs, including heart, liver, spleen, kidney, pancreas, and gallbladder, from mice after oral challenge at different time points respectively.
RESULTS: The results showed that the spleen was positive at 12 h post inoculation (PI), and the blood was at 14 h PI. The organism was detected in the liver and heart at 16 h PI, the pancreas was positive at 20 h PI, and the final organs to show positive results were the kidney and gallbladder at 22 h PI. The copy number of S. enteritidis DNA in each tissue reached a peak at 24-36 h PI, with the liver and spleen containing high concentrations of S. enteritidis, whereas the blood, heart, kidney, pancreas, and gallbladder had low concentrations. S. enteritidis populations began to decrease and were not detectable at 3 d PI, but were still present up to 12 d PI in the gallbladder, 2 wk for the liver, and 3 wk for the spleen without causing apparent symptoms.
CONCLUSION: The results provided significant data for understanding the life cycle of S. enteritidis in the internal organs, and showed that the liver and spleen may be the primary sites for setting itself up as a commensal over a long time after oral challenge. Interestingly, it may be the first time reported that the gallbladder is a site of carriage for S. enteritidis over a 12 d period. This study will help to understand the mechanisms of action of S. enteritidis infection in vivo.
Collapse
|
|
15
|
Yan B, Cheng AC, Wang MS, Deng SX, Zhang ZH, Yin NC, Cao P, Cao SY. Application of an indirect immunofluorescent staining method for detection of Salmonella enteritidis in paraffin slices and antigen location in infected duck tissues. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:776-81. [PMID: 18205271 PMCID: PMC2684008 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To detect Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis) in paraffin slices and antigen location in infected duck tissues.
METHODS: Rabbits were immunized with purified bacillus to obtain S. enteritidis-specific antibody, which were then extracted by the caprylic-ammonium sulphate method, purified through High-Q columns. An indirect immuno-fluorescent staining method (IFA) was established to detect the S. enteritidis antigen in paraffin slices. S. enteritidis was detected in each organ tissue of ducklings experimentally infected with S. enteritidis.
RESULTS: The gland of Garder, heart, kidney, spleen, liver, brain, ileum, jejunum, bursa of Fabricius from S. enteritidis experimentally infected ducklings were positive or strongly positive, and the S. enteritidis antigen was mainly distributed in the infected cell cytoplasm.
CONCLUSION: IFA is an intuitionist, sensitive and specific method in detecting S. enteritidis antigen in paraffin wax slices, and it is a good method in diagnosis and antigen location of S. enteritidis. We also conclude that the gland of Garder, heart, kidney, spleen, liver, ileum, jejunum are target organs in S. enteritidis infections of duck, and S. enteritidis is an intracellular parasitic bacterium.
Collapse
|
|
16
|
Deng SX, Cheng AC, Wang MS, Cao P. Gastrointestinal tract distribution of Salmonella enteritidis in orally infected mice with a species-specific fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:6568-74. [PMID: 18161929 PMCID: PMC4611298 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i48.6568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To identify and understand the regular distribution pattern and primary penetration site for Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis) in the gastrointestinal tract.
METHODS: Based on the species-specific DNA sequence of S. enteritidis from GenBank, a species-specific real-time, fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR) was developed for the detection of S. enteritidis. We used this assay to detect genomic DNA of S. enteritidis in the gastrointestinal tract, including duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum, esophagus and stomach, from mice after oral infection.
RESULTS: S. enteritidis was consistently detected in all segments of the gastrointestinal tract. The jejunum and ileum were positive at 8 h post inoculation, and the final organ to show a positive result was the stomach at 18 h post inoculation. The copy number of S. enteritidis DNA in each tissue reached a peak at 24-36 h post inoculation, with the jejunum, ileum and cecum containing high concentrations of S. enteritidis, whereas the duodenum, colon, rectum, stomach and esophagus had low concentrations. S. enteritidis began to decrease and vanished at 2 d post inoculation, but it was still present up to 5 d post inoculation in the jejunum, ileum and cecum, without causing apparent symptoms. By 5 d post inoculation, the cecum had significantly higher numbers of S. enteritidis than any of the other areas (P < 0.01), and this appeared to reflect its function as a repository for S. enteritidis.
