1
|
Zhe N, Li Q, Huang N, Li H, Chen H, Zhu P. Hotspots evolution and frontiers of immunotherapy for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia: A bibliometric analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2025; 21:2448888. [PMID: 39819314 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2448888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2024] [Revised: 12/10/2024] [Accepted: 12/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2025] Open
Abstract
Given the growing significance of immunotherapy in addressing the limitations of conventional acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treatments, this study aimed to elucidate the hotspot evolution and frontiers of immunotherapy in AML using bibliometric analysis. With a strict retrieval strategy applied in the Web of Science Core Collection, 2411 publications were obtained and exported. The temporal and geographical distributions of these publications and the countries, institutions, journals, and authors who contributed to the field were investigated. An in-depth content analysis was performed. The United States had various research institutions dedicated to AML immunotherapy. Frontiers in Immunology had the highest number of publications, but Blood had the highest H-index. Marion Subklewe was the most productive author. The current research hotspots of AML immunotherapy included chimeric antigen receptor-T-cell therapy, antibody-based immunotherapies, immune checkpoint blockade, and combination therapy, highlighting the key aspects of immunotherapy for AML treatment and providing comprehensive insights into the research status and advances in this field. Novel immunotherapies combined with chemotherapy may become the primary focus of AML treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Zhe
- Department of Hematology, The First Peoples' Hospital of Zunyi(The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Peoples' Hospital of Zunyi(The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Nanqu Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Peoples' Hospital of Zunyi(The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Peoples' Hospital of Zunyi(The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongyun Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Peoples' Hospital of Zunyi(The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Pinwei Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Peoples' Hospital of Zunyi(The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lysandrou M, Zeiser R. Strategies to enhance anti-leukaemia immunotherapy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2025; 82:102525. [PMID: 40267742 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2025.102525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2025] [Accepted: 04/01/2025] [Indexed: 04/25/2025]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) was an incurable disease prior to allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT), which was proven to be a potent cellular immunotherapy-approach. However, allo-HCT has major side effects, with disease relapse presenting as a frequent complication. Novel immunotherapies aim to reduce toxicity and increase the anti-leukaemia activity of allo-HCT. Technological advancements in genetic engineering approaches enable potent immunotherapeutic activity while limiting toxicities. A biology-driven application of small molecules that target AML vulnerabilities holds promise to enhance anti-leukaemia immunotherapy. Extensive preclinical testing of these approaches is essential to reduce toxicity and to find the ideal combination partners for future clinical testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Memnon Lysandrou
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center University Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center University Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao XS, Chen XT, Chang YJ. Stem cell transplantation indications for patients with acute leukemia determined by measurable residual disease: what we know and what we do not know. BLOOD SCIENCE 2025; 7:e00229. [PMID: 40144893 PMCID: PMC11939945 DOI: 10.1097/bs9.0000000000000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2025] [Indexed: 03/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Acute leukemia (AL), which includes acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), is a hematological malignancy characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of immature myeloid or lymphoid cells. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) remains a therapeutic option for patients with AL. Determination of transplantation indications is a key step in successful ASCT and in curing patients. Currently, the measurable residual disease (MRD) is used as a biomarker for response evaluation, relapse prediction, preemptive therapy, and post-remission treatment selection. In this review, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques for MRD detection. We focused mainly on the residual disease-directed selection of transplant indications for patients with either AML or ALL and provided expert opinions in these settings. We also discuss the challenges associated with transplantation indications and propose expert opinions and future directions for the selection of indications for transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Su Zhao
- Peking University People’s Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Chen
- Peking University People’s Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Ying-Jun Chang
- Peking University People’s Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, No. 11 South Street of Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rafaeli N, Costa DM, Ledesma C, Jain N, Tewari P, Khouri I, Alatrash G, Short N, Jabbour E, Rezvani K, Alousi A, Popat U, Champlin R, Shpall E, Kebriaei P. Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Following CAR T Therapy in Relapsed/Refractory Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2025; 25:e374-e377. [PMID: 39955258 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2025.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2024] [Revised: 01/10/2025] [Accepted: 01/13/2025] [Indexed: 02/17/2025]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Rafaeli
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| | - David Marin Costa
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Celina Ledesma
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Nitin Jain
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Priti Tewari
- Division of Pediatrics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Issa Khouri
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gheath Alatrash
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Nicholas Short
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Elias Jabbour
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Katayoun Rezvani
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Amin Alousi
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Uday Popat
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Richard Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Elizabeth Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Partow Kebriaei
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jamil A, Qureshi Z, Siddique R, Altaf F, Jamil R, Wali N. A Meta-analysis on Effects of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapy in Relapsed or Refractory B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Am J Clin Oncol 2025; 48:283-289. [PMID: 39956997 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000001176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2025]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review evaluates the long-term outcomes and adverse events associated with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (r/r B-ALL). METHODS We conducted the search in relevant databases up to June 2024. We included clinical trials on CAR T-cell therapy for patients with r/r B-ALL. Meta-analyses were conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V3 and Review Manager 5.4. RESULTS Out of 2659 identified studies, 10 were included in this review. The pooled analysis demonstrated a high minimal residual disease-negative complete remission, with an overall event rate (ER) of 70% (95% CI: 61%-78%, I2 =8 8.35%). Anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy showed the highest efficacy with an ER of 74.75% (95% CI: 61%-80%, I2 = 89.84%). Combination therapies targeting CD19 and CD22 had an ER of 69% (95% CI: 53%-83%, I2 = 82.56%). Significant adverse effects included cytokine release syndrome with a mean incidence of 81.8% (95% CI: 76.7%-86.9%), neurotoxicity at 33.2% (95% CI: 28.1%-38.3%), and hematologic toxicities at 71.9% (95% CI: 66.4%-77.4%). CONCLUSIONS CAR T-cell therapy is a groundbreaking advancement in treating r/r B-ALL, offering high rates of durable remissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Jamil
- Department of Medicine, Samaritan Medical Centre
| | - Zaheer Qureshi
- The Frank H. Netter M.D. School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, Bridgeport, CT
| | | | - Faryal Altaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/BronxCare Health System, New York, NY
| | | | - Neehal Wali
- Vituity Hospitalist Group, HSHS St. John's Hospital Springfield, IL
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu XJ, Liu C, Hu SZ, Yuan ZY, Ni HY, Sun SJ, Hu CY, Zhan HQ. Application of CAR-T cell therapy in B-cell lymphoma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Transl Oncol 2025; 27:2700-2709. [PMID: 39514165 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-024-03774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) immunotherapy with standard treatment for B-cell lymphoma, providing evidence-based support for the more efficient use of CAR-T cell immunotherapy. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search of high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on CAR-T therapy for B-cell lymphoma in the following databases: Wanfang, Web of Science, CNKI, VIP database, and PubMed, up to February 2024. The outcome measures included objective remission rate (ORR), complete remission rate (CRR), and incidence of adverse reactions. Subgroup analysis was performed based on the differences in co-stimulatory domains. Meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4 and Stata software. RESULTS A total of five RCTs involving 1670 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that the CAR-T treatment group had significantly higher ORR (RR: 1.47, 95% CI 1.23-1.76, I2 = 80%, p < 0.0001), CRR (RR: 2.19, 95% CI 2.16-3.79, I2 = 93%, p = 0.005), cytokine release syndrome (CRS) incidence (RR: 34.51, 95% CI 2.27-523.78, I2 = 98%, p = 0.01), neurotoxicity (NT) incidence (RR: 6.00, 95% CI 1.82-19.75, I2 = 80%, p = 0.003), neutropenia incidence (RR: 1.39, 95% CI 1.02-1.88, I2 = 93%, p = 0.03), leukopenia incidence (RR: 1.39, 95% CI 1.04-1.87, I2 = 61%, p = 0.03), and headache incidence (RR: 1.56, 95% CI 1.25-1.95, I2 = 34%, p < 0.0001) compared to the standard treatment group. Subgroup analysis based on co-stimulatory domains revealed that the 4-1BB subgroup had higher incidences of CRR, CRS, NT and leukopenia than the CD28 subgroup; however, the CD28 subgroup exhibited higher ORR and neutropenia than the 4-1BB subgroup. CONCLUSION CAR-T cell immunotherapy demonstrates superior efficacy compared to standard therapy in treating B-cell lymphoma. However, CAR-T treatment can lead to adverse reactions such as CRS and NT. Infusion of an appropriate dose of CAR-T cells (e.g., 100 × 106) may be a strategy to mitigate the risk of CRS and NT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shi-Zhi Hu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zhan-Yuan Yuan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Hai-Yan Ni
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Sheng-Jia Sun
- Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Cheng-Yang Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - He-Qin Zhan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cheloni G, Karagkouni D, Pita-Juarez Y, Torres D, Kanata E, Liegel J, Avigan Z, Saldarriaga I, Chedid G, Rallis K, Miles B, Tiwari G, Kim J, Mattie M, Rosenblatt J, Vlachos IS, Avigan D. Durable response to CAR T is associated with elevated activation and clonotypic expansion of the cytotoxic native T cell repertoire. Nat Commun 2025; 16:4819. [PMID: 40410132 PMCID: PMC12102275 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2025] [Indexed: 05/25/2025] Open
Abstract
While Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy may result in durable remissions in recurrent large B cell lymphoma, persistence is limited and the mechanisms underlying long-term response are not fully elucidated. Using longitudinal single-cell immunoprofiling, here we compare the immune landscape in durable remission versus early relapse patients following CD19 CAR T cell infusion in the NCT02348216 (ZUMA-1) trial. Four weeks post-infusion, both cohorts demonstrate low circulating CAR T cells. We observe that long-term remission is associated with elevated native cytotoxic and proinflammatory effector cells, and post-infusion clonotypic expansion of effector memory T cells. Conversely, early relapse is associated with impaired NK cell cytotoxicity and elevated immunoregulatory cells, potentially dampening native T cell activation. Thus, we suggest that durable remission to CAR T is associated with a distinct T cell signature and pattern of clonotypic expansion within the native T cell compartment post-therapy, consistent with their contribution to the maintenance of response.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Male
- Female
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
- Remission Induction
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cheloni
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dimitra Karagkouni
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yered Pita-Juarez
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniela Torres
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eleni Kanata
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Liegel
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary Avigan
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isabella Saldarriaga
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georges Chedid
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathrine Rallis
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Jenny Kim
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Mike Mattie
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Jacalyn Rosenblatt
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ioannis S Vlachos
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Spatial Technologies Unit, Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Avigan
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dai H, Xu S, Wang Z, Li Z, Cao J, Hu T, Zhou F. Quality of life and symptom burden among hematologic malignancy patients undergoing CAR-T therapy: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2025; 15:17763. [PMID: 40404866 PMCID: PMC12098898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-02720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2025] [Accepted: 05/15/2025] [Indexed: 05/24/2025] Open
Abstract
Few studies have thoroughly evaluated the symptom burden and quality of life (QOL) among patients diagnosed with hematologic malignancies who underwent chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy. In total, 97 eligible patients completed the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy generic scale (FACT-G) at week 4 after CAR-T cell infusion. We used the Common Terminology Criteria Adverse Events (CTCAE) to measure symptom burden of CAR-T patients during the same period. We studied factors associated with QOL using liner regression analysis. During the period of hospitalization after CAR-T treatment, the prevalence of self-reported symptoms among CAR-T patients was highest for fatigue (89.7%), followed by sleep disorders (79.4%) and decreased appetite (66.0%). And the mean score of FACT-G was 69.06 (SD = 13.88). Liner regression analysis showed that decreased appetite (β = -0.30, 95% CI = -7.48 to -1.83, P = 0.002), fatigue (β = -0.28, 95% CI = -7.23- -1.69, P = 0.002), nausea (β = -0.26, 95% CI = -10.50 to -2.16, P = 0.003) and a history of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) (β = -0.21, 95% CI = -13.38- -1.56, P = 0.014) were associated with poorer quality of life. The symptom burden experienced by patients undergoing CAR-T treatment is substantial during their hospitalization, and it is closely associated with a diminished quality of life. It is imperative for clinical medical staff to be attentive to the symptom burden of CAR-T patients and to enhance the effectiveness of symptom management interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Dai
- Department of Nursing, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- School of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuya Xu
- School of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Medical Psychology, The School of Health Humanities, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zengxiang Wang
- Department of Nursing, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingyu Hu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Fang Zhou
- School of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lin Y, Xiao Z, Hu F, Zheng X, Zhang C, Wang Y, Liu Y, Huang D, Wang Z, Xia C, Weng Q, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Qi H, Shen Y, Chen Y, Zhang F, Wu J, Liu P, Xu J, Liu L, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Qian W, Liang A, Zhu X, Wang T, Zhang M, Wang J. Engineered CRO-CD7 CAR-NK cells derived from pluripotent stem cells avoid fratricide and efficiently suppress human T-cell malignancies. J Hematol Oncol 2025; 18:57. [PMID: 40390054 PMCID: PMC12090657 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-025-01712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2025] [Accepted: 05/09/2025] [Indexed: 05/21/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cell malignancies are highly aggressive hematological tumors with limited effective treatment options. CAR-NK cell therapy targeting CD7 has emerged as a promising approach for treating T-cell malignancies. However, conventional CAR-NK cell therapy faces the challenges of cell fratricide due to CD7 expression on both malignant cells and normal NK cells. Additionally, engineering CARs into human tissue-derived NK cells demonstrates heterogeneity, low transduction efficiency, and high manufacturing costs. METHODS The human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) were genetically modified by knocking out the CD7 gene and introducing the CD7 CAR expression cassette to generate CD7 KO-CD7 CAR-hPSCs. These modified hPSCs were subsequently differentiated into CD7 KO-CD7 CAR-iNK cells using an efficient organoid induction method. The cytotoxicity of CD7 KO-CD7 CAR-iNK cells against CD7+ tumor cells was evaluated. Furthermore, we overexpressed the CXCR4 gene in CD7 KO-CD7 CAR-hPSCs and derived CXCR4-expressing CD7 KO-CD7 CAR-iNK (CRO-CD7 CAR-iNK) cells. The dynamics of CRO-CD7 CAR-iNK cells in vivo were tracked, and their therapeutic efficacy was assessed using human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) xenograft models. RESULTS The CD7 KO-CD7 CAR-iNK cells derived from CD7 KO-CD7 CAR-hPSCs effectively avoided fratricide, demonstrated normal expansion, and exhibited potent and specific anti-tumor activity against CD7+ T-cell tumor cell lines and primary T-ALL cells. CXCR4 overexpression in CRO-CD7 CAR-iNK cells improved their homing capacity and extended their persistence in vivo. The CRO-CD7 CAR-iNK cells significantly suppressed tumor growth and prolonged the survival of T-ALL tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a reliable strategy for the large-scale generation of fratricide-resistant CD7 CAR-iNK cells with robust anti-tumor effects from hPSCs, offering a promising cell product to treat T-cell malignancies.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Humans
- Animals
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Mice
- Antigens, CD7/genetics
- Antigens, CD7/immunology
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/transplantation
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ziyun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fangxiao Hu
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiujuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chenyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dehao Huang
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhiqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chengxiang Xia
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qitong Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Leqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaoqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hanmeng Qi
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yiyuan Shen
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pengcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiacheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingliao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Wenbin Qian
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Aibin Liang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Tongjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Mengyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Jinyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hushmandi K, Imani Fooladi AA, Reiter RJ, Farahani N, Liang L, Aref AR, Nabavi N, Alimohammadi M, Liu L, Sethi G. Next-generation immunotherapeutic approaches for blood cancers: Exploring the efficacy of CAR-T and cancer vaccines. Exp Hematol Oncol 2025; 14:75. [PMID: 40382583 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-025-00662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2025] [Accepted: 04/25/2025] [Indexed: 05/20/2025] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in immunotherapy, particularly Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy and cancer vaccines, have significantly transformed the treatment landscape for leukemia. CAR-T cell therapy, initially promising in hematologic cancers, faces notable obstacles in solid tumors due to the complex and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Challenges include the heterogeneous immune profiles of tumors, variability in antigen expression, difficulties in therapeutic delivery, T cell exhaustion, and reduced cytotoxic activity at the tumor site. Additionally, the physical barriers within tumors and the immunological camouflage used by cancer cells further complicate treatment efficacy. To overcome these hurdles, ongoing research explores the synergistic potential of combining CAR-T cell therapy with cancer vaccines and other therapeutic strategies such as checkpoint inhibitors and cytokine therapy. This review describes the various immunotherapeutic approaches targeting leukemia, emphasizing the roles and interplay of cancer vaccines and CAR-T cell therapy. In addition, by discussing how these therapies individually and collectively contribute to tumor regression, this article aims to highlight innovative treatment paradigms that could enhance clinical outcomes for leukemia patients. This integrative approach promises to pave the way for more effective and durable treatment strategies in the oncology field. These combined immunotherapeutic strategies hold great promise for achieving more complete and lasting remissions in leukemia patients. Future research should prioritize optimizing treatment sequencing, personalizing therapeutic combinations based on individual patient and tumor characteristics, and developing novel strategies to enhance T cell persistence and function within the tumor microenvironment. Ultimately, these efforts will advance the development of more effective and less toxic immunotherapeutic interventions, offering new hope for patients battling this challenging disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiavash Hushmandi
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Biomedicine Technologies Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Najma Farahani
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Liping Liang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Vitro Vision, DeepkinetiX, Inc, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mina Alimohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Le Liu
- Integrated Clinical Microecology Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology and NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yu X, Li P, Feng H, Kang J, Li Y, Liu S. CD58 could be a leukemic marker in patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia after multiline therapies. Am J Clin Pathol 2025; 163:644-648. [PMID: 40253622 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqae166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 11/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2025] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As a marker of minimal residual disease in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), CD58 has been reported in B-ALL at diagnosis and short-term follow-ups after standard chemotherapies. However, there are no data available in relapsed/refractory (r/r) patients who have received long-term and multiline therapies, especially chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells; here, we focused on investigating CD58 status in these patients. METHODS CD58 expression on lymphoblasts was detected by multiparameter flow cytometry. CD58 status was evaluated in patients with r/r B-ALL before CAR-T therapy, and the patients who failed or relapsed after CAR-T. RESULTS Among 274 pediatric and adult patients prior to exposure to CAR-T cells (22.3% of them underwent allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, allo-HCT), 228 (83.2%) showed CD58 positivity. Furthermore, among 58 patients who were CD58 positive before CAR-T failed or relapsed after CAR-T (half also received CD22 CAR-T or allo-HCT as a consolidation treatment following CD19 CAR-T), the frequency of CD58 expression was 79.3% (46/58) in all patients and 86.2% (25/29) in patients exposed to CD19 CAR-T cells alone. CONCLUSIONS CD58 antigen was stably expressed in patients with r/r B-ALL after multiline therapies, including allo-HCT and CAR-T, indicating that it could still be a leukemic marker in heavily treated patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Yu
- Division of Flow Cytometry, Medical Laboratory, Beijing Gobroad Boren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Li
- Division of Flow Cytometry, Medical Laboratory, Beijing Gobroad Boren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Heyuan Feng
- Division of Flow Cytometry, Medical Laboratory, Beijing Gobroad Boren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Division of Flow Cytometry, Medical Laboratory, Beijing Gobroad Boren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yafeng Li
- Division of Flow Cytometry, Medical Laboratory, Beijing Gobroad Boren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangyou Liu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Gobroad Boren Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lei S, Gao Y, Wang K, Wu S, Zhu M, Chen X, Zhou W, Chen X, Zhang J, Duan X, Men K. An Implantable Double-Layered Spherical Scaffold Depositing Gene and Cell Agents to Facilitate Collaborative Cancer Immunotherapy. ACS NANO 2025; 19:17653-17673. [PMID: 40304563 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5c01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
Gene therapies and adoptive cell therapy (ACT) are promising strategies for cancer immunotherapy. Referring to their different mechanisms, the combination of these two might result in a strategy with potential collaborative and compensatory effects. However, it is challenging to combine gene therapies and ACT that work in a proper logical order. Here, we developed a double-layered spherical scaffold (DLS) to codeliver mRNA and T cells and constructed an implantable hydrogel formulation, named the GD-920 scaffold. With a diameter of 7 mm, this scaffold loaded primary T cells in the inner layer and the Bim mRNA nanocomplex in the outer layer. While maintaining their bioactivities, GD-920 released gene and cell payloads in a controllable and sequential manner. The mRNA complex from the outer layer was first released and induced immunogenic tumor cell death. The produced antigens then migrated into the scaffold with dendritic cells, triggering a tumor-specific immune response. Finally, activated T cells released by the inner layer attacked the tumor tissue via massive infiltration. We showed that in situ implantation of the GD-920 scaffold is capable of effectively inhibiting tumor growth and is far more potent than that of control scaffolds containing a single payload. Our results demonstrated the outstanding potential of this DLS in combining gene and cell therapeutic approaches to cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sibei Lei
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kaiyu Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shan Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Manfang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Weilin Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiayu Chen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xingmei Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Ke Men
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Locke FL, Munoz JL, Tees MT, Lekakis LJ, de Vos S, Nath R, Stevens DA, Malik SA, Shouse GP, Hamadani M, Oluwole OO, Perales MA, Miklos DB, Fisher PW, Feng A, Navale L, Le Gall JB, Neelapu SS. Allogeneic Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Products Cemacabtagene Ansegedleucel/ALLO-501 in Relapsed/Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Phase I Experience From the ALPHA2/ALPHA Clinical Studies. J Clin Oncol 2025; 43:1695-1705. [PMID: 39946666 PMCID: PMC12058369 DOI: 10.1200/jco-24-01933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2025] [Accepted: 01/31/2025] [Indexed: 04/16/2025] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Off-the-shelf, allogeneic CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell products may improve access to treatment versus autologous ones. We report the phase I experience of the allogeneic CD19 CAR T-cell product cemacabtagene ansegedleucel (cema-cel) and its predecessor, ALLO-501, in CD19 CAR T-naïve patients with relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphoma (R/R LBCL). METHODS In the ALPHA2/ALPHA studies, the safety and efficacy of allogeneic CD19 CAR T cells were evaluated in CD19 CAR T treatment-naïve patients with R/R LBCL. Patients received healthy donor-derived, human leukocyte antigen-unmatched cema-cel/ALLO-501 following a 3-day lymphodepletion regimen of fludarabine (30 mg/m2 once daily), cyclophosphamide (300 or 500 mg/m2 once daily), and escalating doses of the anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody, ALLO-647. RESULTS As of September 26, 2024, 33 CD19 CAR T-naïve patients with LBCL (median age, 66 years; median number of previous therapies, 3) received allogeneic CAR T cells. CAR T-cell expansion was observed following infusion, with persistence observed up to 4 months. The overall and complete response (CR) rates were 58% and 42%, respectively; the median duration of response in patients with a CR was 23.1 months. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were hematologic toxicities. No cases of graft-versus-host disease, immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome, or grade ≥3 cytokine release syndrome were reported. CONCLUSION Allogeneic CD19 CAR T cells demonstrated promising overall and durable CR rates with a manageable safety profile in CD19 CAR T-naïve patients with R/R LBCL, supporting additional evaluation of cema-cel in patients with LBCL.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/adverse effects
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael T. Tees
- Colorado Blood Cancer Institute/Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Denver, CO
| | - Lazaros J. Lekakis
- University of Miami Health System, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL
| | - Sven de Vos
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy Feng
- Allogene Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang D, Stevens G, Flotte TR. Gene therapy then and now: A look back at changes in the field over the past 25 years. Mol Ther 2025; 33:1889-1902. [PMID: 40022444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2025] [Revised: 02/25/2025] [Accepted: 02/25/2025] [Indexed: 03/03/2025] Open
Abstract
Since the inception of Molecular Therapy in 2000, the field of gene therapy has made remarkable progress, evolving from no approved clinical products to 23 clinical gene therapy products today. In this review, we aim to capture the transformative changes in the field by surveying the literature over this period, with a particular focus on advancements in gene delivery vector technology, disease and tissue targeting, and the revolutionary molecular tools that have become central to the field. We also discuss the current challenges facing gene therapy and the need for greater collaboration to ensure its accessibility worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Genetic and Cellular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Gregg Stevens
- Lamar Soutter Library, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Terence R Flotte
- Department of Genetic and Cellular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gao M, Liu Y, Zhao L, Chen J, Wan W, Yuan Z, Li L, Huang Y, Wang Y, Zheng Y. Cell Surface-Tethered Nucleic Acid Therapeutics Program Robust and Tumor-Responsive Enhancement of Adoptive Cell Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025:e2419969. [PMID: 40318090 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202419969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2025] [Indexed: 05/07/2025]
Abstract
The efficacy of adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) against solid tumors is significantly limited by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Systemic administration of immunostimulants provides inadequate support to ACT cells and often elicits systemic toxicities. Here we present cell-surface-anchored nucleic acid therapeutics (NATs) to robustly enhance ACT through synergistic blockade of immunosuppressive adenosine and PD-1/PD-L1 pathways in tumors. Two distinct NATs-DNA aptamers targeting PD-L1 (aptPD-L1) and ATP (aptATP)-are engineered to form partially-hybridized duplexes (aptDual) that can efficiently anchor to cell surface before transfer. Backpacked aptDual spatial-temporally co-localize with ACT cells in vivo and jointly infiltrate the ATP-rich TME. Upon binding with ATP, aptDual dissociates to responsively release aptPD-L1. Concurrently, aptATP scavenges extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine to disrupt the inhibitory adenosinergic axis, thereby sensitizing ACT cells to immune checkpoint blockade by aptPD-L1. This dual inhibition elicited a remarkable 40-fold increase in functional tumor-infiltrating ACT cells, substantially boosting the efficacy of TCR-T and CAR-T cells in multiple solid tumor models, even in immunologically "cold" tumors. NAT backpacks provide a facile, versatile, and safe strategy to augment various ACTs against solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqian Gao
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yingyu Liu
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, P. R. China
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhao
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jin Chen
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Wan
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ze Yuan
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lingyu Li
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yulun Huang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, P. R. China
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, P. R. China
| | - Yiran Zheng
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shah BD, Cassaday RD, Park JH, Houot R, Logan AC, Boissel N, Leguay T, Bishop MR, Topp MS, O'Dwyer KM, Tzachanis D, Arellano ML, Lin Y, Baer MR, Schiller GJ, Subklewe M, Abedi M, Minnema MC, Wierda WG, DeAngelo DJ, Stiff P, Jeyakumar D, Mao D, Adhikary S, Zhou L, Hadjivassileva T, Damico Khalid R, Ghobadi A, Oluwole OO. Three-year analysis of adult patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with brexucabtagene autoleucel in ZUMA-3. Leukemia 2025; 39:1058-1068. [PMID: 40108332 PMCID: PMC12055586 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-025-02532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 12/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025]
Abstract
Brexucabtagene autoleucel (brexu-cel) is an autologous anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy approved in the US to treat adults aged ≥18 years (≥26 years in the EU) with relapsed/refractory (R/R) B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Brexu-cel showed an overall complete remission (CR)/CR with incomplete hematologic recovery (CRi) rate of 73% (CR rate 60%) and median overall survival (OS) of 25.4 months in 78 patients with R/R B-ALL after 2 years in ZUMA-3. Here, we report updated outcomes after >3 years median follow-up. As of July 23, 2022, median follow-up in all patients (N = 78) was 41.6 months. Median OS (95% CI) was 25.6 months (1.2-47.0; N = 78) and was 38.9 months (25.4-not estimable) for responders (n = 58), with 9 patients in ongoing remission without subsequent therapies. Five deaths (none deemed brexu-cel-related) occurred since prior data cut. Benefits from brexu-cel were maintained regardless of age, prior therapies, and subsequent allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT). Subsequent alloSCT was not associated with survival benefit among responders versus responders without subsequent alloSCT. No secondary T-cell malignancies were reported in ZUMA-3 with long-term follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan D Cassaday
- University of Washington & Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jae H Park
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roch Houot
- CHU Rennes, Univ Rennes, Inserm & EFS, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Thibaut Leguay
- Service d'hématologie clinique et thérapie cellulaire Hopital du Haut-Lévêque CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Max S Topp
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Yi Lin
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Maria R Baer
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gary J Schiller
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Mehrdad Abedi
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center Sacramento, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Monique C Minnema
- UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, MS Hematologie, University Medical Center Utrecht, on behalf of HOVON/LLPC, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - William G Wierda
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Patrick Stiff
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Deepa Jeyakumar
- University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Daqin Mao
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | | | - Lang Zhou
- Kite, a Gilead Company, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Armin Ghobadi
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Qi S, Li J, Gu X, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Wang F, Wang W. Impacts of ageing on the efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy. Ageing Res Rev 2025; 107:102715. [PMID: 40058461 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2025.102715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2025] [Revised: 02/19/2025] [Accepted: 03/02/2025] [Indexed: 03/17/2025]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cells recognizing CD19 (19CAR-T) cell therapy has achieved robust clinical efficacy when treating some hematological malignancies, but which patient subgroups benefit mostly remains elusive. Here we summarized the data of 541 patients from 30 clinical trials who underwent 19 CAR-T therapy and analyzed the different clinical responses between young (<44 years), middle-aged (45-59 years) and elderly (>60 years) patients and found that the young patients showed a higher level of complete response (CR) rate. Therefore, we then summarize the advances of studies focusing on the effects of age on anti-tumor efficacy of CAR-T therapy and analyze the reasons for the low CR rate after CAR-T cell therapy in elderly patients with tumors, aiming to provide hints for oncologists to select the most suitable candidate for this cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimao Qi
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Jiaqian Li
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yalan Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Weilin Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Fengling Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ito Y, Suzuki T, Shimomura M, Takenouchi K, Ohnuki K, Shoda K, Kenmochi Y, Yagyu S, Matsuura K, Hayashi R, Nakatsura T. Feasibility of Intratumoral Administration With EPHB4-CAR-T Cells for the Treatment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2025; 116:1227-1238. [PMID: 40029791 PMCID: PMC12044661 DOI: 10.1111/cas.70023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 01/13/2025] [Accepted: 02/05/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents the most common type of oral cancer, and its prognosis remains poor. In this study, we found that almost OSCC cases showed high Ephrin type-B receptor 4 (EPHB4) expression that was mainly localized on the membrane of tumor cells. Therefore, EPHB4 represents a potential target of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy for OSCC treatment. Because the oral cavity can be directly accessed, local administration of CAR-T cells is feasible for treating OSCC. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of intratumoral injection of EPHB4-specific CAR-T cells in OSCC using xenograft models. To evaluate the anti-tumor effect, the SAS OSCC cell line or an OSCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumor was subcutaneously implanted into NOD SCID gamma mice, and EPHB4-CAR-T cells were intratumorally injected twice. As expected, administration of CAR-T cells suppressed tumor growth of both SAS cells and PDX tumor. EPHB4 expression in tumor tissues was attenuated by CAR-T cell treatment, which was accompanied by a reduction in tumor area and accumulation of CAR-T cells. Our findings suggest that intratumoral injection of EPHB4-CAR-T cells represents a potential therapeutic strategy for OSCC.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Receptor, EphB4/metabolism
- Receptor, EphB4/immunology
- Receptor, EphB4/genetics
- Mouth Neoplasms/therapy
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- Mouth Neoplasms/immunology
- Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism
- Mice
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Mice, SCID
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Female
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Male
- Injections, Intralesional
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Feasibility Studies
- Middle Aged
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ito
- Division of Cancer ImmunotherapyExploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer CenterKashiwaJapan
- Department of Head and Neck SurgeryNational Cancer Center Hospital EastKashiwaJapan
| | - Toshihiro Suzuki
- Division of Cancer ImmunotherapyExploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer CenterKashiwaJapan
| | - Manami Shimomura
- Division of Cancer ImmunotherapyExploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer CenterKashiwaJapan
| | - Kazumasa Takenouchi
- Division of Cancer ImmunotherapyExploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer CenterKashiwaJapan
| | - Kazunobu Ohnuki
- Division of Cancer ImmunotherapyExploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer CenterKashiwaJapan
| | - Kayoko Shoda
- Division of Cancer ImmunotherapyExploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer CenterKashiwaJapan
| | - Yuka Kenmochi
- Division of Cancer ImmunotherapyExploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer CenterKashiwaJapan
| | - Shigeki Yagyu
- Innovative Research and Liaison OrganizationShinshu UniversityMatsumotoJapan
- Department of PediatricsKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Kazuto Matsuura
- Department of Head and Neck SurgeryNational Cancer Center Hospital EastKashiwaJapan
| | - Ryuichi Hayashi
- Department of Head and Neck SurgeryNational Cancer Center Hospital EastKashiwaJapan
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer ImmunotherapyExploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer CenterKashiwaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Canelo-Vilaseca M, Sabbah M, Di Blasi R, Cristinelli C, Sureda A, Caillat-Zucman S, Thieblemont C. Lymphodepletion chemotherapy in chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T (CAR-T) cell therapy in lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2025; 60:559-567. [PMID: 40148484 PMCID: PMC12061774 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-025-02539-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2024] [Revised: 09/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2025] [Indexed: 03/29/2025]
Abstract
The development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells, engineered from peripheral T-lymphocytes of a patient with lymphoma, in order to specifically target tumor cells, has been a revolution in adoptive cell therapy (ACT). As outlined in this review, ACT was initiated by hematopoietic cell transplantation (HSCT) and re-injection of interleukin-boosted tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). The innovative venture of genetically modifying autologous peripheral T-cells to target them to cell-surface tumoral antigens through an antibody-derived structure (i.e. independent of major histocompatibility antigen presentation, physiologically necessary for T-cell activation), and intracytoplasmic T-cell costimulatory peptides, via a novel membrane CAR, has been an outstanding breakthrough. Here, focusing on B-cell hematological malignancies and mostly non-Hodgkin lymphoma, attention is brought to the importance of providing an optimal microenvironment for such therapeutic cells to proliferate and positively develop anti-tumoral cytotoxicity. This, perhaps paradoxically, implies a pre-infusion step of deep lymphopenia and deregulation of immunosuppressive mechanisms enhanced by tumoral cells. Fludarabine and cyclophosphamide appear to be the most efficient lymphodepletive drugs in this context, dosage being of importance, as will be illustrated by a thorough literature review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canelo-Vilaseca
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Hémato-oncologie, Paris, France
| | - Mohamad Sabbah
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Hémato-oncologie, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Roberta Di Blasi
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Hémato-oncologie, Paris, France
| | - Caterina Cristinelli
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Hémato-oncologie, Paris, France
| | - Anna Sureda
- Clinical Hematology Department, Institut Català d'Oncologia-L'Hospitalet, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sophie Caillat-Zucman
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Thieblemont
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Hémato-oncologie, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Inserm U1153, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mulvey A, Trueb L, Coukos G, Arber C. Novel strategies to manage CAR-T cell toxicity. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2025; 24:379-397. [PMID: 39901030 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-024-01100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2025]
Abstract
The immune-related adverse events associated with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy result in substantial morbidity as well as considerable cost to the health-care system, and can limit the use of these treatments. Current therapeutic strategies to manage immune-related adverse events include interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) blockade and corticosteroids. However, because these interventions do not always address the side effects, nor prevent progression to higher grades of adverse events, new approaches are needed. A deeper understanding of the cell types involved, and their associated signalling pathways, cellular metabolism and differentiation states, should provide the basis for alternative strategies. To preserve treatment efficacy, cytokine-mediated toxicity needs to be uncoupled from CAR-T cell function, expansion, long-term persistence and memory formation. This may be achieved by targeting CAR or independent cytokine signalling axes transiently, and through novel T cell engineering strategies, such as low-affinity CAR-T cells, reversible on-off switches and versatile adaptor systems. We summarize the current management of cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome, and review T cell- and myeloid cell-intrinsic druggable targets and cellular engineering strategies to develop safer CAR-T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Mulvey
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Service of Immuno-Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lionel Trueb
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Service of Immuno-Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Service of Immuno-Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Arber
- Department of Oncology UNIL-CHUV, Service of Immuno-Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Departments of Oncology UNIL-CHUV and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu S, An L, Yin Z, Lin Y, Ling Z, Deng B, Yu X, Zheng Q, Zhao D, Wu T, Chang AH, Tong C. Five-year outcome of CD19 followed by CD22 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients who relapsed after allo-transplantation. Haematologica 2025; 110:1192-1196. [PMID: 39665213 PMCID: PMC12050930 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2024.286534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 12/05/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Not available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyou Liu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Gobroad Boren Hospital, Beijing.
| | - Lihong An
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Gobroad Boren Hospital, Beijing
| | - Zhichao Yin
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Gobroad Boren Hospital, Beijing
| | - Yuehui Lin
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Gobroad Boren Hospital, Beijing
| | - Zhuojun Ling
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Gobroad Boren Hospital, Beijing
| | - Biping Deng
- Cytology Laboratory, Beijing Gobroad Boren Hospital, Beijing
| | - Xinjian Yu
- Medical Laboratory, Beijing Gobroad Boren Hospital, Beijing
| | - Qinlong Zheng
- Medical Laboratory, Beijing Gobroad Boren Hospital, Beijing
| | - Defeng Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Gobroad Boren Hospital, Beijing
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Beijing Gobroad Boren Hospital, Beijing
| | | | - Chunrong Tong
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Gobroad Boren Hospital, Beijing.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Han F, Jiang Z, Guo Q, Li Y, Li C, Liang X, Han L, Gallant RC, Hou M, Peng J, Xu M. CD19 chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy in murine immune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 2025; 206:1430-1442. [PMID: 40139759 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.20061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2025] [Indexed: 03/29/2025]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by antiplatelet autoantibodies, with many patients refractory or relapsing on conventional treatments. GPIbα, an important autoantigen in ITP, is notably linked to refractoriness, highlighting the need for novel treatments. We assessed CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy's potential in a modified murine model targeting GPIbα. CD19 CAR-T cell infusion accelerated platelet count recovery compared to the control group, effectively depleted CD19+ B cells and CD138+ plasma cells, and markedly reduced anti-GPIbα autoantibodies in vivo. In vitro CD19 CAR-T cells reduced both plasma cells and B cells in the spleens of mice and ITP patients. CD19 CAR-T cell therapy significantly altered T-cell subsets, increasing regulatory T cells, T helper 1 and T helper 17 populations, suggesting a role in modulating the immune response for sustained ITP remission. Monitoring of body/spleen weights and temperature showed no significant cytokine release syndrome, indicating a favourable safety profile. These promising results support the potential of CD19 CAR-T cell therapy as a novel treatment option for refractory ITP, particularly in GPIbα-positive autoantibody patients. Further clinical studies are warranted to assess the safety and efficacy of this approach in human patients.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/therapy
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/immunology
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/pathology
- Mice
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Female
- Male
- Disease Models, Animal
- Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex/immunology
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Autoantibodies/blood
- Middle Aged
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Han
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhengqi Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiuyu Guo
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yucan Li
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chaoyang Li
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Tsingdao, China
| | - Reid C Gallant
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming Hou
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wu S, Wei Y, Qiu Y, Ai K, Chen M, Wang H, Zhang H, Cen Q, Liao P, Ding X, Xie X, Li Y. Inhibition of VEGF signaling prevents exhaustion and enhances anti-leukemia efficacy of CAR-T cells via Wnt/β-catenin pathway. J Transl Med 2025; 23:494. [PMID: 40307793 PMCID: PMC12044824 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 11/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current challenges in Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) -T cell therapy for hematological cancers include T cell exhaustion and limited persistence, which contribute to cancer relapse. METHODS The effects of Axitinib, a VEGFR inhibitor, on the biological functions of CAR-T cells in vitro and in vivo were investigated by comparing CAR-T cells pre-treated ex vivo with Axitinib, as well as utilizing a B-ALL mouse model. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting were employed to detect the expression of molecules related to differentiation, exhaustion, and the Wnt pathway in CAR-T cells. Flow cytometry was used to assess changes in CAR-T cell differentiation, exhaustion, activation, apoptosis, proliferation, and cytokine secretion. Western blotting and flow cytometry were used to assess changes in VEGFR expression. Bioluminescence imaging, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis were used to evaluate changes in tumor burden in mice receiving different treatments, while hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were used to monitor histological changes in the liver and spleen of mice. RESULTS Axitinib treatment notably reduced CAR-T cell exhaustion and terminal differentiation both under tonic signaling and tumor antigen exposure scenarios. Furthermore, CAR-T cells pretreated with Axitinib demonstrated enhanced anti-tumor efficacy and prolonged survival in vivo. Mechanistically, Axitinib treatment upregulated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in CAR-T cells. Using agonists/inhibitors of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway could respectively mimic or counteract the effects of Axitinib on CAR-T cell exhaustion and differentiation. CAR-T cells treated with Axitinib can inhibit the VEGFR2 pathway. CAR-T cells treated with anti-VEGFR2 antibody can activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and prevent CAR-T cell exhaustion. CONCLUSION Axitinib confers resistance to exhaustion in CAR-T cells by modulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suwan Wu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Wei
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingqi Qiu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kexin Ai
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu Chen
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honghao Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyan Cen
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiyun Liao
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Ding
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Xie
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Bioland laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Niu C, Wei H, Pan X, Wang Y, Song H, Li C, Qie J, Qian J, Mo S, Zheng W, Zhuma K, Lv Z, Gao Y, Zhang D, Yang H, Liu R, Wang L, Tu W, Liu J, Chu Y, Luo F. Foxp3 confers long-term efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor-T cells via metabolic reprogramming. Cell Metab 2025:S1550-4131(25)00218-9. [PMID: 40328248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2025.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2025] [Indexed: 05/08/2025]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment, characterized by low oxygen tension and scarce nutrients, impairs chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell metabolism, leading to T cell exhaustion and dysfunction. Notably, Foxp3 confers a metabolic advantage to regulatory T cells under such restrictive conditions. Exploiting this property, we generated CAR-TFoxp3 cells by co-expressing Foxp3 with a third-generation CAR construct. The CAR-TFoxp3 cells exhibited distinct metabolic reprogramming, marked by downregulated aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation coupled with upregulated lipid metabolism. This metabolic shift was driven by Foxp3's interaction with dynamin-related protein 1. Crucially, CAR-TFoxp3 cells did not acquire regulatory T cell immunosuppressive functions but instead demonstrated enhanced antitumor potency and reduced expression of exhaustion markers via Foxp3-mediated adaptation. The potent antitumor effect and absence of immunosuppression were confirmed in a humanized immune system mouse model. Our findings establish a metabolic reprogramming-based strategy to enhance CAR-T cell adaptability within the hostile tumor microenvironment while preserving therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Congyi Niu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biotherapy Research Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Huan Wei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biotherapy Research Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuanxuan Pan
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yuedi Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biotherapy Research Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huan Song
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Congwen Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biotherapy Research Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingbo Qie
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biotherapy Research Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiawen Qian
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biotherapy Research Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shaocong Mo
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wanwei Zheng
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Kameina Zhuma
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biotherapy Research Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zixin Lv
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biotherapy Research Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yiyuan Gao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biotherapy Research Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biotherapy Research Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biotherapy Research Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biotherapy Research Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Luman Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biotherapy Research Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biotherapy Research Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biotherapy Research Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Feifei Luo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biotherapy Research Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lu Y, Zhao F. Strategies to overcome tumour relapse caused by antigen escape after CAR T therapy. Mol Cancer 2025; 24:126. [PMID: 40289115 PMCID: PMC12036236 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-025-02334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2025] [Accepted: 04/15/2025] [Indexed: 04/30/2025] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of B cell and plasma cell malignancies, and numerous promising targets against solid tumours are being explored. Despite their initial therapeutic success in hematological cancers, relapse occurs in a significant fraction of patients, highlighting the need for further innovations in advancing CAR T cell therapy. Tumour antigen heterogeneity and acquired tumour resistance leading to antigen escape (antigen loss/downregulation) have emerged as a crucial factor contributing to immune escape and CAR T cell resistance, particularly in the case of solid tumours with only limited success achieved to date. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of tumour relapse in CAR T cell therapy and the promising strategies that are under development to overcome multiple resistance mechanisms, thereby reducing outgrowth of antigen escape variants. Specifically, we emphasize the importance of designing clinical translational strategies to enhance CAR T cell crosstalk with host immune cells, eliciting endogenous antitumour immune responses through antigen/epitope spreading, which offers a genuine solution to the limitations of targeting tumour antigen heterogeneity in solid tumours with monospecific T cell therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Lu
- Fuxing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fu Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Innovation for Neuro-Oncology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, 119 South 4th Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Marcoux C, Kebriaei P. SOHO State of the Art Updates and Next Questions | Transplant in Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2025:S2152-2650(25)00147-8. [PMID: 40383653 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2025.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2025] [Revised: 04/21/2025] [Accepted: 04/22/2025] [Indexed: 05/20/2025]
Abstract
The landscape of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment is rapidly evolving, with new therapies challenging traditional treatment paradigms. While allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) remains essential for many high-risk patients, advances in measurable residual disease (MRD) monitoring and the increasing use of immunotherapies in earlier treatment lines have reshaped transplant decision-making. Improvements in donor availability, conditioning strategies, and post-transplant care have expanded access and improved survival, yet relapse and toxicity remain major challenges. This review examines the evolving role of allo-HCT in ALL, highlighting key advancements and ongoing challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Marcoux
- Division of Hematology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Partow Kebriaei
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
De Angelis B, D’Amore ML, Lecot P, Neininger K, Lorrain M, Gambotti L, Dreuillet C, Courcault E, Chatterjee S, Delgado J, Galy A, Franz P, Rodriguez-Madoz JR, Cabrerizo Y, Richter A, Girvalaki C, Noviello M, Tassi E, Sanges C, Luu M, Hudecek M, Kremer A, Locatelli F, Negre H, Quintarelli C. European survey on CAR T-Cell analytical methods from apheresis to post-infusion immunomonitoring. Front Immunol 2025; 16:1567582. [PMID: 40342422 PMCID: PMC12058815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1567582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2025] [Accepted: 03/24/2025] [Indexed: 05/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has emerged as a revolutionary approach to cancer treatment. Given the rapid expansion of new indications addressed by newly developed CAR T-cell products, it is essential to standardize analytical methods for the characterization/monitoring of apheresis materials, drug products, and post-infusion patient samples. Methods The T2Evolve Consortium, part of the European Union's Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI), conducted an extensive anonymous online survey between February and June 2022. Comprising 36 questions, the survey targeted a wide range of stakeholders involved in engineered T-cell therapies, including researchers, manufacturers, and clinicians. Its goal was to address the current variability within the CAR T-cell field, focusing on analytical assays for quality control of apheresis materials, drug products, and post-infusion immunomonitoring. Another objective was to identify gaps and needs in the field. Results A total of 53 respondents from 13 european countries completed the survey, providing insights into the most commonly used assays for apheresis material and drug product characterization, alongside safety and efficacy tests required by the Pharmacopeia. Notably, a minority of respondents conducted phenotypical characterization of T-cell subsets in the drug product and assessed activation/exhaustion T cell profiles. Conclusion The survey underscored the necessity to standardize CAR T-cell functional potency assays and identify predictive biomarkers for response, relapse, and toxicity. Additionally, responses indicated significant variability in CAR T-cell monitoring during short-term patient follow-up across clinical centers. This European survey represents the first initiative to report current approaches in different stages of CAR T-cell therapies via a survey, from drug product quality controls to post-infusion immunomonitoring. Based on these findings, and with input from T2EVOLVE experts, the next step will be to address harmonization in the identified areas. These efforts are anticipated to significantly enhance cancer patients' access to engineered T cell therapy safely and effectively throughout Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biagio De Angelis
- Department of Oncology-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa D’Amore
- Department of Oncology-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pacôme Lecot
- Department of Clinical Research, Institute National du Cancer (French National Cancer Institute-INCa), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Kerstin Neininger
- Information Technology for Translational Medicine S.A., Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Margot Lorrain
- Information Technology for Translational Medicine S.A., Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Laetitia Gambotti
- