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Nezbedova L, McGhie T, Mehta S, Christensen M, Nasef NA, Heyes J. Using the orchard-to-fork approach in designing nutritional trials: the apple phenolics case. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2025; 17:2878-2886. [PMID: 40126207 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay02017k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2025]
Abstract
Nutritional trials often yield inconsistent results due to the lack of standardised study designs, especially when evaluating the health benefits of fruits and vegetables. Apple phenolics, linked to various health benefits, have particular challenges in human nutritional studies due to compositional changes influenced by factors like fruit maturity, growing conditions, tissue type, and processing methods. This study applied an 'orchard-to-fork' approach to evaluate Monty's Surprise apple phenolics in the skin and flesh, controlling for harvest procedures, fruit maturity, and seasonal impact. It further assessed processing methods to preserve phenolic content, with the goal of developing a standardised material for dietary intervention trials. Monty's Surprise apples were collected over two seasons following standardised harvesting protocols and various fruit maturity parameters (firmness, starch pattern, and total soluble solids) were controlled and measured for various apple sizes. Phenolic content in the skin and flesh was analysed with LC-HRAM-MS and compared across seasons. The impacts of processing (pureeing, air drying, and slicing) on phenolic content were also evaluated. Cold storage for four weeks reduced maturity variability across apple sizes. Monty's Surprise apple skin (5270.49 ± 214.95 mg kg-1 FW) had significantly (p < 0.0001) higher phenolic concentrations than the flesh (863.69 ± 12.71 mg kg-1 FW), with procyanidins as the main phenolic group. No seasonal impact was observed. Pureed apples retained significantly higher phenolics compared to sliced or dehydrated samples. Monty's Surprise apple is a rich source of health-beneficial phenolics, and pureeing effectively preserves these compounds. This study offers guidance for the development of standardised apple material for dietary intervention trials to more accurately investigate the health benefits of apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Nezbedova
- School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Tony McGhie
- The New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sunali Mehta
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Noha Ahmed Nasef
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Julian Heyes
- School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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2
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Mierczak K, Garus-Pakowska A. An Overview of Apple Varieties and the Importance of Apple Consumption in the Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:3307. [PMID: 39408274 PMCID: PMC11478947 DOI: 10.3390/nu16193307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2024] [Revised: 09/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, and asthma are increasingly common due to factors like industrialization, urbanization, fast-paced life, stress, sedentary lifestyle, and unbalanced diet in the 21st century. These chronic conditions are a global epidemic, being among the top causes of death worldwide. Preventing these diseases through a nutritious diet is crucial, and scientific studies suggest that appropriate fruit intake, particularly apples, can lower the risk of various health issues. Apples, rich in bioactive compounds, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber, offer numerous health benefits. Regular consumption of apples helps reduce the risk of atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and diabetes, and also provides anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic effects. Apples aid in detoxification, improve digestion, enhance skin, hair, and nail health, and offer protection against cancers, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's disease. Apples have been a dietary staple for centuries, consumed in various forms like juices, sauces, and ciders. The reviewed article emphasizes the health benefits of apples, highlighting their role in preventing civilization diseases. It also discusses the characteristics of common apple varieties and the impact of thermal processing on their nutritional content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Garus-Pakowska
- Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland;
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3
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Wu ZY, Chen JL, Li H, Su K, Han YW. Different types of fruit intake and colorectal cancer risk: A meta-analysis of observational studies. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:2679-2700. [PMID: 37213399 PMCID: PMC10198059 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i17.2679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies investigating the relationship between intake of different types of fruit and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk have yielded inconsistent results.
AIM To perform a meta-analysis of existing studies to assess the association between the intake of different kinds of fruit and the incidence of CRC.
METHODS We searched online literature databases including PubMed, Embase, WOS, and Cochrane Library for relevant articles available up to August 2022. With data extracted from observational studies, odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were assessed using random-effects models. A funnel plot and Egger’s test were used to determine publication bias. Furthermore, subgroup analysis and dose-response analysis were performed. All analyses were conducted using R (version 4.1.3).
RESULTS Twenty-four eligible studies involving 1068158 participants were included in this review. The meta-analysis showed that compared to a low intake, a higher intake of citrus, apples, watermelon, and kiwi reduced the risk of CRC by 9% [OR (95%CI) = 0.91 (0.85-0.97)], 25% [OR (95%CI) = 0.75 (0.66-0.85)], 26% [OR (95%CI) = 0.74 (0.58-0.94)], 13% [OR (95%CI) = 0.87 (0.78-0.96)], respectively. No significant association was observed between the intake of other types of fruit and the risk of CRC. In the dose-response analysis, a nonlinear association was found [R (95%CI) = -0.0031 (-0.0047 to -0.0014)] between citrus intake and CRC risk (P < 0.001), with the risk minimized around 120 g/d (OR = 0.85), while no significant dose-response correlation was observed after continued increase in intake.
CONCLUSION We found that a higher intake of citrus, apples, watermelon, and kiwi was negatively associated with the risk of CRC, while the intake of other types of fruits were not significantly associated with CRC. Citrus intake showed a non-linear dose-response relationship with the risk of CRC. This meta-analysis provides further evidence that a higher intake of specific types of fruit is effective in preventing the occurrence of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Ying Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646099, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jia-Li Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646099, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646099, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ke Su
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646099, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yun-Wei Han
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646099, Sichuan Province, China
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Bell S, Kunz A, Damerow L, Blanke M. [Effect of Soil Contamination on the Reflective Properties of Reflective Groundcovers]. ERWERBS-OBSTBAU 2023; 65:215-229. [PMID: 37006815 PMCID: PMC9812350 DOI: 10.1007/s10341-022-00799-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present work was to study the effects of contamination on the reflective properties of groundcovers used for enhancing fruit colouration in the orchard. Contamination also affects longevity and possible sustainable re-use of materials. A white, woven textile (polypropylene Lumilys™) and silver aluminium foil were experimentally contaminated with soil, similar to the situation after an autumn storm in a fruit orchard. Clean material served as control.Using a spectrophotometer (StellarNet; Tampa, FL, USA), vertically directed (0°) and diffuse (45°) light reflection in the range of 500-850 nm was compared from clean and contaminated groundcover in the laboratory. Reflection from vertically directed aluminium foil exceeded that of Lumilys™; however, the highest reflection in all spectral measurements was at 45° (diffuse) from the clean woven textile, i.e., in all directions, and exceeded that of aluminium foil. In contrast, the contaminated vertically directed (0°) aluminium foil reflected less light than the clear foil but, surprisingly, reflected much more light at 45° than the clean foil. Both materials showed reflection peaks at 625-640 nm; light spectra and peaks remained unchanged irrespective of soil contamination.Light reflection in the visible range (PAR, 400-700 nm) was concomitantly measured in the field at CKA Klein-Altendorf near Bonn (50°N), Germany, at 0.5 m and 1 m height using a portable TRP‑3 light sensor (PP-Systems, Amesbury, MA, USA) on sunny and cloudy days at a solar angle of 49°. Surprisingly, in these field measurements, Lumilys and aluminium foil reflected most light in both directions (0° and 45°) when slightly to moderately contaminated. Only with heavy contamination did the reflection decrease. Both groundcovers reflected more light than the grass in alleyways of fruit orchards or open soil under the trees.UV‑B reflection (280-315 nm) was examined in parallel in the field using an X1 optometer (Gigahertz Optik, Türkenfels, Deutschland), as it enhances anthocyanin biosynthesis and red fruit colouration in combination with PAR and low temperature. Straight (0°) UV‑B reflection from aluminium foil exceeded that from white woven textile (Lumilys™) on both clear and overcast autumn days. As expected, straight (0°) UV‑B reflection from aluminium foil decreased with soil contamination to a certain extent, but it unexpectedly increased from the woven textile with soil contamination.Surface roughness in dependence of contamination was measured non-destructively by a profilometer type VR5200 (Keyence, Osaka, Japan). The roughness index, Sa, increased from 22 to 28 µm with soil contamination of the woven textile and from to 2 to 11 µm with aluminium foil, possibly explaining differences in the observed reflectivity.Overall, the expected severe decline in light reflection (PAR and UV-B) was not seen. In contrast, light (2-3 g soil/m2) and moderate (4-12 g soil/m2) contamination improved light reflection of PAR (400-700 nm) and UV‑B (280-315 nm) by woven textile (Lumilys™) and aluminum foil. Thus, with slight contamination the materials can be reused, whereas severe contamination (24-51 g soil/m2) reduces light reflection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Blanke
- INRES-Gartenbauwissenschaften, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Deutschland
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Koseoğlu A, Al-Taie A. The potential chemo-preventive roles of Malus domestica against the risk of colorectal cancer: A suggestive insight into clinical application. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 52:360-364. [PMID: 36513476 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Biologically active compounds in fruit-derived ingredients, particularly phytochemicals, have significant potential to modulate and mitigate many pathological processes in the development of disease conditions, including cancer. Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major public health issue. Nonetheless, prevention is an important step in lowering the rate of mortality from this cancer. Currently, the link between apple consumption and improved health is becoming remarkably evident and is reported to be beneficial for human health. Phytochemicals, such as flavonoids and other polyphenol compounds extensively available in apple fruits, have well-known positive effects on health outcomes and the potential to combat and prevent the development of CRC, including antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-carcinogenic effects. This review describes the bioactive compounds derived from apple fruits, particularly the polyphenols and flavonoids, their proposed mechanisms responsible for their bioactive properties and health-promoting attributes that could provide potential chemo-preventive effects against the risk of CRC development. The conclusion of the review provides insights into the potential effects of apple-derived bioactive compounds and proposes the need for more clinical studies in large trials for future strategies regarding the valuable effects of apple phytochemicals, which might be therapeutic candidates in the campaign against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aygül Koseoğlu
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Anmar Al-Taie
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Nezbedova L, McGhie T, Christensen M, Heyes J, Nasef NA, Mehta S. Onco-Preventive and Chemo-Protective Effects of Apple Bioactive Compounds. Nutrients 2021; 13:4025. [PMID: 34836282 PMCID: PMC8618396 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. Epidemiological studies have strongly linked a diet high in fruits to a lower incidence of cancer. Furthermore, extensive research shows that secondary plant metabolites known as phytochemicals, which are commonly found in fruits, have onco-preventive and chemo-protective effects. Apple is a commonly consumed fruit worldwide that is available all year round and is a rich source of phytochemicals. In this review, we summarize the association of apple consumption with cancer incidence based on findings from epidemiological and cohort studies. We further provide a comprehensive review of the main phytochemical patterns observed in apples and their bioavailability after consumption. Finally, we report on the latest findings from in vitro and in vivo studies highlighting some of the key molecular mechanisms targeted by apple phytochemicals in relation to inhibiting multiple 'hallmarks of cancer' that are important in the progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Nezbedova
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.N.); (J.H.)
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Tony McGhie
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Mark Christensen
- Heritage Food Crops Research Trust, Whanganui 4501, New Zealand;
| | - Julian Heyes
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.N.); (J.H.)
| | - Noha Ahmed Nasef
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Sunali Mehta
- Pathology Department, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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7
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Bars-Cortina D, Martínez-Bardají A, Macià A, Motilva MJ, Piñol-Felis C. Consumption evaluation of one apple flesh a day in the initial phases prior to adenoma/adenocarcinoma in an azoxymethane rat colon carcinogenesis model. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 83:108418. [PMID: 32592950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth cancer with the most new cases reported in 2018 worldwide. Consumption of fruit and vegetables is a protective factor against the risk of CRC. Beyond this, flavonoids could orchestrate these healthy effects. Apart from containing the typical apple flavonoids, red-fleshed apples also contain anthocyanins, mainly cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (Cy3Gal). Through an azoxymethane rat carcinogenesis model, a study was carried out in order to assess the possible protective effects of apple polyphenols, with special attention to anthocyanins. In addition, apart from negative and positive controls, a group with chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil (5FU) was included to compare their performance against the output collected from the animal treatments with white-fleshed apple (WF), red-fleshed apple (RF) and Cy3Gal (AE). Although the 5FU group presented the best performance towards aberrant crypt foci (ACF) inhibition (70.1%), rats fed with white-fleshed apples ('Golden Smoothee') were able to achieve 41.3% ACF inhibition, while none of the challenged treatments (WF, RF and AE) suffered mucin depletion in their colonocytes. Expression changes of 17 genes related to CRC were assessed. In detail, the ACF inhibition phenotype detected in 5FU and WF groups could be explained through the expression changes detected in the apoptosis-related genes of Aurka, p53 and Cox2. Moreover, in the apple consumption groups (WF and RF), a reduced protein expression of matrix metalloproteinases with gelatinase activity (MMP-2 and 9) was detected. Overall, our study suggests an effect of apple polyphenols and apple anthocyanin Cy3Gal against colon carcinogenesis, retarding/diminishing the appearance of the precancerous markers studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bars-Cortina
- Food Technology Department, XaRTA-TPV, Agrotecnio Center, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
| | | | - Alba Macià
- Food Technology Department, XaRTA-TPV, Agrotecnio Center, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María-Jose Motilva
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV) (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-CSIC, Universidad de la Rioja, Gobierno de la Rioja), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
| | - Carme Piñol-Felis
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Fundació Dr. Pifarré-IRBLleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.