CONCLUSION: The results provided significant data for clarifying the pathogenic mechanism of S. enteritidis in the gastrointestinal tract, and showed that the jejunum, ileum and cecum are the primary sites of invasion in normal mice after oral infection. This study will help to further understanding of the mechanisms of action of S. enteritidis.
Collapse
|
|
17
|
Bohez L, Dewulf J, Ducatelle R, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Van Immerseel F. The effect of oral administration of a homologous hilA mutant strain on the long-term colonization and transmission of Salmonella Enteritidis in broiler chickens. Vaccine 2007; 26:372-8. [PMID: 18093706 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of pre-treatment with a homologous live Salmonella hilA mutant strain on the long-term colonization and transmission of Salmonella Enteritidis in broilers was evaluated. For this purpose, three treatment groups of newly hatched broilers were created. Each group consisted of 4 pens with 25 birds per pen. The first and second groups were orally inoculated with a Salmonella Enteritidis hilA mutant strain (Nal r) whereas the third group was not. In the second and third group, 20% of the birds were challenged 1 day later with a Salmonella Enteritidis wild type strain (Strep r). The Salmonella Enteritidis hilA mutant strain showed no residual virulence in the chicken host and was largely cleared from the chickens at 6 weeks of age. A significant long-term inhibition of faecal shedding and caecal and internal organ colonization of the wild type Salmonella Enteritidis strain was observed in the birds pre-treated with the hilA mutant strain. Although pre-treatment with a hilA mutant strain could not fully prevent the spread of Salmonella Enteritidis amongst the broilers, a significant reduction of transmission was observed in comparison to the non-pre-treated groups. The observed colonization-inhibition (CI) indicates that administration of live attenuated hilA mutant Salmonella strains to newly hatched chicks might, in combination with other protective control measures, contribute to the control of Salmonella infections in broilers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Bohez
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Research Group Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
18
|
Agunos A, Ibuki M, Yokomizo F, Mine Y. Effect of dietaryβ1–4 mannobiose in the prevention ofSalmonellaenteritidisinfection in broilers. Br Poult Sci 2007; 48:331-41. [PMID: 17578696 DOI: 10.1080/00071660701370442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. This study investigated the effects of beta1-4 Mannobiose (MNB)-supplemented feeds on the kinetics of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) in broilers and the ensuing histopathological changes. D-Mannose (MAN) was used for comparison. The diets supplemented with MNB or MAN were fed during the first two weeks after hatching to investigate any protection against SE infection in growing birds and any immunomodulatory functions in the gut. 2. MNB-supplementation reduced SE organ colonisation, caecal carriage and faecal shedding in a time-dependent manner. The high concentrations and persistency of the SE-specific IgA response in those birds given rations supplemented with MNB or MAN were associated with a decline in SE shedding and caecal carriage in the later stages of infection. MNB was more effective against SE infection than MAN. 3. Histological examination of the caecal wall and caecal tonsils at 23 d post-infection indicated a lesser degree of intestinal pathology. An increased number of intra-epithelial mononuclear cells (mature lymphocytes and macrophages) in the lining epithelium of birds fed on the diet supplemented with MNB was accompanied by an increased number of lamina propria cells. 4. The present study indicates that feeding a diet supplemented with MNB during the first two weeks after hatching reduced susceptibility to SE infection. Supplementing the diet with MNB or MAN increased IgA production and improved SE clearance by acting as immunomodulatory agents that prevented intestinal pathology. Feeding a MNB-supplemented diet to broilers could be used as an alternative to antibiotics, because it has no adverse effects on mortality or weight gain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Agunos
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
19
|
Ceelen LM, Decostere A, Chiers K, Ducatelle R, Maes D, Haesebrouck F. Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pullorum infections in broilers. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 116:207-13. [PMID: 17289200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Four groups of 23 one-day-old broiler chickens were each inoculated by gavage with a different Helicobacter pullorum strain isolated from humans or poultry. As a control, a fifth group of eight animals was inoculated with phosphate-buffered saline. Faecal samples were collected weekly and tested for the presence of H. pullorum DNA using PCR. At 1, 8, 15, 22 and 42 days postinoculation, birds were euthanized and samples from the liver and intestinal tract were histologically, immunohistochemically and bacteriologically examined. The samples were also tested for the presence of H. pullorum DNA by PCR. All animals remained clinically healthy throughout the experiment although mild lesions in the caeca were present in animals inoculated with H. pullorum. In all H. pullorum-inoculated groups, DNA of this bacterium was detected in faecal samples until 42 days postinoculation. The main site of colonization was the caecum. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that the bacterium was closely associated with the caecal epithelial cells. It was concluded that H. pullorum may colonize the caecum of broilers and is excreted in their faeces until slaughter age. This implies that chicken meat might constitute a source of infection for human beings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth M Ceelen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
20
|
Bohez L, Ducatelle R, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Van Immerseel F. Long-term colonisation–inhibition studies to protect broilers against colonisation with Salmonella Enteritidis, using Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 and 2 mutants. Vaccine 2007; 25:4235-43. [PMID: 17408817 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mutants in the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (hilA and sipA) and 2 (ssrA) were tested for their potential to induce protection against infection by homologous virulent Salmonella Enteritidis challenge strain, administered 24h later, in chickens. Although they colonised the internal organs to a significantly lower degree compared to the wild type strain, both a sipA and a ssrA mutant persistently colonised the gut when inoculated to newly hatched chicks. After inoculation of 1-day-old chicks with a sipA or a ssrA mutant and subsequent challenge with a wild type Salmonella Enteritidis 24h later, a significant degree of resistance against caecal and internal organ colonisation by the challenge strain was found. The protection lasted for the full 6 weeks of study, but due to their persistence, the sipA and ssrA mutants are not useful to induce broiler protection. After inoculation of newly hatched chicks with a hilA mutant no positive cloacal swabs could be detected anymore at 4 weeks post-inoculation and the hilA mutant was almost completely cleared from the gut. When newly hatched chicks were inoculated with a hilA mutant and challenged 24h later, the excretion of the virulent challenge strain was significantly reduced and the intestinal colonisation of the challenge strain was inhibited to a high level until the age of 9 days. Moreover, the hilA mutant exerted a significant profound inhibition of internal organ colonisation by the virulent challenge strain throughout the study period. The approach of vaccination with a hilA mutant strain can be a valuable basis for development of vaccine strains for broilers protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Bohez
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Research Group Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
21
|
Abstract
Salmonella enterica in poultry remains a major political issue. S. enterica serovar Enteritidis, particularly, remains a world-wide problem. Control in poultry by immunity, whether acquired or innate, is a possible means of containing the problem. Widespread usage of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This problem has indicated an increasing requirement for effective vaccines to control this important zoonotic infection. An attempt is made in the present review to explain the relatively poor success in immunizing food animals against these non-host-specific Salmonella serotypes that usually produce food-poisoning, compared with the success obtained with the small number of serotypes that more typically produce systemic "typhoid-like" diseases. New examinations of old problems such as the carrier state and vertical transmission, observed with S. Pullorum, is generating new information of relevance to immunity. Newer methods of attenuation are being developed. Live vaccines, if administered orally, demonstrate non-specific and rapid protection against infection that is of biological and practical interest. However, from the point of view of consumer safety, there is a school of thought that considers inactivated or sub-unit vaccines to be the safest. The benefits of developing effective killed or sub-unit vaccines over the use of live vaccines are enormous. Recently, there have been significant advances in the development of adjuvants (e.g. microspheres) that are capable of potent immuno-stimulation, targeting different arms of the immune system. The exploitation of such technology in conjunction with the ongoing developments in identifying key Salmonella virulence determinants should form the next generation of Salmonella sub-unit vaccines for the control of this important group of pathogens. There are additional areas of concern associated with the use of live vaccines, particularly if these are generated by genetic manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham. Loughborough, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
|
22
|
Kaiser MG, Cheeseman JH, Kaiser P, Lamont SJ. Cytokine expression in chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells after in vitro exposure to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Poult Sci 2006; 85:1907-11. [PMID: 17032822 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.11.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are secreted proteins involved with cell recruitment and regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. They are essential for an effective host immune response to pathogens. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) exposure and genetic line on cytokine mRNA expression level of cultured chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Interleukin-2, interleukin-6 (IL-6), CXCLi2, and transforming growth factor-beta4 (TGF-B4) messenger ribonucleic acid expression was measured by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assays in PBMC from 3 chicken lines (broiler, Leghorn, Fayoumi) after in vitro exposure to S. Enteritidis. The PBMC were isolated from uninfected birds and cultured overnight. The next day, live pathogenic S. Enteritidis was added to half of the cultures. All cultures were harvested after 2 or 4 h of exposure. Exposure to S. Enteritidis downregulated IL-6, CXCLi2, and TGF-beta4 but not interleukin-2 mRNA expression. No significant genetic line or exposure time effects were detected. These findings demonstrate that exposure of chicken PBMC to S. Enteritidis can induce a rapid change in both proinflammatory (IL-6, CXCLi2) and antiinflammatory (TGF-beta4) cytokine gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Kaiser
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
23
|
Bohez L, Ducatelle R, Pasmans F, Botteldoorn N, Haesebrouck F, Van Immerseel F. Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis colonization of the chicken caecum requires the HilA regulatory protein. Vet Microbiol 2006; 116:202-10. [PMID: 16647227 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Invasion of Salmonella into intestinal epithelial cells is believed to be essential for the pathogenesis of Salmonella infections. Invasion is mediated by genes located on the Salmonella pathogenicity Island I (SPI-1), which are needed for assembling a type three secretion system, that mediates injection of bacterial proteins into the cytosol of epithelial cells, resulting in cytoskeletal rearrangements and as a consequence invasion. HilA is the key regulator of the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island I. To assess the role of hilA in colonization of gut and internal organs in poultry, animals were infected with 10(8) CFU of a delta hilA mutant of S. Enteritidis and its parent strain at day of hatch. Very low numbers of delta hilA mutant strain were able to colonize the internal organs shortly after infection, but they were not eliminated from internal organs at 4 weeks post-infection. At that time, the colonization level of the wild type bacteria in internal organs was decreased to the same low level compared with delta hilA mutant strain bacteria. Shedding of the delta hilA mutant strain and colonization of the caeca was seriously decreased relative to the parent strain starting from Day 5 post-infection. At 4 weeks post-infection, the delta hilA mutant strain was more or less eliminated from the chicken gut, while the parent strain was still shed to a high level and colonized the caeca to a high extent (more than 10(7) CFU/g). It is concluded that hilA is involved in long-term shedding and colonization of S. Enteritidis in the chicken caeca.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Bohez
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Research Group Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
24
|
Amy M, Velge P, Senocq D, Bottreau E, Mompart F, Virlogeux-Payant I. Identification of a new Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis locus involved in cell invasion and in the colonisation of chicks. Res Microbiol 2004; 155:543-52. [PMID: 15313254 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2004.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Poultry products contaminated with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis are a major cause of foodborne disease in industrialized countries. Knowledge of how poultry is colonised is essential for reducing contamination of these products. We have characterized the bacterial yfg-eng locus involved in chicken colonisation. Its sequencing revealed four open reading frames (ORF), yfgM, yfgL, engA and yfgJ, all transcribed in the same orientation. An yfgL mutant of S. Enteritidis colonised the caeca (P < 0.05) and the spleens (P < 0.01) of one-day-old chicks subnormally 2 and 5 days after oral inoculation. This lower virulence was correlated with reduced secretion of the SPI-1 and flagellar proteins in the yfgL mutant compared to the wild-type strain. Consistent with this, the S. Enteritidis yfgL mutant was less motile than the wild type and fewer invaded enterocytes (P < 0.05) and avian HD11 macrophages (P < 0.001). All these defects could be partially overcome by inserting the yfg-eng locus into the mutant on a recombinant plasmid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maïté Amy
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Tours-Nouzilly, Pathologie Infectieuse et Immunologie, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
25
|
Van Immerseel F, De Buck J, Pasmans F, Bohez L, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R. Intermittent long-term shedding and induction of carrier birds after infection of chickens early posthatch with a low or high dose of Salmonella enteritidis. Poult Sci 2004; 83:1911-6. [PMID: 15554070 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.11.1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry are very likely to become infected with Salmonella in the early posthatch period, due to environmental contamination. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of infection dose on the risk of persistent infection in laying hens. In this study, young layer chicks were orally infected with a low (10(2) at 1 d posthatch) or a high dose (10(9) cfu at 1 wk posthatch) of Salmonella Enteritidis. The pattern and duration of fecal shedding was studied for 18 wk. All chickens shed Salmonella early after infection and shed Salmonella intermittently during the whole study period. There were more positive birds in the high-dose group than in the low-dose group in the first weeks following Salmonella exposure. From 10 wk postinfection onwards, however, birds that were orally infected with the low dose of Salmonella Enteritidis shed more Salmonella than the birds that received the high dose. At 18 wk of age, there was no difference in cecal colonization between the treatment groups. It can be concluded that infection of newly hatched chicks with a low dose of Salmonella Enteritidis can lead to persistent infection until onset of lay, hereby excreting Salmonella bacteria intermittently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
26
|
Van Immerseel F, De Buck J, De Smet I, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R. Interactions of butyric acid- and acetic acid-treated Salmonella with chicken primary cecal epithelial cells in vitro. Avian Dis 2004; 48:384-91. [PMID: 15283426 DOI: 10.1637/7094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies of the interaction between pathogenic bacteria and the chicken intestinal epithelium are hampered by the lack of a host- and tissue-specific in vitro model. Therefore, a reproducible method for isolation and cultivation of chicken primary cecal epithelial cells was developed. Cecal crypts were isolated and cultured in vitro to form a semiconfluent layer of epithelial cells. Incubation of Salmonella enteritidis with these cells resulted in invasion. Pretreatment of the Salmonella bacteria with butyric acid resulted in a significant decrease of invasion of the bacteria in the chicken cecal epithelial cells, whereas pretreatment with acetic acid increased invasiveness. These interactions of S. enteritidis with primary chicken cecal epithelial cells were similar to the interactions with other epithelial cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
27
|
Van Immerseel F, De Buck J, Boyen F, Bohez L, Pasmans F, Volf J, Sevcik M, Rychlik I, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R. Medium-chain fatty acids decrease colonization and invasion through hilA suppression shortly after infection of chickens with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:3582-7. [PMID: 15184160 PMCID: PMC427757 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.6.3582-3587.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common source of Salmonella infections in humans is food of poultry origin. Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis has a particular affinity for the contamination of the egg supply. In this study, the medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA), caproic, caprylic, and capric acid, were evaluated for the control of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis in chickens. All MCFA were growth inhibiting at low concentrations in vitro, with caproic acid being the most potent. Contact of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis with low concentrations of MCFA decreased invasion in the intestinal epithelial cell line T84. By using transcriptional fusions between the promoter of the regulatory gene of the Salmonella pathogenicity island I, hilA, and luxCDABE genes, it was shown that all MCFA decreased the expression of hilA, a key regulator related to the invasive capacity of Salmonella. The addition of caproic acid (3 g/kg of feed) to the feed of chicks led to a significant decrease in the level of colonization of ceca and internal organs by Salmonella serovar Enteritidis at 3 days after infection of 5-day-old chicks. These results suggest that MCFA have a synergistic ability to suppress the expression of the genes required for invasion and to reduce the numbers of bacteria in vivo. Thus, MCFA are potentially useful products for reducing the level of colonization of chicks and could ultimately aid in the reduction of the number of contaminated eggs in the food supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
28
|
Van Immerseel F, Fievez V, de Buck J, Pasmans F, Martel A, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R. Microencapsulated Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Feed Modify Colonization and Invasion Early After Infection with Salmonella Enteritidis in Young Chickens. Poult Sci 2004; 83:69-74. [PMID: 14761086 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are widely used as feed additives in poultry for the control of pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella enteritidis. Recently, a new range of products was developed in which SCFA are encapsulated in mineral carriers, resulting in a slow release during the transport of these carriers through the intestinal tract. To test the efficacy of this type of products against early colonization after Salmonella infection in poultry, a challenge experiment with S. enteritidis was performed. Five groups of 20 chickens were given feed with no supplement or feed supplemented with acetic acid (0.24%), formic acid (0.22%), or propionic acid (0.27%) as film-coated microbeads or butyric acid (0.15%) as spray-cooled microcapsules. The 5 groups were challenged with 5 x 10(3) cfu S. enteritidis at d 5 and 6 posthatch, and samples of ceca, liver, and spleen were taken at d 8 and analyzed for the number of colony-forming units of Salmonella per gram of tissue. Feed supplementation with acetic acid, and to a lesser extent formic acid, resulted in an increase of colonization of ceca and internal organs. Birds receiving propionic acid-coated microbeads as feed supplement were colonized with Salmonella to the same extent as controls. Butyric acid-impregnated microbeads in the feed, however, resulted in a significant decrease of colonization by S. enteritidis in the ceca but not in liver and spleen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
29
|
Asheg AA, Levkut M, Revajová V, Sevcíková Z, Kolodzieyski L, Pistl J, Pilipcinec E. Spreading of Salmonella enteritidis in the cecum of chickens. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2003; 48:277-9. [PMID: 12800516 DOI: 10.1007/bf02930969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion and colonization of high (2 x 10(8) CFU) and low doses (2 x 10(2) CFU) of Salmonella enteritidis (phage type 4) was determined in the ceca collected 6 h-4 weeks after inoculation (pi), of 1-d-old White Plymouth Rock orally-inoculated chickens. S. enteritidis was associated with the epithelial surface of the villi in the low-dose group 18 h-7 d pi, the penetration in the cecal lamina propria was observed on day 1 and 10 pi. In the high-dose group, adhesion and colonization was observed in all birds killed 6 h-14 d pi; penetration of the bacteria into the cecal lamina propria was seen 1-21 d pi. Large numbers of macrophage-like cells containing S. enteritidis were observed in the cecal lamina propria on days 3-21 pi. Colonization and migration by S. enteritidis in the intestinal tract of chickens was shown to be dose dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Asheg
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine, 041 01 Kosice, Slovakia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
30
|
Kaiser MG, Lakshmanan N, Wing T, Lamont SJ. Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis burden in broiler breeder chicks genetically associated with vaccine antibody response. Avian Dis 2002; 46:25-31. [PMID: 11922346 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0025:sesebi]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between antibody response to Salmonella enteritidis vaccine and internal organ burden of S. enteritidis is not fully understood. The genetic relationship, therefore, between postchallenge S. enteritidis burden and antibody response to S. enteritidis vaccine was determined in broiler breeder chicks. Sibling chicks from a broiler breeder male line were either inoculated with a pathogenic S. enteritidis or vaccinated with a commercial S. enteritidis vaccine. Spleen, liver, cecal wall, and cecal content samples from S. enteritidis-challenged chicks (n = 120) were cultured for enumeration of bacteria. Unchallenged chicks (n = 314) were vaccinated at 11 days of age, and serum samples were taken at 10 days postvaccination. Antibody response to vaccination and number of S. enteritidis in cecal content cultures were negatively correlated (-0.772), demonstrating that genetic potential for greater antibody response to S. enteritidis vaccine is associated with lesser S. enteritidis bacterial burden in cecal content of broiler breeder chicks. The findings suggest that genetic selection for vaccine antibody responsiveness can lower bacterial burden in the gut lumenal content and, thus, potentially reduce contamination of poultry products at processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Kaiser
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-3150, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
31
|
Desmidt M, Ducatelle R, Mast J, Goddeeris BM, Kaspers B, Haesebrouck F. Role of the humoral immune system in Salmonella enteritidis phage type four infection in chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 63:355-67. [PMID: 9656424 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of avian humoral immunity in the clearance of S. enteritidis was evaluated through bursectomy. After oral inoculation of bursectomized and sham-treated chickens with S. enteritidis, faecal excretion of S. enteritidis was examined. Organs were collected weekly until six weeks post-inoculation (pi) for bacteriological enumeration. Antibody isotypes in serum and bile were quantified by ELISA. Faecal excretion of S. enteritidis was significantly lower in controls from 13 days pi. Numbers of S. enteritidis in caeca from controls were significantly decreased from three weeks pi. Numbers of S. enteritidis were significantly decreased at two weeks pi in the spleen and the liver and at six weeks pi in the liver. Antibodies to S. enteritidis peaked at two weeks pi in controls and were absent in bursectomized chickens. These findings indicate that elimination of S. enteritidis partly depends on humoral immunity. The intestinal humoral response appeared more effective than the systemic humoral response for elimination of S. enteritidis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Desmidt
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|