Olive oil, the primary fat source in the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), especially oleic acid, which constitutes 70-80% of its composition. Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), produced by mechanically pressing olives, is the highest quality olive oil, with an intense flavor and acidity <1%. In contrast, refined olive oil (ROO), a blend of virgin and refined oils, contains fewer antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds. EVOO's health benefits stem largely from its MUFA content, which is linked to reduced risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD), neurodegenerative conditions, and certain cancers. Additionally, EVOO contains minor, but bioactive, components such as polyphenols, tocopherols, and phytosterols, contributing to its oxidative stability, sensory qualities, and health-promoting properties. These include polyphenols, like oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and tyrosol, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and anticancer effects. Epidemiological studies suggest an inverse relationship between olive oil intake and CVD, with EVOO-enriched MedDiet interventions showing improved lipid profiles, reduced blood pressure, and lower cardiovascular event risk. The PREDIMED study highlights the significant role of EVOO in reducing cardiometabolic risk. This review explores the impact of EVOO's chemical components within the MedDiet framework on metabolic variables influencing cardiometabolic health.

We evaluated whether regular dietary intake of nutrients commonly found in fish, unsaturated oils, and nuts would moderate the associations between neuroimaging biomarkers of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) and cognitive function in older adults.

Dietary information, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were collected from 71 older adults without dementia (60-86 years). MRI biomarkers of cSVD were calculated for each participant. Multivariate linear regression models were computed using dietary intake as the moderating variable. Covariates included age, sex, and estimated intracranial volume.

Dietary intake moderated the association between several cSVD biomarkers and MoCA scores such that the expected negative association between cSVD biomarkers and cognition was seen at low levels of healthy dietary intake, but not at medium or high levels. A dietary intake by age moderation was not observed.

Our findings indicate that healthy dietary intake may confer cognitive reserve against cSVD in older adults.

Natural products (NPs) are endless sources of compounds for fighting against several pathologies. Many dysfunctions, including cardiovascular disorders, such as cardiac arrhythmias have their modes of action regulation of the concentration of electrolytes inside and outside the cell targeting ion channels. Here, we highlight plant extracts and secondary metabolites' effects on the treatment of related cardiac pathologies on hERG, Nav, and Cav of cardiomyocytes. The natural product's pharmacology of expressed receptors like alpha-adrenergic receptors causes an influx of Ca2+ ions through receptor-operated Ca2+ ion channels. We also examine the NPs associated with cardiac contractions such as myocardial contractility by reducing the L-type calcium current and decreasing the intracellular calcium transient, inhibiting the K+ induced contractions, decreasing amplitude of myocyte shortening and showed negative ionotropic and chronotropic effects due to decreasing cytosolic Ca2+. We examine whether the NPs block potassium channels, particular the hERG channel and regulatory effects on Nav1.7.

Cohort studies consistently show that a high intake of cereal fiber and whole-grain products is associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Similar findings are also reported for infectious and chronic inflammatory disorders. All these disorders are at least partially caused by inflammaging, a chronic state of inflammation associated with aging and Metabolic Syndrome. Surprisingly, insoluble (cereal) fiber intake consistently shows stronger protective associations with most long-term health outcomes than soluble fiber. Most humans consume soluble fiber mainly from sweet fruits, which usually come with high levels of sugar, counteracting the potentially beneficial effects of fiber. In both observational and interventional studies, high-fiber diets show a beneficial impact on inflammation, which can be attributed to a variety of nutrients apart from dietary fiber. These confounders need to be considered when evaluating the effects of fiber as part of complex dietary patterns. When assessing specific types of fiber, inulin and resistant starch clearly elicit anti-inflammatory short-term effects, while results for pectins, beta-glucans, or psyllium turn out to be less convincing. For insoluble fiber, promising but sparse data have been published so far. Hypotheses on putative mechanisms of anti-inflammatory fiber effects include a direct impact on immune cells (e.g., for pectin), fermentation to pleiotropic short-chain fatty acids (for fermentable fiber only), modulation of the gut microbiome towards higher levels of diversity, changes in bile acid metabolism, a differential release of gut hormones (such as the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)), and an improvement of insulin resistance via the mTOR/S6K1 signaling cascade. Moreover, the contribution of phytate-mediated antioxidative and immune-modulatory means of action needs to be considered. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge on the impact of fiber-rich diets and dietary fiber on the human inflammatory system. However, given the huge heterogeneity of study designs, cohorts, interventions, and outcomes, definite conclusions on which fiber to recommend to whom cannot yet be drawn.

Background/Objectives: The Mediterranean diet (MD) reduces cardiovascular risk, which is higher in celiac disease (CD). We aimed to investigate adherence to the MD in newly diagnosed CD patients, CD patients on a gluten-free diet (GFD), and in a non-celiac control group. Additionally, we aimed to establish an association between GFD and MD adherence. Methods: In this nested, cross-sectional Hungarian study, MD adherence was assessed using the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), and GFD adherence was assessed using the Standardized Dietitian Evaluation (SDE). Results: A total of 215 subjects were enrolled, 128 of which were CD patients on a GFD for a minimum of 1 year, 24 were newly diagnosed CD patients, and 63 were non-CD healthy control subjects. Although the control subjects had a higher mean MDS, the groups did not differ statistically significantly from each other (CD on GFD: 5.55 ± 1.57, newly diagnosed CD: 5.35 ± 1.81, controls: 6.05 ± 1.73; p > 0.05)-all groups had suboptimal scores. Both CD groups consumed fewer whole grains than the controls (p < 0.001). Adequate GFD adherence was associated with higher MDS (5.62 ± 1.54 vs. 4.71 ± 1.21, respectively; p = 0.009). Conclusions: Our study highlights the low adherence to MD in celiac patients with insufficient consumption of whole grains. Adherence to GFD is associated with better MD adherence, which underlines the role of dietary education during follow-up. Targeted nutritional counseling could improve the quality of diet in CD patients to reduce cardiovascular risk.

The endocannabinoid system and its extension, the endocannabinoidome (eCBome), are involved in numerous biological processes, notably energy homeostasis, across virtually all tissues. While the circulating eCBome mediator profile is associated with dietary intakes and metabolic status, an important knowledge gap resides in the identification of the precise determinants of these mediators in the gut lumen.