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8
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Significance of FRAP, DPPH, and CUPRAC assays for antioxidant activity determination in apple fruit extracts. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Serra-Majem L, Román-Viñas B, Sanchez-Villegas A, Guasch-Ferré M, Corella D, La Vecchia C. Benefits of the Mediterranean diet: Epidemiological and molecular aspects. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 67:1-55. [PMID: 31254553 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
More than 50 years after the Seven Countries Study, a large number of epidemiological studies have explored the relationship between the Mediterranean diet (MD) and health, through observational, case-control, some longitudinal and a few experimental studies. The overall results show strong evidence suggesting a protective effect of the MD mainly on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and certain types of cancer. The beneficial effects have been attributed to the types of food consumed, total dietary pattern, components in the food, cooking techniques, eating behaviors and lifestyle behaviors, among others. The aim of this article is to review and summarize the knowledge derived from the literature focusing on the benefits of the MD on health, including those that have been extensively investigated (CVD, cancer) along with more recent issues such as mental health, immunity, quality of life, etc. The review begins with a brief description of the MD and its components. Then we present a review of studies evaluating metabolic biomarkers and genotypes in relation to the MD. Other sections are dedicated to observation and intervention studies for various pathologies. Finally, some insights into the relationship between the MD and sustainability are explored. In conclusion, the research undertaken on metabolomics approaches has identified potential markers for certain MD components and patterns, but more investigation is needed to obtain valid measures. Further evaluation of gene-MD interactions are also required to better understand the mechanisms by which the MD diet exerts its beneficial effects on health. Observation and intervention studies, particularly PREDIMED, have provided invaluable data on the benefits of the MD for a wide range of chronic diseases. However further research is needed to explore the effects of other lifestyle components associated with Mediterranean populations, its environmental impact, as well as the MD extrapolation to non-Mediterranean contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluis Serra-Majem
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain; Preventive Medicine Service, Centro Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil (CHUIMI), Canarian Health Service, Las Palmas, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Nutrition Research Foundation, University of Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Blanca Román-Viñas
- Nutrition Research Foundation, University of Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona, Spain; School of Health and Sport Sciences (EUSES), Universitat de Girona, Salt, Spain; Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Sanchez-Villegas
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Guasch-Ferré
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit. Department of Preventive Medicine. University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
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10
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Trošt K, Ulaszewska MM, Stanstrup J, Albanese D, De Filippo C, Tuohy KM, Natella F, Scaccini C, Mattivi F. Host: Microbiome co-metabolic processing of dietary polyphenols - An acute, single blinded, cross-over study with different doses of apple polyphenols in healthy subjects. Food Res Int 2018; 112:108-128. [PMID: 30131118 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Apples are one of the most commonly consumed fruits and their high polyphenol content is considered one of the most important determinants of their health-promoting activities. Here we studied the nutrikinetics of apple polyphenols by UHPLC-HRMS metabolite fingerprinting, comparing bioavailability when consumed in a natural or a polyphenol-enriched cloudy apple juice. Twelve men and women participated in an acute single blind controlled crossover study in which they consumed 250 mL of cloudy apple juice (CAJ), Crispy Pink apple variety, or 250 mL of the same juice enriched with 750 mg of an apple polyphenol extract (PAJ). Plasma and whole blood were collected at time 0, 1, 2, 3 and 5 h. Urine was collected at time 0 and 0-2, 2-5, 5-8, and 8-24 h after juice consumption. Faecal samples were collected from each individual during the study for 16S rRNA gene profiling. As many as 110 metabolites were significantly elevated following intake of polyphenol enriched cloudy apple juice, with large inter-individual variations. The comparison of the average area under the curve of circulating metabolites in plasma and in urine of volunteers consuming either the CAJ or the PAJ demonstrated a stable metabotype, suggesting that an increase in polyphenol concentration in fruit does not limit their bioavailability upon ingestion. Faecal bacteria were correlated with specific microbial catabolites derived from apple polyphenols. Human metabolism of apple polyphenols is a co-metabolic process between human encoded activities and those of our resident microbiota. Here we have identified specific blood and urine metabolic biomarkers of apple polyphenol intake and identified putative associations with specific genera of faecal bacteria, associations which now need confirmation in specifically designed mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajetan Trošt
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy; Systems Medicine, Steno Diabetes Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria M Ulaszewska
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Jan Stanstrup
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Davide Albanese
- Department of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Carlotta De Filippo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Kieran M Tuohy
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.
| | - Fausta Natella
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA), Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Roma, Italy
| | - Cristina Scaccini
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA), Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Roma, Italy
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy; Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
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11
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Abstract
The human gut microbiome modulates many host processes, including metabolism, inflammation, and immune and cellular responses. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the microbiome can also influence the development of cancer. In preclinical models, the host response to cancer treatment has been improved by modulating the gut microbiome; this is known to have an altered composition in many diseases, including cancer. In addition, cancer treatment with microbial agents or their products has the potential to shrink tumours. However, the microbiome could also negatively influence cancer prognosis through the production of potentially oncogenic toxins and metabolites by bacteria. Thus, future antineoplastic treatments could combine the modulation of the microbiome and its products with immunotherapeutics and more conventional approaches that directly target malignant cells.
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12
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Bars-Cortina D, Macià A, Iglesias I, Romero MP, Motilva MJ. Phytochemical Profiles of New Red-Fleshed Apple Varieties Compared with Traditional and New White-Fleshed Varieties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1684-1696. [PMID: 28191939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study is an exhaustive chemical characterization of the phenolic compounds, triterpenes, and organic and ascorbic acids in red-fleshed apple varieties obtained by different breeding programs and using five traditional and new white-fleshed apple cultivars as reference. To carry out these analyses, solid-liquid extraction (SLE) and ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) were used. The results showed that the red-fleshed apples contained, in either the flesh or peel, higher amounts of phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid), anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-galactoside), dihydrochalcones (phloretin xylosyl glucoside), and organic acids (malic acid) but a lower amount of flavan-3-ols than the white-fleshed apples. These quantitative differences could be related to an up-regulation of anthocyanins, dihydrochalcones, and malic acid and a down-regulation of flavan-3-ols (anthocyanin precursors) in both the flesh and peel of the red-fleshed apple varieties. The reported results should be considered preliminary because the complete phytochemical characterization of the red-fleshed apple cultivars will be extended to consecutive harvest seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bars-Cortina
- Food Technology Department, XaRTA-TPV, Agrotecnio Center, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària, University of Lleida , Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alba Macià
- Food Technology Department, XaRTA-TPV, Agrotecnio Center, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària, University of Lleida , Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ignasi Iglesias
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Fruitcentre, PCTAL , Parc de Gardeny, 25003 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Paz Romero
- Food Technology Department, XaRTA-TPV, Agrotecnio Center, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària, University of Lleida , Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria José Motilva
- Food Technology Department, XaRTA-TPV, Agrotecnio Center, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària, University of Lleida , Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
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Apple intake and cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Public Health Nutr 2016; 19:2603-17. [PMID: 27000627 DOI: 10.1017/s136898001600032x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Conflicting results on the association between fruit consumption and cancer risk have been reported. Little is known about the cancer preventive effects of different fruit types. The present meta-analysis investigates whether an association exists between apple intake and cancer risk. DESIGN Relevant observational studies were identified by literature search (PubMed, Web of Science and Embase). A random-effect model was used to estimate the cancer risk in different anatomical sites. Between-study heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using adequate statistical tests. RESULTS Twenty case-control (three on lung, five on colorectal, five on breast, two on oesophageal, three on oral cavity, two on prostate and one each on pancreas, bladder, larynx, ovary, kidney and brain cancer) and twenty-one cohort (seven on lung, two on colorectal, three on breast and one each on oesophageal, pancreas, bladder, kidney, endometrial, head-neck, urothelial and stomach cancer) studies met the inclusion criteria. Comparing the highest v. lowest level of apple consumption, the reduction of lung cancer risk was statistically highly significant in both case-control (OR=0·75; 95% CI 0·63, 0·88; P=0·001, I 2=0 %) and cohort studies (relative risk=0·89; 95% CI 0·84, 0·94; P<0·001, I 2=53 %). Instead, in the case of colorectal (OR=0·66; 95% CI 0·54, 0·81; P<0·001, I 2=55%), breast (OR=0·79; 95% CI 0·73, 0·87; P<0·001, I 2=1 %) and overall digestive tract (OR=0·50; 95% CI 0·36, 0·69; P<0·001, I 2=90 %) cancers a significant preventive effect of apples was found only in case-control studies while prospective studies indicated no effect. No evidence of publication bias could be detected for colorectal, oral cavity, oesophageal and breast cancer. However, some confounding effects may be present and related to the consumption of other fruit which have not been considered as adjusting factors. CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis indicates that consumption of apples is associated with a reduced risk of cancer in different anatomical sites.
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Davidson KT, Zhu Z, Fang Y. Phytochemicals in the Fight Against Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2016; 22:655-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-016-0045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Apple intake is inversely associated with all-cause and disease-specific mortality in elderly women. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:860-7. [PMID: 26787402 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515005231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Higher fruit intake is associated with lower risk of all-cause and disease-specific mortality. However, data on individual fruits are limited, and the generalisability of these findings to the elderly remains uncertain. The objective of this study was to examine the association of apple intake with all-cause and disease-specific mortality over 15 years in a cohort of women aged over 70 years. Secondary analyses explored relationships of other fruits with mortality outcomes. Usual fruit intake was assessed in 1456 women using a FFQ. Incidence of all-cause and disease-specific mortality over 15 years was determined through the Western Australian Hospital Morbidity Data system. Cox regression was used to determine the hazard ratios (HR) for mortality. During 15 years of follow-up, 607 (41·7%) women died from any cause. In the multivariable-adjusted analysis, the HR for all-cause mortality was 0·89 (95% CI 0·81, 0·97) per sd (53 g/d) increase in apple intake, HR 0·80 (95% CI 0·65, 0·98) for consumption of 5-100 g/d and HR 0·65 (95% CI 0·48, 0·89) for consumption of >100 g/d (an apple a day), compared with apple intake of <5 g/d (P for trend=0·03). Our analysis also found that higher apple intake was associated with lower risk for cancer mortality, and that higher total fruit and banana intakes were associated lower risk of CVD mortality (P<0·05). Our results support the view that regular apple consumption may contribute to lower risk of mortality.
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Naithani S, Partipilo CM, Raja R, Elser JL, Jaiswal P. FragariaCyc: A Metabolic Pathway Database for Woodland Strawberry Fragaria vesca. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:242. [PMID: 26973684 PMCID: PMC4777718 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
FragariaCyc is a strawberry-specific cellular metabolic network based on the annotated genome sequence of Fragaria vesca L. ssp. vesca, accession Hawaii 4. It was built on the Pathway-Tools platform using MetaCyc as the reference. The experimental evidences from published literature were used for supporting/editing existing entities and for the addition of new pathways, enzymes, reactions, compounds, and small molecules in the database. To date, FragariaCyc comprises 66 super-pathways, 488 unique pathways, 2348 metabolic reactions, 3507 enzymes, and 2134 compounds. In addition to searching and browsing FragariaCyc, researchers can compare pathways across various plant metabolic networks and analyze their data using Omics Viewer tool. We view FragariaCyc as a resource for the community of researchers working with strawberry and related fruit crops. It can help understanding the regulation of overall metabolism of strawberry plant during development and in response to diseases and abiotic stresses. FragariaCyc is available online at http://pathways.cgrb.oregonstate.edu.
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Abstract
High intakes of fruit and vegetables may reduce the risk of cancer at several sites. Evidence has been derived mainly from case-control studies. We reviewed the relationship between consumption of vegetables and fruit and the risk of several common cancers in a network of Italian and Swiss case-control studies including over 10,000 cases of fourteen different cancers and about 17,000 controls. Data were suggestive of a protective role of vegetable intake on the risk of several common epithelial cancers. OR for the highest compared with the lowest levels of consumption ranged from 0.2 (larynx, oral cavity and pharynx) to 0.9 (prostate). Inverse associations were found for both raw and cooked vegetables, although for upper digestive tract cancers the former were somewhat stronger. Similar inverse associations were found for cruciferous vegetables. Frequent consumption of allium vegetables was also associated with reduced risk of several cancers. Fruit was a favourable correlate of the risk of several cancers, particularly of the upper digestive tract, with associations generally weaker than those reported for vegetables. A reduced risk of cancers of the digestive tract and larynx was found for high consumption of citrus fruit. Suggestive protections against several forms of cancer, mainly digestive tract cancers, were found for high consumption of apples and tomatoes. High intakes of fibres, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins were inversely related to various forms of cancer. In conclusion, data from our series of case-control studies suggested a favourable role of high intakes of fruit and vegetables in the risk of many common cancers, particularly of the digestive tract. This adds evidence to the indication that aspects of the Mediterranean diet may have a favourable impact not only on CVD, but also on several common (epithelial) cancers, particularly of the digestive tract.
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Schiavano GF, De Santi M, Brandi G, Fanelli M, Bucchini A, Giamperi L, Giomaro G. Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation and In Vitro Tumorigenesis by a New Red Apple Cultivar. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135840. [PMID: 26284516 PMCID: PMC4540469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative activity in breast cancer cells and the inhibition of tumorigenesis in pre-neoplastic cells of a new apple cultivar with reddish pulp, called the Pelingo apple. METHODS The antiproliferative activity was evaluated in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The inhibition of tumorigenesis was performed in JB6 promotion-sensitive (P+) cells. RESULTS Results showed that Pelingo apple juice is characterized by a very high polyphenol content and strongly inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation. Its antiproliferative activity was found to be higher than the other five apple juices tested. Pelingo juice induced cell accumulation in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and autophagy through overexpression of p21, inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) activity and an increase in lipidated microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain-3 beta (LC3B). Remarkably, Pelingo juice inhibited the 12-o-tetra-decanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced tumorigenesis of JB6 P+ cells, suppressing colony formation in semi-solid medium and TPA-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the Pelingo apple is rich in food components that can markedly inhibit in vitro tumorigenesis and growth of human breast cancer cells and could provide natural bioactive non-nutrient compounds, with potential chemopreventive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauro De Santi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Giorgio Brandi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Mirco Fanelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Anahi Bucchini
- Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Laura Giamperi
- Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Giovanna Giomaro
- Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino (PU), Italy
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Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx continues to be the commonest head and neck cancer in many Western countries. The larynx plays a key role for many essential functions, including breathing, voice production, airway protection, and swallowing. The goals of laryngeal cancer treatment are thus to provide best possible oncologic control, while optimizing functional outcomes. In recent decades, the treatment paradigm for advanced laryngeal cancer has shifted from one of primary surgery (total laryngectomy) as gold standard, toward non-surgical organ-preserving treatment using radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. However, concerns have emerged regarding functional outcomes after chemoradiotherapy, as well as possible decreased overall survival in patients with laryngeal cancer. The purpose of the present review is to review surgical and non-surgical options for treatment of advanced laryngeal cancer, as well as the evidence supporting each of these.
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20
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Francini A, Sebastiani L. Phenolic Compounds in Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.): Compounds Characterization and Stability during Postharvest and after Processing. Antioxidants (Basel) 2013; 2:181-93. [PMID: 26784345 PMCID: PMC4665438 DOI: 10.3390/antiox2030181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper summarizes the information on the occurrence of phenolic compounds in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) fruit and juice, with special reference to their health related properties. As phytochemical molecules belonging to polyphenols are numerous, we will focus on the main apples phenolic compounds with special reference to changes induced by apple cultivar, breeding approaches, fruit postharvest and transformation into juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Francini
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa I-56127, Italy.
| | - Luca Sebastiani
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa I-56127, Italy.
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Guerriero G, Giorno F, Folgado R, Printz B, Baric S, Hausman JF. Callose and cellulose synthase gene expression analysis from the tight cluster to the full bloom stage and during early fruit development in Malus × domestica. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2013; 127:173-183. [PMID: 23934062 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-013-0586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Apple (Malus × domestica) is an economically important temperate fruit-bearing crop which belongs to the family of Rosaceae and its pomaceous fruit is one of the most commonly cultivated. Several studies have demonstrated that the cell wall plays a pivotal role during flower and fruit development. It takes active part in pollen tube growth and contributes to determine the fruit firmness trait through the action of cell wall-related enzymes (i.e. polygalacturonase and pectinmethylesterase). We have investigated the expression of callose and cellulose synthase genes during flowering from tight cluster to anthesis and during early fruit development in domesticated apple. We also link the changes observed in gene expression to the profile of soluble non-structural carbohydrates at different developmental stages of flowers/fruitlets and to the qualitative results linked to wall polysaccharides' composition obtained through near-infrared spectroscopy. This work represents an important addition to the study of tree physiology with respect to the analysis of the expression of callose and cellulose synthase genes during flower and early fruit development in domesticated apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gea Guerriero
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), 39040, Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy,
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Balík J, Rop O, Mlček J, Híc P, Horák M, Řezníček V. Assessment of nutritional parameters of native apple cultivars as new gene sources. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2013. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260050027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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23
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Absorption and isomerization of caffeoylquinic acids from different foods using ileostomist volunteers. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:159-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Köchling J, Schmidt M, Rott Y, Sagner M, Ungefroren H, Wittig B, Henze G. Can anthocyanins improve maintenance therapy of Ph+acute lymphoblastic leukaemia? Eur J Haematol 2013; 90:291-300. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yvonne Rott
- Department of Paediatrics; UKSH; Campus Lübeck; Universität zu Lübeck; Germany
| | | | | | - Burghard Wittig
- Foundation Institute Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics; Freie Universität Berlin; Germany
| | - Günter Henze
- Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
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Tenore GC, Campiglia P, Stiuso P, Ritieni A, Novellino E. Nutraceutical potential of polyphenolic fractions from Annurca apple (M. pumila Miller cv Annurca). Food Chem 2012; 140:614-22. [PMID: 23692744 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The capacities of polyphenolic extracts from Annurca apple peel and flesh to inhibit the glucose and cholesterol uptake by HepG2 cells were evaluated, and compared with those of other conventional cultivars, such as Red Delicious (RD), Pink Lady (PL), Fuji (F) and Golden Delicious (GD). RD peels exhibited the best hypoglycaemic effects, while Annurca flesh appeared the most active in reducing cell cholesterol uptake among the cultivars tested. The influence of the apple polyphenolic extracts on the cell proliferation and oxidative stress was also evaluated. Particularly, RD, Annurca and PL peels decreased proliferation by a 62.5%, 48.0% and 37.5%, respectively, probably due to their prooxidant capacity. Conversely, flesh extracts appeared more protective of cells than peels: Annurca and RD, particularly, proved to be able of increasing proliferation by a 32.2% and 11.1%, respectively, probably due to their capacity of reducing cell physiological radical levels of a 33.3% and 19.9%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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Li WW, Li VW, Hutnik M, Chiou AS. Tumor angiogenesis as a target for dietary cancer prevention. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2012:879623. [PMID: 21977033 PMCID: PMC3184418 DOI: 10.1155/2012/879623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Between 2000 and 2050, the number of new cancer patients diagnosed annually is expected to double, with an accompanying increase in treatment costs of more than $80 billion over just the next decade. Efficacious strategies for cancer prevention will therefore be vital for improving patients' quality of life and reducing healthcare costs. Judah Folkman first proposed antiangiogenesis as a strategy for preventing dormant microtumors from progressing to invasive cancer. Although antiangiogenic drugs are now available for many advanced malignancies (colorectal, lung, breast, kidney, liver, brain, thyroid, neuroendocrine, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome), cost and toxicity considerations preclude their broad use for cancer prevention. Potent antiangiogenic molecules have now been identified in dietary sources, suggesting that a rationally designed antiangiogenic diet could provide a safe, widely available, and novel strategy for preventing cancer. This paper presents the scientific, epidemiologic, and clinical evidence supporting the role of an antiangiogenic diet for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W. Li
- The Angiogenesis Foundation, One Broadway, 14th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Vincent W. Li
- The Angiogenesis Foundation, One Broadway, 14th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michelle Hutnik
- The Angiogenesis Foundation, One Broadway, 14th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Albert S. Chiou
- The Angiogenesis Foundation, One Broadway, 14th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Hyson DA. A comprehensive review of apples and apple components and their relationship to human health. Adv Nutr 2011; 2:408-20. [PMID: 22332082 PMCID: PMC3183591 DOI: 10.3945/an.111.000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an increasing appreciation and understanding of the link between dietary fruit and vegetable intake and improved health in humans. The widespread and growing intake of apples and apple juice/products and their rich phytochemical profile suggest their important potential to affect the health of the populations consuming them. This review summarizes current clinical, in vitro, and in vivo data and builds upon earlier published reports that apple may reduce the risk of chronic disease by various mechanisms, including antioxidant, antiproliferative, and cell signaling effects. Exposure to apples and apple products has been associated with beneficial effects on risk, markers, and etiology of cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and Alzheimer's disease. Recent work suggests that these products may also be associated with improved outcomes related to cognitive decline of normal aging, diabetes, weight management, bone health, pulmonary function, and gastrointestinal protection.
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ROP OTAKAR, JURIKOVA TUNDE, SOCHOR JIRI, MLCEK JIRI, KRAMAROVA DANIELA. ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY, SCAVENGING RADICAL ACTIVITY AND SELECTED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF NATIVE APPLE CULTIVARS FROM CENTRAL EUROPE. J FOOD QUALITY 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2011.00387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Konopacka D, Jesionkowska K, Kruczyńska D, Stehr R, Schoorl F, Buehler A, Egger S, Codarin S, Hilaire C, Höller I, Guerra W, Liverani A, Donati F, Sansavini S, Martinelli A, Petiot C, Carbó J, Echeverria G, Iglesias I, Bonany J. Apple and peach consumption habits across European countries. Appetite 2010; 55:478-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Hagl S, Deusser H, Soyalan B, Janzowski C, Will F, Dietrich H, Albert FW, Rohner S, Richling E. Colonic availability of polyphenols and D
-(−)-quinic acid after apple smoothie consumption. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 55:368-77. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mari A, Tedesco I, Nappo A, Russo GL, Malorni A, Carbone V. Phenolic compound characterisation and antiproliferative activity of “Annurca” apple, a southern Italian cultivar. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rossi M, Bosetti C, Negri E, Lagiou P, Vecchia CL. Flavonoids, Proanthocyanidins, and Cancer Risk: A Network of Case-Control Studies From Italy. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:871-7. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2010.509534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Reagan-Shaw S, Eggert D, Mukhtar H, Ahmad N. Antiproliferative Effects of Apple Peel Extract Against Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:517-24. [DOI: 10.1080/01635580903441253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lin-Wang K, Bolitho K, Grafton K, Kortstee A, Karunairetnam S, McGhie TK, Espley RV, Hellens RP, Allan AC. An R2R3 MYB transcription factor associated with regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in Rosaceae. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:50. [PMID: 20302676 PMCID: PMC2923524 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The control of plant anthocyanin accumulation is via transcriptional regulation of the genes encoding the biosynthetic enzymes. A key activator appears to be an R2R3 MYB transcription factor. In apple fruit, skin anthocyanin levels are controlled by a gene called MYBA or MYB1, while the gene determining fruit flesh and foliage anthocyanin has been termed MYB10. In order to further understand tissue-specific anthocyanin regulation we have isolated orthologous MYB genes from all the commercially important rosaceous species. RESULTS We use gene specific primers to show that the three MYB activators of apple anthocyanin (MYB10/MYB1/MYBA) are likely alleles of each other. MYB transcription factors, with high sequence identity to the apple gene were isolated from across the rosaceous family (e.g. apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, raspberries, rose, strawberry). Key identifying amino acid residues were found in both the DNA-binding and C-terminal domains of these MYBs. The expression of these MYB10 genes correlates with fruit and flower anthocyanin levels. Their function was tested in tobacco and strawberry. In tobacco, these MYBs were shown to induce the anthocyanin pathway when co-expressed with bHLHs, while over-expression of strawberry and apple genes in the crop of origin elevates anthocyanins. CONCLUSIONS This family-wide study of rosaceous R2R3 MYBs provides insight into the evolution of this plant trait. It has implications for the development of new coloured fruit and flowers, as well as aiding the understanding of temporal-spatial colour change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Lin-Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karen Bolitho
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karryn Grafton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne Kortstee
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Postbus 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sakuntala Karunairetnam
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tony K McGhie
- Plant and Food Research, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Richard V Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roger P Hellens
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, (Plant and Food Research), Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
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Koch TCL, Briviba K, Watzl B, Fähndrich C, Bub A, Rechkemmer G, Barth SW. Prevention of colon carcinogenesis by apple juice in vivo: impact of juice constituents and obesity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 53:1289-302. [PMID: 19753605 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that 75-85% of all chronic diseases are linked to lifestyle-related and environmental factors. The development of colon cancer is positively associated with obesity and inversely associated with the intake of dietary fibre, fruit and vegetable. Apple juice is the most widely consumed fruit beverage in Germany. It contains a specific spectrum of polyphenols and other components that may reduce the risk of colon cancer. Epidemiologic studies suggest an inverse correlation between apple consumption and colon cancer risk, although the mechanisms for these observations are not clear. The present review summarizes the preventive potential of apple juices and different apple constituents on biomarkers related to colon carcinogenesis with special focus on the in vivo evidence and the cancer promoting condition of obesity. However, under the cancer promoting condition of obesity, apple juice did not show cancer-preventive bioactivity. In our experiments a cancer-preventive bioactivity of apple juice is lacking in rats under the cancer-promoting condition of obesity. To further investigate, whether this lack of efficacy observed in obese rats might be representative for obese individuals human intervention studies on high risk groups such as obese or diabetic individuals are of interest and will be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana C L Koch
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institute, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Case–control study on beneficial effect of regular consumption of apples on colorectal cancer risk in a population with relatively low intake of fruits and vegetables. Eur J Cancer Prev 2010; 19:42-7. [DOI: 10.1097/cej.0b013e328333d0cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Proanthocyanidins and the risk of colorectal cancer in Italy. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 21:243-50. [PMID: 20012183 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-009-9455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins are a group of polymers of flavanols. Animal and in vitro studies suggest they decrease cancer risk, particularly of colorectal cancer. We used data from an Italian case-control study to investigate whether proanthocyanidins are related to colorectal cancer risk. Cases were 1,953 patients with incident, histologically confirmed colorectal cancer (1,225 colon cancers, 728 rectal cancers). Controls were 4,154 patients admitted for acute, non-neoplastic conditions. A reproducible and valid food frequency questionnaire was used. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) through multiple logistic regression models, including terms for potential confounding factors, and energy intake. A trend of decreasing risk with increasing intake of proanthocyanidins emerged for all classes except monomers. The OR for the highest vs. the lowest quintile of intake was 0.82 for monomers and dimers combined, 0.88 for monomers, 0.75 for dimers, 0.74 for all polymers with three or more mers, 0.84 for trimers, 0.80 for 4-6 mers, 0.79 for 7-10 mers, 0.69 for more than 10 mers, and 0.74 for total proanthocyanidins. The associations were apparently stronger for rectal than for colon cancer, in the absence of significant heterogeneity. These results may explain the protective effect of vegetables and fruit on colorectal cancer.
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Reduced risk of colorectal cancer and regular consumption of apples: Hospital based case-control study in Poland. Open Med (Wars) 2009. [DOI: 10.2478/s11536-009-0033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractExperimental studies in animals and epidemiological evidence supporting the health benefits from apples encouraged the authors to assess the potential protective impact of apples on the risk of colorectal cancer in the course of the hospital based case-control study. A total of 186 incident cases of colorectal cancer — for which the information on histology, anatomic location, and stage of cancer were available — have been enrolled to the study. The comparison group included 211 controls chosen from the patients of the same hospital with no history of cancer and admitted for treatment of non-neoplastic conditions. Interviews of both cases and controls were conducted in hospital settings by trained interviewers. The results showed that the risk of colorectal cancer inversely correlated with daily number of apple servings, but the significant reduction of OR estimates were observed for an intake of one or more apple servings daily (OR = 0.37, 95%CI: 0.15 − 0.91). The risk of colorectal cancer was estimated from the multivariate logistic model including a set of potential confounding variables, such as, demographic characteristics of subjects (age, gender, place of residency, marital status and occupational activity), total energy intake (in tertiles) and intake of vegetables (number of servings per day). No fruits except for apples were significantly associated with the reduced risk of colorectal cancer. The reduction of colorectal risk associated with apple consumption may result from their rich content of flavonoid and other polyphenols, which can inhibit cancer onset and cell proliferation.
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Liu JR, Dong HW, Chen BQ, Zhao P, Liu RH. Fresh apples suppress mammary carcinogenesis and proliferative activity and induce apoptosis in mammary tumors of the Sprague-Dawley rat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:297-304. [PMID: 19072049 DOI: 10.1021/jf801826w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Whole apple extracts possess potent antioxidant activity and antiproliferative activity against cancer cells in vitro. The objectives of this study were to determine the anticancer activity of apple extracts in a rat mammary cancer model induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in vivo and to determine if apple extracts inhibited cell proliferation and affected apoptosis in mammary cancer tissues in vivo. Rats were given the whole apple extracts (0, 3.3, 10.0, or 20.0 g/kg of body weight) by gavage starting 2 weeks prior to DMBA administration and continuing for 24 weeks. Rats treated with DMBA (positive control) developed mammary tumors with 71.4% tumor incidence during the 24-week study. No tumors were detected in the negative control group untreated with DMBA. A dose-dependent inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis by apple extracts was observed (P < 0.01). Tumor multiplicity decreased with increasing apple extracts. Histopathological evaluations of tumors were performed. The proportions of adenocarcinoma masses decreased with increasing apple extracts. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin D1, and Bcl-2 decreased, and Bax expression and apoptosis increased with increasing apple extracts. These results demonstrate the potent capacity of fresh apples to suppress DMBA-initiated mammary cancers in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ren Liu
- Department of Food Science and Institute of Comparative and Environmental Toxicology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-7201, USA
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Jedrychowski W, Maugeri U. An apple a day may hold colorectal cancer at bay: recent evidence from a case-control study. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2009; 24:59-74. [PMID: 19476292 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.2009.24.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors play an important role in the etiology of colorectal cancer, the second-most common malignancy in both genders in developed countries. Evidence has shown that potential cancer-inducing oxidative damage might be prevented or restricted largely by the presence of dietary antioxidants of plant origin, such as fruits or vegetables. The protective antioxidant effect of fruits and vegetables has been attributed to flavonoids, a major class of phytochemicals naturally occurring in fruits, vegetables, and various foods of plant origin. Yet, epidemiologic cohort studies relating flavonoid intake to risk of colorectal cancer have been sparse and inconclusive. Apples are a rich source of flavonoids and have the second highest level of antioxidant power among all fruits, with peels having a stronger antioxidant activity than apple flesh. A recent reanalysis of several case-control studies in Italy demonstrated a consistent inverse association between apple consumption and the risk of various cancers, and among them ofcolorectal cancer. Here we assessed the potential protective impact of apples on risk of colorectal cancer in the course of a recently performed hospital-based case-control study in a country with dietary habits very different from those of Mediterranean region. The results showed that highest risk of colorectal cancer was among older persons and those who were residents of villages or small towns. The risk of colorectal cancer was inversely correlated with daily number of apple servings, but the most significant reductions of OR estimates were observed for an intake one or more apple servings daily (OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.15-0.91). No other fruit was significantly associated with altering the risk of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieslaw Jedrychowski
- Chair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
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Zessner H, Pan L, Will F, Klimo K, Knauft J, Niewöhner R, Hümmer W, Owen R, Richling E, Frank N, Schreier P, Becker H, Gerhauser C. Fractionation of polyphenol-enriched apple juice extracts to identify constituents with cancer chemopreventive potential. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52 Suppl 1:S28-44. [PMID: 18398871 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Apples and apple juices are widely consumed and rich sources of phytochemicals. The aim of the present study was to determine which apple constituents contribute to potential chemopreventive activities, using a bioactivity-directed approach. A polyphenol-enriched apple juice extract was fractionated by various techniques. Extract and fractions were tested in a series of test systems indicative of cancer preventive potential. These test systems measured antioxidant effects, modulation of carcinogen metabolism, anti-inflammatory and antihormonal activities, and antiproliferative potential. Regression analyses indicated that 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging potential correlated with the sum of low molecular weight (LMW) antioxidants (including chlorogenic acid, flavan-3-ols, and flavonols) and procyanidins, whereas peroxyl radicals were more effectively scavenged by LMW compounds than by procyanidins. Quercetin aglycone was identified as a potent Cyp1A inhibitor, whereas phloretin and (-)-epicatechin were the most potent cyclooxygenase 1 (Cox-1) inhibitors. Aromatase and Cyp1A inhibitory potential and cytotoxicity toward HCT116 colon cancer cells increased with increasing content in procyanidins. Overall, apple juice constituents belonging to different structural classes have distinct profiles of biological activity in these in vitro test systems. Since carcinogenesis is a complex process, combination of compounds with complementary activities may lead to enhanced preventive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Zessner
- Former Division of Pharmacognosy and Analytical Phytochemistry, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Lam CK, Zhang Z, Yu H, Tsang SY, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Apple polyphenols inhibit plasma CETP activity and reduce the ratio of non-HDL to HDL cholesterol. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:950-8. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Rossi M, Negri E, Bosetti C, Dal Maso L, Talamini R, Giacosa A, Montella M, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C. Mediterranean diet in relation to body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio. Public Health Nutr 2007; 11:214-7. [PMID: 17686205 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980007000833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Mediterranean diet is rich in fat and starch, and hence may be related to overweight. We therefore investigated the relationship between adherence to a Mediterranean diet and body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). DESIGN AND SETTING Data were obtained from the control group of a network of case-control studies on cancer conducted in major teaching and general hospitals in four Italian areas between 1991 and 2002. An interviewer-administered validated 78-item food-frequency questionnaire was used to obtain information on the subjects' habitual diet. Information on socio-economic factors, lifestyle habits and anthropometric measures was also collected. A Mediterranean diet score (MDS) was derived on the basis of eight characteristics of the Mediterranean diet. SUBJECTS Subjects were 6619 patients (3090 men, 3529 women) admitted to hospital for a wide spectrum of acute, non-neoplastic conditions, unrelated to known risk factors for cancer and long-term modifications of diet. RESULTS In multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, study centre, education, tobacco smoking, occupational physical activity and total energy intake, the MDS was not related to BMI (beta = 0.05 for men and -0.04 for women) or WHR (beta = 0.000 and 0.001, respectively) in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS Adherence to the major characteristics of the Mediterranean diet is unrelated to BMI and WHR, confirming previous data from Greece and Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rossi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, I-20156 Milan, Italy.
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Maffei F, Tarozzi A, Carbone F, Marchesi A, Hrelia S, Angeloni C, Forti GC, Hrelia P. Relevance of apple consumption for protection against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in human lymphocytes. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:921-7. [PMID: 17381982 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507665192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In a single-dosing crossover study, we investigated the ability of apple fruit consumption to protect human lymphocytes against peroxide-induced damage to DNA. Six healthy, non-smoking male volunteers were placed for 2 d on an antioxidant-poor (AP) diet. After 48 h of AP diet, the volunteers were required to consume a homogenate obtained from 600 g of red delicious unpeeled apples or water (500 ml); blood samples were collected 0, 3, 6 and 24 h post-consumption. To evaluate whether the apple intake was sufficient to restore resistance of DNA to oxidative damage, for each subject at any time point the plasma total antioxidant activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and induction of micronuclei (MN) in isolated lymphocytes following hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment were measured. Results indicated a significant inhibition (58 %, P < 0·05) of H2O2-induced MN frequency in the plasma samples collected at 3 h after apple consumption, as compared with plasma samples collected at 0 h (4·17 (sd 1·83) v. 9·85 (sd 1·87) MN/1000 binucleated (BN) cells, respectively). A gradual return towards the value observed at 0 h was recorded starting from 6 to 24 h. MN frequency induced by H2O2 was significantly influenced by plasma total antioxidant activity (r = –0·95, P < 0·05) and by the increase of intracellular ROS formation (r = 0·88, P < 0·05). These findings suggest that the consumption of whole apple provides a useful dietary source of active scavengers to protect cells and tissue from oxidative stress and related DNA injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maffei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Randi G, Pelucchi C, Gallus S, Parpinel M, Dal Maso L, Talamini R, Augustin LSA, Giacosa A, Montella M, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C. Lipid, protein and carbohydrate intake in relation to body mass index: an Italian study. Public Health Nutr 2007; 10:306-10. [PMID: 17288629 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980007226084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo analyse the association between macronutrient intake and body mass index (BMI).DesignA series of hospital-based case–control studies.SettingsSelected teaching and general hospitals in several Italian regions.SubjectsA total of 6619 subjects from the comparison groups of the case–control studies were included in the analysis.MethodsWe obtained data from a validated 78-item food-frequency questionnaire submitted between 1991 and 2002. For various macronutrients, the partial regression coefficient (variation of BMI (kg m− 2) per 100 kcal increment of energy intake) was derived from multiple linear regression models, after allowance for age, study centre, education, smoking habits, number of eating episodes and mutual adjustment for macronutrients.ResultsBMI was directly associated with protein intake among women only (β = 0.68) and with unsaturated fats in both genders (for monounsaturated fats β = 0.27 for men and 0.26 for women; for polyunsaturated fats β = 0.27 for men and 0.54 for women), and inversely related to carbohydrates (β = − 0.05 for men and − 0.21 for women) and number of eating episodes in both genders (β = − 0.42 for men and − 0.61 for women) and to saturated fats among women only (β = − 0.57).ConclusionsThese results confirm and provide convincing evidence that, after allowance for selected covariates including total energy intake, a protein-rich diet is not inversely related to BMI, and a carbohydrate-rich diet is not directly related to BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Randi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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46
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Gallus S, Scotti L, Negri E, Talamini R, Franceschi S, Montella M, Giacosa A, Dal Maso L, La Vecchia C. Artificial sweeteners and cancer risk in a network of case–control studies. Ann Oncol 2007; 18:40-44. [PMID: 17043096 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdl346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of sweeteners on cancer risk has been widely debated over the last few decades. To provide additional information on saccharin and other sweeteners (mainly aspartame), we considered data from a large network of case-control studies. METHODS An integrated network of case-control studies has been conducted between 1991 and 2004 in Italy. Cases were 598 patients with incident, histologically confirmed cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 304 of the oesophagus, 1225 of the colon, 728 of the rectum, 460 of the larynx, 2569 of the breast, 1031 of the ovary, 1294 of the prostate and 767 of the kidney (renal cell carcinoma). Controls were 7028 patients (3301 men and 3727 women) admitted to the same hospitals as cases for acute, non-neoplastic disorders. Odds ratios (ORs), and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were derived by unconditional logistic regression models. RESULTS The ORs for consumption of saccharin were 0.83 (95% CI 0.30-2.29) for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 1.58 (95% CI 0.59-4.25) for oesophageal, 0.95 (95% CI 0.67-1.35) for colon, 0.93 (95% CI 0.60-1.45) for rectal, 1.55 (95% CI 0.76-3.16) for laryngeal, 1.01 (95% CI 0.77-1.33) for breast, 0.46 (95% CI 0.29-0.74) for ovarian, 0.91 (95% CI 0.59-1.40) for prostate and 0.79 (95% CI 0.49-1.28) for kidney cancer. The ORs for consumption of other sweeteners, mainly aspartame, were 0.77 (95% CI 0.39-1.53) for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 0.77 (95% CI 0.34-1.75) for oesophageal, 0.90 (95% CI 0.70-1.16) for colon, 0.71 (95% CI 0.50-1.02) for rectal, 1.62 (95% CI 0.84-3.14) for laryngeal, 0.80 (95% CI 0.65-0.97) for breast, 0.75 (95% CI 0.56-1.00) for ovarian, 1.23 (95% CI 0.86-1.76) for prostate and 1.03 (95% CI 0.73-1.46) for kidney cancer. A significant inverse trend in risk for increasing categories of total sweeteners was found for breast and ovarian cancer, and a direct one for laryngeal cancer. CONCLUSION The present work indicates a lack of association between saccharin, aspartame and other sweeteners and the risk of several common neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gallus
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan.
| | - L Scotti
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan
| | - E Negri
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan
| | - R Talamini
- Servizio di Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Via Pedemontana Occ.le, 33081 Aviano (Pordenone), Italy
| | - S Franceschi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, F-69372 cedex 08, Lyon, France
| | - M Montella
- Unità di Epidemiologia, Istituto Tumori 'Fondazione Pascale', Via Mariano Semmola, 80100 Naples
| | - A Giacosa
- Policlinico di Monza, Via Amati 11, 20052 Monza (MI)
| | - L Dal Maso
- Servizio di Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Via Pedemontana Occ.le, 33081 Aviano (Pordenone), Italy
| | - C La Vecchia
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan; Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
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