We aimed at establishing the profile of eCBome mediators in human feces and investigating their association with circulating eCBome mediators, dietary intakes, metabolic status, and gut microbiota composition.

N-acyl-ethanolamines (NAEs) and 2-monoacyl-glycerols (2-MAGs) were profiled by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in plasma and feces of a cross-sectional cohort (n = 195) and a short-term dietary intervention trial (n = 21) with comprehensive dietary intakes and gut microbiota measures.

Six NAEs and 7 2-MAGs were identified in fecal samples, but some, especially omega-3-derived mediators, were undetectable in the majority of samples. Fecal NAEs, and to a lower extent 2-MAGs, were positively albeit weakly correlated with the circulating levels of eCBome mediators. Fecal 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol, N-palmitoyl-ethanolamine, and N-docosahexaenoyl-ethanolamine levels were positively associated with visceral adiposity and with some parameters of the metabolic profile. Dietary intakes of foods rich in fibers were associated with lower fecal levels of several eCBome mediators, while intakes of unsaturated fatty acids were associated with fecal 2-oleoyl-glycerol and 2-linoleoyl-glycerol. Interestingly, gut microbiota diversity and composition were a strong correlate of the fecal eCBome profile.

The fecal eCBome profile is associated with gut microbiota composition and dietary intakes, more than with the circulating profile. These results strengthen the hypothesis of an interrelation between the gut microbiome and eCBome signaling involved in the regulation of numerous host biological processes.

Background: The Mediterranean Diet is recognized as one of the healthiest dietary patterns; however, in recent years, a decline in adherence has been observed in Mediterranean countries. University students represent a particularly vulnerable population, as starting university introduces new influences and responsibilities that directly impact their lifestyle and health. Objective: Analyze adherence to the Mediterranean Diet among university students and its association with other lifestyle habits and mental and physical health indicators. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 1268 students (23.65 ± 7.84 years) from a university in northern Spain between November 2020 and March 2021. An online questionnaire was administered to assess Mediterranean Diet adherence along with variables such as perceived stress, self-esteem, life satisfaction, suicidal behavior, emotional and behavioral problems, emotional intelligence, physical activity, sedentary behavior, alcohol consumption, and compulsive internet use. Results: 29.26% of students had high adherence to the Mediterranean Diet. Regression analysis indicated that high adherence was associated with higher levels of emotional intelligence, as well as lower levels of suicidal ideation, emotional problems, and compulsive internet use. Conclusions: The associations found between Mediterranean Diet and other indicators and lifestyle habits highlight the need for interdisciplinary promotion strategies within the university ecosystem.

This study aimed to review meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials that evaluated the effectiveness of the Mediterranean Diet for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Five databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL and ProQuest) were searched from inception to November 2022. Inclusion criteria were: (i) systematic review of randomised controlled studies with metanalysis; (ii) adults ≥18 years from the general population with (secondary prevention) and without (primary prevention) established cardiovascular disease; (iii) Mediterranean Diet compared with another dietary intervention or usual care. Review selection and quality assessment using AMSTAR-2 were completed in duplicate. GRADE was extracted from each review, and results were synthesised narratively.

Eighteen meta-analyses of 238 randomised controlled trials were included, with an 8% overlap of primary studies. Compared to usual care, the Mediterranean Diet was associated with reduced cardiovascular disease mortality (n = 4 reviews, GRADE low certainty; risk ratio range: 0.35 [95% confidence interval: 0.15-0.82] to 0.90 [95% confidence interval: 0.72-1.11]). Non-fatal myocardial infarctions were reduced (n = 4 reviews, risk ratio range: 0.47 [95% confidence interval: 0.28-0.79] to 0.60 [95% confidence interval: 0.44-0.82]) when compared with another active intervention. The methodological quality of most reviews (n = 16/18; 84%) was low or critically low and strength of evidence was generally weak.

This review showed that the Mediterranean Diet can reduce fatal cardiovascular disease outcome risk by 10%-67% and non-fatal cardiovascular disease outcome risk by 21%-70%. This preventive effect was more significant in studies that included populations with established cardiovascular disease. Better quality reviews are needed.

Evidence suggests bovine dairy products may have neutral or beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health, despite being a source of saturated fat. The dairy matrix, the structure and combination of protein, fat, and other nutrients, and how they interact with each other, is purported to be responsible for these beneficial health effects. Whether this relationship extends to endothelial function, as assessed by flow mediated dilation (FMD), remains to be elucidated.

Three electronic databases (PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central) were searched from inception until 5th September 2024. This review included randomised controlled trials (RCT) investigating any bovine dairy intervention which considered endothelial function using FMD in humans with a non-dairy or alternative dairy control.

Of 4,220 records identified, 18 reports from 11 RCT including 508 (53.3% male) participants, examined endothelial function by FMD and were eligible for evidence synthesis. Eight papers reported an improvement, nine reported no effect and one reported a decrease in FMD. The greatest effects were found in those with impaired health at baseline, with whey protein and high dairy intakes observed to be most beneficial.

Bovine dairy intake has neutral or beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health. This review demonstrates that this relationship extends to endothelial function as assessed by FMD. Whey protein and high dairy intakes may be most effective, although further high quality RCT in this area are warranted.

Long COVID, also known as Post COVID-19 condition by the World Health Organization or Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), is defined as the development of symptoms such as post-exertional malaise, dysgeusia, and partial or full anosmia three months after initial SARS-CoV-2 infection. The multisystem effects of PASC make it difficult to distinguish from its mimickers. Further, a comprehensive evaluation of the gut microbiome, nutrition, and PASC has yet to be studied. The gut-brain axis describes bidirectional immune, neural, endocrine, and humoral modulatory interactions between the gut microbiome and brain function. We explore recent studies that support an association between alterations in gut microbiome diversity and the severity of acute-phase COVID-19, and how these may be affected by diets rich in antioxidants and fiber. The Mediterranean Diet (MeDi) has demonstrated promising neuroprotective effects through its anti-inflammatory processes. Further, diets rich in fiber increase gut diversity and increase the amount of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) within the body-both shown to protect from acute COVID-19 complications. Long-term changes to the gut microbiome persist after acute infection and may increase susceptibility to PASC. This study builds on existing knowledge of determinants of PASC and highlights a relationship between nutrition, gut microbiome, acute-phase COVID-19, and, subsequently, PASC susceptibility.

Observing the dietary principles of the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet has exhibited an association with a diminished occurrence of diverse ailments, enhanced mental well-being, and extended longevity. Nevertheless, current literature is deficient in terms of investigating the link between the MIND diet and subjective well-being (SWB) specifically in older adults. Hence, this study endeavors to examine the correlation between adhering to a Chinese-modified Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (cMIND) diet and SWB in the older Chinese adults, taking into account the unique dietary attributes of the Chinese population.

Using data from the latest four waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Multiple linear regression and multinomial ordered logistic regression were employed to examine the relationship between the duration of adherence to cMIND diet and SWB in Chinese older adults.

The results indicated a significant association between the duration of adherence to cMIND diet and SWB (1 ∼ 6 years: B = 0.907, 95%CI = 0.508 ∼ 1.307, P < 0.001; 7 ∼ 9 years: B = 1.286, 95%CI = 0.767 ∼ 1.805, P < 0.001; 10 years and above: B = 2.320, 95%CI = 1.677 ∼ 2.963, P < 0.001). The longer the duration of adherence to cMIND diet, the higher the scores for life satisfaction (B = 0.184, 95%CI = 0.110 ∼ 0.259; B = 0.312, 95%CI = 0.217 ∼ 0.407; B = 0.321, 95%CI = 0.193 ∼ 0.448), positive affect (B = 0.434, 95%CI = 0.209 ∼ 0.658; B = 0.701, 95%CI = 0.400 ∼ 1.003; B = 1.167, 95%CI = 0.775 ∼ 1.559), and negative affect (B = 0.289, 95%CI = 0.078 ∼ 0.500; B = 0.832, 95%CI = 0.479 ∼ 1.185), suggesting a higher SWB score. Sensitivity analysis further supports our findings.

Considering the poor knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to diet among Chinese adults, especially older adults, it is imperative to implement dietary policies that promote SWB in older adults to enhance their happiness in later life.

During the last few years, the Seven Countries Study of Cardiovascular Diseases (SCS) produced some new analyses dealing with the relationships of a dietary score, the pool of dietary fatty acids and serum cholesterol with major types of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in 10 cohorts of 6 countries made of middle-aged men followed-up for 60 years until extinction. This sparse evidence is condensed here to provide a coherent view.

The Mediterranean Adequacy Index (MAI, a dietary score whose high levels depict the characteristics of the Mediterranean Diet), was highly and significantly associated in an inverse way, at country levels, with the Atherogenicity (ATI) and the Thrombogenicity (THI) indexes that included a series of dietary fatty acids. These indexes were highly and significantly associated in a direct way with country baseline serum cholesterol levels. Countries with high serum cholesterol had largely higher death rates from coronary heart disease (CHD) and lower rates from other heart diseases of uncertain etiology and stroke. The reverse was observed in countries with low serum cholesterol.

The chain of diet, dietary fatty acids and serum cholesterol seems to be responsible in various ways for the different distribution of major CVD mortality subtypes in extincted cohorts.

The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) has been found to have benefits for diabetes mellitus (DM), but a bibliometric analysis of its association with DM has yet to be conducted. This paper aims to explore the current status and research hotspots on the connection between the Mediterranean diet and DM from 2014 to 2024, providing a reference for future studies.

We retrieved articles published between 2014 and 2024 from the Web of Science database and analyzed them using R software, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace.

A total of 2,806 articles were included in this study. Research on the relationship between the MedDiet and DM showed a steady increase in publication volume from 2014 to 2019, followed by a sharp rise from 2020 to 2023. Spain was the leading country in terms of publication volume, followed by Italy, the United States, China, and Greece. Spain also led in international collaborations, with CIBER-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red and Harvard University being the most prominent collaboration centers. Nutrients was the most frequently published and cited journal in this field. Common keywords in this literature included components such as olive oil, legumes, and red wine. Mechanisms studied in this field primarily focused on antioxidant effects, improvements in insulin sensitivity and secretion, regulation of lipid metabolism, and modulation of gut microbiota.

Research on the beneficial effects of the MedDiet on DM patients has garnered significant attention from researchers worldwide, and it is expected to become a major focus for future DM prevention and treatment. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the current status and research hotspots regarding the relationship between the MedDiet and DM, offering valuable references for future research.

Diet has a pivotal role in shaping the composition, function and diversity of the gut microbiome, with various diets having a profound impact on the stability, functionality and diversity of the microbial community within our gut. Understanding the profound impact of varied diets on the microbiome is crucial, as it will enable us not only to make well-informed dietary decisions for better metabolic and intestinal health, but also to prevent and slow the onset of specific diet-related diseases that stem from suboptimal diets. In this Review, we explore how geographical location affects the gut microbiome and how different diets shape its composition and function. We examine the mechanisms by which whole dietary regimes, such as the Mediterranean diet, high-fibre diet, plant-based diet, high-protein diet, ketogenic diet and Western diet, influence the gut microbiome. Furthermore, we underscore the need for exhaustive studies to better understand the causal relationship between diet, host and microorganisms for the development of precision nutrition and microbiome-based therapies.

The relentless rise in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and prediabetes presents a complex challenge to India's healthcare system. This study analyses the prevalence and trends of these conditions in adults across Indian states using laboratory data collected during 2023.

HbA1c values from 19,66,449 samples from adults alongside demographic and geographic details were retrospectively analysed. Data were stratified by state, age, and gender and evaluated against national statistics parameters such as food consumption and socio-economic status.

Substantial regional variation was seen across the country where 22.25% of the tested population was considered having prediabetes, and 27.18% with diabetes. Odisha had the highest rates, while J&K reported the lowest. Gender-specific trends indicate an increase in prevalence of diabetes among males compared to females. Age-wise data stratification shows a significant burden of prediabetes and diabetes in the economically productive age groups. Correlations between disease prevalence and state-specific grain consumption were observed, suggesting dietary influences.

The reported prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes higher than previous studies highlights the importance of regular screening. The use of HbA1c for estimation as a long-term average blood sugar marker helps to identify previously undiagnosed diabetes. The correlation of prevalence with food production underscores the importance of diet in disease management.

. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the degree of children's adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD), to estimate the weekly cost of MD, and to assess the role of food cost and demographic/socio-economic factors as potential barriers to comply with a healthy dietary model.

. Data collection was conducted through an online questionnaire sent to parents of children (6-11 years old) living in Italy. This survey allowed the collection of demographic/socio-economic information about the family and their dietary habits. Adherence to the MD in children was assessed through the KIDMED index. The weekly diet cost was calculated based on the food prices of two Italian supermarket chains. Descriptive statistics and inferential tests were run to evaluate the sample's characteristics and correlations between diet cost, socio-demographics, and adherence to MD.

. Data highlighted that 31.5% of the children achieved high compliance with the MD, whereas 22.2% showed low adherence. The average diet cost increased significantly with the increasing level of adherence to the MD (Spearman's Rho = 0.322, p = 0.018). Moreover, results showed that a high parent educational level was positively associated with the KIDMED score (Spearman's Rho = 0.323, p = 0.017). No significant correlations were found between dietary cost and other characteristics such as economic status and house type.

. Despite the small sample size, our results suggest that nutrition education interventions targeted at children and their parents/caregivers might favour more conscious dietary choices, which in turn will help reduce the differences in diet quality caused by the educational level gaps existing in families.

The European olive tree, Olea europaea L., and its polyphenols hold great therapeutic potential to treat neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. This review examines the evidence for the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions of olive polyphenols and their potential in the treatment of long COVID and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Key findings suggest that olive polyphenols exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antiviral properties, making them promising candidates for therapeutic intervention, especially when formulated in unique combinations. Recommendations for future research directions include elucidating molecular pathways through mechanistic studies, exploring the therapeutic implications of olive polyphenol supplementation, and conducting clinical trials to assess efficacy and safety. Investigating potential synergistic effects with other agents addressing different targets is suggested for further exploration. The evidence reviewed strengthens the translational value of olive polyphenols in conditions involving cognitive dysfunction and emphasizes the novelty of new formulations.

Pegvaliase, a subcutaneous therapy to treat phenylketonuria (PKU), has allowed these patients to maintain adequate phenylalanine (Phe) blood values without following a Phe-controlled diet; this brings up the challenge of promoting healthy eating while moving away from prescription diets. In our center, every patient treated with Pegvaliase undergoes routine nutritional counseling aimed at promoting adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) during regular inpatient visits. This study aims to assess adherence to MedDiet and the adequacy of the diets of patients treated with Pegvaliase regarding micro- and macronutrients.

Seven patients on chronic therapy with Pegvaliase underwent a dietetic evaluation to assess the composition of their diets in terms of micro- and macronutrients; they were also administered the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) questionnaire. Subcategories from MDS were extracted to evaluate the consumption of foods typically included (vegetables, olive oil, etc.) and typically excluded (red meat, etc.) in the MedDiet. To assess the adequacy of the diet, nutrient and energy levels were compared with guidelines for the Italian population.

MedDiet adherence in our sample was comparable to the general population; in terms of macronutrients, good adherence to the recommendations was observed, with every one of them met except for excessive simple sugar consumption. Micronutrient dietary intake was inadequate for zinc, iron, selenium, folate, thiamine, and riboflavin.

While more work is necessary to help patients treated with Pegvaliase to progress toward healthy eating, our study suggests that nutritional counseling routinely performed during inpatient visits, typically twice a year, effectively promotes healthier eating habits than those observed in the general population.

Cognitive and mood status influence both personal and social daily activities, with great impact on life quality, particularly among the elderly population.

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the psycho-affective status concerning eating habits within an elderly population of the Chania area in Crete, Greece.

Cognitive status was assessed in 101 elderly subjects through the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and mood was evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Nutritional status was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire.

Multivariable statistical analysis, after adjustment for age, marital status, education, and comorbidity, highlighted among males a positive association of the MMSE score with vegetable consumption (RR 1.18; 95%CI 1.03‒1.34) and a negative association with potato consumption (RR 0.83; 95%CI 0.72‒0.95). Conversely, among females, no statistically significant association was observed for any food. Further, among males, a protective effect on affective status was identified for chicken meat (RR 0.45; 95%CI 0.27‒0.77), fish (RR 0.41; 95%CI 0.21‒0.82), fruit (RR 0.70; 95%CI 0.52‒0.94), cereals (RR 0.67; 95%CI 0.53‒0.87), and cheese (RR 0.78; 95%CI 0.63‒0.97) consumption. Among females, the adjusted model showed a significant detrimental effect of vegetable consumption (RR 1.33; 95%CI 1.02‒1.73).

A predominantly vegetable-based diet-with the notable exception of fruits and legumes-was associated with better cognitive status in males, albeit not in females. A higher intake of fruit, as well as fish, chicken meat, and cheese among males was associated with a better affective status, indicating that adequate protein supply may play a role in maintaining emotional balance.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent health conditions worldwide, affecting millions of individuals and posing significant public health challenges. Understanding the nature of type 2 diabetes, its causes, symptoms and treatments is crucial for managing and preventing its complications. Many different dietary strategies are used by individuals to treat and manage diabetes. This review provides an overview of popular dietary strategies that have evidence for improving long-term glycaemic control or achieving diabetes remission, as well as strategies that may be useful to reduce postprandial hyperglycaemia, which may be of use in the prevention of diabetes, but also as strategies for those already diagnosed but trying to manage their condition better. Recent clinical trials have provided evidence that in people living with type 2 diabetes who also live with overweight or obesity, using a total diet replacement weight loss programme results in significant and substantial weight loss, and as a result, many people can achieve remission from their diabetes. There has been considerable interest in whether similar effects can be achieved without reliance on formula foods, using real diet approaches. Reduced or low-carbohydrate diet approaches hold some promise, with observational or preliminary findings suggesting beneficial effects, but evidence from robust trials or systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials is still lacking. The Mediterranean dietary pattern, low in saturated fat and high in monounsaturated fat, also has some potential, with evidence to suggest some people can lose weight and achieve remission using this approach, which may be easier to adhere to longer term than more intensive total diet replacement and low-carbohydrate strategies. Plant-based diets that advocate for the elimination of animal-based and/or animal-derived foods have increased in popularity. There is evidence from epidemiological studies that people who follow these diets have a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes, and evidence from trials and systematic reviews of trials that changing to a dietary pattern lower in animal-based and animal-derived foods has benefits on glycaemic control and other markers of cardiovascular disease. While these approaches all provide food or nutrient prescriptions, approaches that incorporate periods of fasting do not provide rules on the types of foods that can or cannot be consumed, but rather provide time windows of when to eat. Evidence suggests that these approaches can be as effective in achieving energy restriction and weight loss as approaches that advocate continuous energy restriction, and there is evidence for benefits on glycaemic control independent of weight loss. Finally, popular dietary strategies that may be useful to use or combine to help prevent postprandial hyperglycaemia include reducing the glycaemic index or glycaemic load of the diet, high-fibre diets, eating foods in a meal in the order vegetables > protein > carbohydrates, preloading or combining acids such as vinegar or lemon juice with meals and engaging in low-intensity aerobic exercise immediately after meals.

The care for patients with heart failure (HF) has evolved greatly over the past decade. While new guidelines have provided more clarity on categorization and staging, and novel agents have been approved for use, there are still questions surrounding the optimal strategies as they relate to diet and exercise. Additionally, overall health care costs have increased for patients, driven in part by medication therapy. Given the myriad comorbidities associated with the diagnosis of HF, senior care pharmacists are positioned to positively impact the care for patients with HF, regardless of setting. As the guidelines continue to evolve, addressing a wider spectrum of the disease, including iron deficiency, mental health, and pain, so must the pharmacist's role in caring for patients with HF. Senior care pharmacists engaged in the management of older people with HF must be especially attuned to the unique and individualized care each patient needs, offering guidance and education in balancing treatment modalities across all aspects of care. In this three-part series, we will explore a number of areas central to the management of HF. This first section will focus on the cost of treatment, pathophysiology, and non-pharmacologic management. Series two and three will address guideline-directed medication therapy and special population management, respectively.

To study the relationships of an Atherogenicity Index (ATI) and a Thrombogenicity Index (THI), with 50-year mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD), other heart diseases of uncertain etiology (HDUE) and cerebrovascular disease or stroke (STR), in 16 international cohorts of middle-aged men.

Foods from a dietary survey in subsamples of men in each cohort of the Seven Countries Study (SCS) were chemically analyzed for several types of fatty acids that were converted into ATI and THI identifying each of 16 cohorts. Ecological correlations of the ATI and THI were calculated with the three fatal CVD conditions and with all-cause mortality at 25 and 50 years. Correlation coefficients (Rs) were positive and highly significant between ATI and THI versus CHD mortality, with levels ranging from 0.79 to 0.97, depending on the duration of follow-up and the choice of 10 or of 16 cohorts. This was not the case for HDUE and STR mortality for which Rs were variable and not significant. A strong direct association was also found with all-causes deaths at 25 and 50-years. ATI and THI were also directly related with dietary saturated fat and cholesterol levels and inversely with the Mediterranean Adequacy Index (a score identifying the Mediterranean diet).

These findings indicate that CHD has a different relationship with dietary lipids intake than HDUE and STR. This suggests that HDUE and STR have different underlying pathways or are different diseases.

The olive tree (Olea europaea) and olive oil hold significant cultural and historical importance in Europe. The health benefits associated with olive oil consumption have been well documented. This paper explores the mechanisms of the anti-cancer effects of olive oil and olive leaf, focusing on their key bioactive compounds, namely oleocanthal, oleacein, and oleuropein. The chemopreventive potential of oleocanthal, oleacein, and oleuropein is comprehensively examined through this systematic review. We conducted a systematic literature search to identify eligible articles from Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases published up to 10 October 2023. Among 4037 identified articles, there were 88 eligible articles describing mechanisms of chemopreventive effects of oleocanthal, oleacein, and oleuropein. These compounds have the ability to inhibit cell proliferation, induce cell death (apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis), inhibit angiogenesis, suppress tumor metastasis, and modulate cancer-associated signalling pathways. Additionally, oleocanthal and oleuropein were also reported to disrupt redox hemostasis. This review provides insights into the chemopreventive mechanisms of O. europaea-derived secoiridoids, shedding light on their role in chemoprevention. The bioactivities summarized in the paper support the epidemiological evidence demonstrating a negative correlation between olive oil consumption and cancer risk. Furthermore, the mapped and summarized secondary signalling pathways may provide information to elucidate new synergies with other chemopreventive agents to complement chemotherapies and develop novel nutrition-based anti-cancer approaches.

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of incorporating olive cake into the diet of indigenous Bísaro pigs on the quality of processed meat products. To this end, loins and "cachaços" were processed using a standardized manufacturing flowchart to produce dry-cured products. The two products were manufactured using the same formulation, ingredients, and curing process. Concerning the physicochemical composition, there were significant differences between the two products for the parameters of aw (p < 0.001), moisture (p < 0.001), total fat (p < 0.001), protein (p < 0.001), and haem pigments (p < 0.001). The diet significantly impacted the NaCl content (p < 0.05). However, neither the product nor the diet affected the fractions of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p > 0.05). However, a significant difference was observed for n-3 (p < 0.05). Adding olive cake increased these fatty acids, and the diet containing 25% centrifuged olive cake showed the highest levels for both products. Compared with the control, the diets containing olive cake had a higher content of n-3 fatty acids, resulting in a lower PUFA n-6/n-3 ratio (p < 0.01).

A surge of public interest in NMN supplementation has been observed in recent years. However, whether NMN supplements are effective in improving metabolic health remains unclear. The objective of the review was to assess the effects of NMN supplementation on fasting glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C in adults. Studies were located by searching four databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science). Two reviewers independently conducted title/abstract and full-text screening, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment. Of the 4049 records reviewed, 12 studies with a total of 513 participants met the criteria for analysis. Random-effects meta-analyses found an overall significant effect of NMN supplementation in elevating blood NAD levels. However, most of the clinically relevant outcomes were not significantly different between NMN supplementation and control group. Risk-of-bias assessment using RoB2 showed some concerns in seven studies and high risk of bias in the other five studies. Together, our findings suggest that an exaggeration of the benefits of NMN supplementation may exist in the field. Although the limited number of eligible studies was sufficiently powered to detect changes in the abovementioned primary outcomes, more studies are needed to conclude about the exact effects of NMN supplementation.

Olive oil is the main source of lipid energy in the Mediterranean diet and there is strong evidence of its health benefits. The effect of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) in the form of a preparation of spreadable virgin olive oil (S-VO) on the progression of atheroma plaques was investigated in Apoe-deficient mice, a model of accelerated atherosclerosis.

Two isocaloric Western purified diets containing 20% fat, either as S-VO or as dairy butter, were used to feed 28 males and 16 females of two-month-old Apoe-deficient mice for 12 weeks. S-VO was prepared by blending more than 75% virgin olive oil with other vegetal natural fat to obtain a solid fat. Plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol were measured. Hepatic lipid droplets were analyzed. Areas of atherosclerotic aortic lesions were quantified in cross-sectional images of the proximal aorta and en face analysis of the whole aorta.

Total plasma cholesterol was increased in mice on the butter-supplemented diet in both female and male mice compared to S-VO, and the ratio of TC/HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower in S-VO than in the butter diet, although only in males, and no differences in plasma triglycerides were observed. No significant differences in hepatic lipid droplets were observed between diets in either sex. Aortic lesion areas were significantly higher in mice consuming the butter versus the S-VO diet in both sexes.

Extra virgin olive oil prepared in spreadable form maintained the delay in atheroma plaque progression compared to butter.

Nutritional epidemiological studies have evolved from a focus of single nutrients to diet patterns to capture the protective role of healthy diets on chronic disease development. Similarly, in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a healthy diet may be protective against its development in individuals with genetic susceptibility, but the definitions of the optimal diet pattern deserve further exploration. Hence, this review article presents evidence, mainly from prospective cohort studies, for the role of diet quality based on adherence to dietary guidelines, traditional and modern diet patterns in the prevention of IBD. Findings from a limited number of studies on diet quality suggest that high diet quality scores are associated with lower risk of developing Crohn's disease, but the data are inconsistent for ulcerative colitis (UC). There are signals that a Mediterranean diet pattern reduces the risk of Crohn's disease but, again, the data are inconsistent and further studies are much needed. Finally, the evidence is conflicting regarding the role of food additives, with difficulties in the assessment of their intake, namely non-nutritive sweeteners and emulsifiers, precluding accurate assessment of a relationship with IBD risk. In contrast, emerging evidence for a role of ultra-processed food in the development of Crohn's disease but not UC is identified. Given the potential influence of diet quality, a Mediterranean diet and ultra-processed food intake on the risk of Crohn's disease, assessment and implementation of dietary advice for these patients need to be tailored. The search for an optimal diet for UC remains elusive and further research for increasing the evidence in the area is greatly needed.

There was an unprecedented increase in cardiovascular mortality during the 20th century, which ultimately led to a deeper understanding of cholesterol and its role in cardiovascular disease. Akira Endo is a medical innovator who sought to change the tide of this epidemic. He is often referred to as the "Father of Statins" because of his identification of the first 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) inhibitor, which fostered a new era in cholesterol treatment. The offspring of this discovery - statin medications - changed the landscape of cardiovascular prevention and improved outcomes for millions of patients across the globe. Arika Endo used his prior research experience in biochemistry and fungi to create a new way to meet the objective of reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In this way, he should be recognized not only for this discovery of statins but as a role model for researchers at any stage of their careers.

Significant regional variability in lifespan in Europe is influenced by environmental factors and lifestyle behaviors, including diet. This study investigates the impact of geographical region on the lifespan of European rulers spanning from the fourteenth century to the present day. By analyzing historical records and literature, we aim to identify region-specific dietary patterns and lifestyle factors that may have contributed to longer lifespans among rulers. The hypothesis to be tested is that rulers from Southern European countries, where the traditional Mediterranean diet is consumed by the local people, may exhibit longer lifespans compared to rulers from other regions, due to the well-documented health benefits associated with this dietary pattern. We extracted comprehensive information for each ruler, encompassing their sex, birth and death dates, age, age of enthronement, duration of rulership, country, and cause of death (natural vs. non-natural). To determine their nationality, we coded rulers based on their hypothetical present-day residence (2023). Utilizing the EuroVoc Geographical classification, we categorized the countries into four regions: Northern, Western, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe. While Cox regression models did not find significant differences in survival rates among regions, further analysis stratified by time periods revealed intriguing trends. Contrary to our initial predictions, the Northern region displayed better survival rates compared to the Southern region between 1354 and 1499, whereas survival rates were similar across regions from 1500 to 1749. However, after 1750, all regions, except the Southern region, exhibited significantly improved survival rates, suggesting advancements in healthcare and lifestyle factors. These findings underscore the dynamic influence of both region and time period on health and longevity. Interestingly, despite the prevalence of the Mediterranean diet in the Southern region of Europe, rulers from this region did not demonstrate longer lifespans compared to their counterparts in other regions. This suggests that additional lifestyle factors may have played a more prominent role in their longevity. In conclusion, our study sheds light on the intricate relationship between region, time period, and lifespan among European rulers. Although the Mediterranean diet is often associated with health benefits, our findings indicate that it alone may not account for differences in ruler longevity across regions. Further research is warranted to explore the impact of other lifestyle factors on the health and lifespan of European rulers throughout history.

To date, the risk of developing atherosclerosis has extended beyond Western countries and now affecting individuals from various ethnic backgrounds and age groups. Traditional risk factors of atherosclerosis, such as hypercholesterolemia, has been better controlled than before due to highly effective and inexpensive therapies at lowering plasma cholesterol levels. However, the role of reducing dietary cholesterol intake, as a public healthy strategy, in preventing the occurrence of cardiovascular mortalities has been recently challenged. Indeed, despite our continuous decline of dietary cholesterol intake within the last 50 years, the incidence of cardiovascular mortalities has continued to rise, thus raising the possibility that other dietary factors, such as fructose-containing sugars, are the major culprit. In the 1970s, John Yudkin first proposed that sugar was the predominant dietary factor that underlies the majority of cardiovascular mortalities, yet his hypothesis was dismissed. However, over the last 25 years substantial scientific evidence has been accumulated to support Yudkin's hypothesis. The objectives of this review are to highlight Yudkin's significant contribution to nutritional science by reviewing his hypothesis and summarizing the recent advances in our understanding of fructose metabolism. The metabolic consequences of fructose metabolism, such as fructose-induced uricemia, insulin resistance, lipoprotein hyperproduction and chronic inflammation, and how they are linked to atherosclerosis as risk factors will be discussed. Finally, the review will explore areas that warrant future research and raise important considerations that we need to evaluate when designing future studies.

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans has recommended consumption of a Mediterranean diet (MD) for overall health and wellbeing, and the US News & World Report has ranked the MD as the top diet overall for the past six consecutive years. However, it is uncertain if university students in the United States (US) have increased their adoption of this dietary approach over these past six years.

Longitudinal cross-sectional survey conducted in three cohorts (2018, 2020, 2022) utilizing regression models to assess MD Adherence and other relevant outcomes variables.

University in the southern US.

Students (n = 761) enrolled in undergraduate introductory nutrition course.

Survey respondents were 83% female, 91% white, and 97% ages 18-24. Predictors of MD adherence were older age, female gender, and health-related qualifications. MD adherence was lowest in 2022. The 2022 group perceived less MD health benefits, weight loss, ethical concerns, natural content, and sensory appeal compared to the 2018 group. During the COVID-19 pandemic, changes in eating behavior were examined in the 2020 and 2022 groups. We observed that participants in the 2022 group had a greater frequency of snacking and a lower frequency of eating out compared to 2020 group.

MD adherence did not increase over time in US university students. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions and education to promote healthier eating habits in university students.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a widely used clinical biomarker of systemic inflammation, implicated in many chronic conditions, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). Despite the increasing emphasis on dietary intake as a modifiable risk factor for systemic inflammation, the association of hs-CRP with fruit and vegetable consumption is relatively underexplored in T1D. To address this gap, we investigated the longitudinal associations of dietary pattern-derived fruit and vegetable scores with hs-CRP in adults with and without T1D. Additionally, we examined the impact of berry consumption as a distinct food group. Data were collected in the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes study over two visits that were three years apart. At each visit, participants completed a food frequency questionnaire, and hs-CRP was measured using a particle-enhanced immunonephelometric assay. Mixed effect models were used to examine the three-year association of fruit and vegetable scores with hs-CRP. Adjusted models found a significant inverse association between blueberry intake and hs-CRP in the nondiabetic (non-DM) group. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension- and Alternative Healthy Eating Index-derived vegetable scores were also inversely associated with hs-CRP in the non-DM group (all p-values ≤ 0.05). Conversely, no significant associations were observed in the T1D group. In conclusion, dietary pattern-derived vegetable scores are inversely associated with hs-CRP in non-DM adults. Nonetheless, in T1D, chronic hyperglycemia and related metabolic abnormalities may override the cardioprotective features of these food groups at habitually consumed servings.

Our study tries to investigate the effect of the Mediterranean diet (MeDiet) on assisted reproductive treatment outcomes in women after COVID-19 infection.

A prospective observational cohort study in the Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya from February 2023 to August 2023.Subjects: A total of 605 participants previously infected with COVID-19 were enrolled.

None.

The primary outcomes are oocyte and embryo quality. The secondary outcomes are pregnancy outcomes.

A majority of participants (n = 517) followed low to moderate MeDiet, and only a small group of them (n = 88) followed high MeDiet. The blastocyst formation rate is significantly higher in MeDiet scored 8-14 points women (46.08%), compared to the other two groups (which is 41.75% in the low adherence population and 40.07% in the moderate adherence population respectively) (p = 0.044). However, the follicle number on hCG day, yield oocytes, normal fertilized zygotes, fertilization rate, day three embryos (cleavage embryos), and embryo quality are comparable among the three groups. For those who received embryo transfer, we noticed an obvious trend that with the higher MeDiet score, the higher clinical pregnancy rate (62.37% vs. 76.09% vs. 81.25%, p = 0.197), implantation rate (55.84% vs. 66.44% vs. 69.23%, p = 0.240) and ongoing pregnancy rate (61.22% vs. 75.00% vs. 81.25%, p = 0.152) even though the p values are not significant. An enlarging sample size study, especially in a high adherence population should be designed to further verify the effects of MeDiet's role in improving IVF performance.

High adherence to MeDiet is associated with improved blastocyst formation in women after COVID-19 infection. There is also a trend that high adherence to MeDiet might be beneficial to clinical pregnancy, embryo implantation as well as ongoing pregnancy in these women.

Graceful healthy ageing and extended longevity is the most desired goal for human race. The process of ageing is inevitable and has a profound impact on the gradual deterioration of our physiology and health since it triggers the onset of many chronic conditions like dementia, osteoporosis, diabetes, arthritis, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. However, some people who lived/live more than 100 years called 'Centenarians" and how do they achieve their extended lifespans are not completely understood. Studying these unknown factors of longevity is important not only to establish a longer human lifespan but also to manage and treat people with shortened lifespans suffering from age-related morbidities. Furthermore, older adults who maintain strong cognitive function are referred to as "SuperAgers" and may be resistant to risk factors linked to cognitive decline. Investigating the mechanisms underlying their cognitive resilience may contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies that support the preservation of cognitive function as people age. The key to a long, physically, and cognitively healthy life has been a mystery to scientists for ages. Developments in the medical sciences helps us to a better understanding of human physiological function and greater access to medical care has led us to an increase in life expectancy. Moreover, inheriting favorable genetic traits and adopting a healthy lifestyle play pivotal roles in promoting longer and healthier lives. Engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining a balanced diet, and avoiding harmful habits such as smoking contribute to overall well-being. The synergy between positive lifestyle choices, access to education, socio-economic factors, environmental determinants and genetic supremacy enhances the potential for a longer and healthier life. Our article aims to examine the factors associated with healthy ageing, particularly focusing on cognitive health in centenarians. We will also be discussing different aspects of ageing including genomic instability, metabolic burden, oxidative stress and inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, immunosenescence, and sarcopenia.

The prevalence of chronic diseases is currently a major public health issue worldwide and is exploding with the population growth and aging. Dietary patterns are well known to play a important role in our overall health and well-being, and therefore, poor diet and malnutrition are among the most critical risk factors for chronic disease. Thus, dietary recommendation and nutritional supplementation have significant clinical implications for the targeted treatment of some of these diseases. Multiple dietary patterns have been proposed to prevent chronic disease incidence, like Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and Diabetes Risk Reduction Diet (DRRD). Among them, the MedDiet, which is one of the most well-known and studied dietary patterns in the world, has been related to a wide extent of health benefits. Substantial evidence has supported an important reverse association between higher compliance to MedDiet and the risk of chronic disease. Innovative strategies within the healthcare framework of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM/3PM) view personalized dietary customization as a predictive medical approach, cost-effective preventive measures, and the optimal dietary treatment tailored to the characteristics of patients with chronic diseases in primary and secondary care. Through a comprehensive collection and review of available evidence, this review summarizes health benefits of MedDiet in the context of PPPM/3PM for chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, and cancer, thereby a working hypothesis that MedDiet can personalize the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases was derived.

The Mediterranean Diet (MD) has garnered increasing attention for its potential protective effects against gastric cancer (GC). The MD's rich content of antioxidants, polyphenols, and other bioactive compounds contributes to its ability to modulate gene expression, inhibit tumor growth, and regulate apoptosis. Studies have shown significant reductions in inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) among individuals adhering to the MD, suggesting its pivotal role in mitigating chronic inflammation-associated with cancer development. Furthermore, the MD's anti-angiogenic properties, particularly in components like olive oil, red wine, fish, and tomatoes, offer promising avenues for reducing GC risk by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. Additionally, the MD's influence on intestinal microbiota composition underscores its potential in maintaining immune homeostasis and reducing systemic inflammation, factors crucial in GC prevention. Despite challenges such as variability in dietary adherence scoring systems and the need for further gender and geographical-specific studies, evidence supports the MD as a cost-effective and holistic approach to GC prevention. Emphasizing the role of nutrition in public health is a promising strategy with broad implications for global health and cancer prevention initiatives. Therefore, this review explores the multifaceted impacts of the MD on GC prevention, delving into its anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and molecular mechanisms.

Dairy fat has a unique lipid profile; it is rich in short- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids that induce ketone production and has a balanced ω6/ω3 ratio that promotes cognitive development in early life. Moreover, the high consumption of vegetable oils in pregnant and lactating women raises concerns regarding the quality of lipids provided to offspring. Here, we investigate maternal dairy fat intake during gestation and lactation in a highly valuable primate model for infant nutritional studies, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Two experimental diets are provided to gestant mouse lemurs: a dairy fat-based (DF) or vegetable fat-based diet (VF). The psychomotor performance of neonates is tested during their first 30 days. Across all tasks, we observe more successful neonates born to mothers fed a DF diet. A greater rate of falls is observed in 8-day-old VF neonates, which is associated with delayed psychomotor development. Our findings suggest the potential benefits of lipids originating from a lactovegetarian diet compared with those originating from a vegan diet for the psychomotor development of neonates.

In response to a perceived epidemic of coronary heart disease, Ancel Keys introduced the lipid-heart hypothesis in 1953 which asserted that high intakes of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol lead to atherosclerosis and that consuming less fat and cholesterol, and replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat, would reduce serum cholesterol and consequently the risk of heart disease. Keys proposed an equation that would predict the concentration of serum cholesterol (ΔChol.) from the consumption of saturated fat (ΔS), polyunsaturated fat (ΔP), and cholesterol (ΔZ): ΔChol. = 1.2(2ΔS - ΔP) + 1.5ΔZ. However, the Keys equation conflated natural saturated fat and industrial trans-fat into a single parameter and considered only linoleic acid as the polyunsaturated fat. This ignored the widespread consumption of trans-fat and its effects on serum cholesterol and promoted an imbalance of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids in the diet. Numerous observational, epidemiological, interventional, and autopsy studies have failed to validate the Keys equation and the lipid-heart hypothesis. Nevertheless, these have been the cornerstone of national and international dietary guidelines which have focused disproportionately on heart disease and much less so on cancer and metabolic disorders, which have steadily increased since the adoption of this hypothesis.

Nutritional guidelines for postmenopausal women differ. This study aimed to assess postmenopausal women's knowledge, beliefs, and practices regarding nutrition during menopause and their dietary habits.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in a menopause clinic, and data from 105 women were analyzed. A nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAP) questionnaire was designed, structured, and piloted before implementation, based on the Hellenic dietary guidelines. International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Greek version, MedDietScore, and Menopause-specific Quality of Life questionnaires were administered.

The mean ± SD age of the women was 56.9 ± 4.6 years. The mean ± SD KAP score was 12.2 ± 3.5. Those who lived in rural areas had lower KAP scores than those who lived in urban areas ( P = 0.004). Of all the women, 74.5% knew the Mediterranean diet pyramid, whereas 9.8% knew the Hellenic dietary guidelines. Women who had read the guidelines showed better knowledge of Mediterranean diet food groups (Pearson, 0.309; P = 0.039). Knowledge of dairy services was correlated with consumption of dairy products ( P = 0.002). Furthermore, 76.4% were willing to participate in nutrition education programs. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire score was positively correlated with years of smoking ( P = 0.002). Physical activity correlated with adherence to the Mediterranean diet ( P = 0.044).

The majority of postmenopausal Greek women in this study were unaware of the Hellenic dietary guidelines. In general, women's knowledge of nutrition during menopause was moderate. Greek postmenopausal women are willing to participate in nutrition education programs, which should raise awareness of healthy lifestyles through nutrition, exercise, and smoking cessation.

Lipids, together with lipoprotein particles, are the cause of atherosclerosis, which is a pathology of the cardiovascular system. In addition, it affects inflammatory processes and affects the vessels and heart. In pharmaceutical answer to this, statins are considered a first-stage treatment method to block cholesterol synthesis. Many times, additional drugs are also used with this method to lower lipid concentrations in order to achieve certain values of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Recent advances in photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a new cancer treatment have gained the therapy much attention as a minimally invasive and highly selective method. Photodynamic therapy has been proven more effective than chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy alone in numerous studies. Consequently, photodynamic therapy research has expanded in many fields of medicine due to its increased therapeutic effects and reduced side effects. Currently, PDT is the most commonly used therapy for treating age-related macular degeneration, as well as inflammatory diseases, and skin infections. The effectiveness of photodynamic therapy against a number of pathogens has also been demonstrated in various studies. Also, PDT has been used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and hyperplasia of the arterial intima. This review evaluates the effectiveness and usefulness of photodynamic therapy in cardiovascular diseases. According to the analysis, photodynamic therapy is a promising approach for treating cardiovascular diseases and may lead to new clinical trials and management standards. Our review addresses the used therapeutic strategies and also describes new therapeutic strategies to reduce the cardiovascular burden that is induced by lipids.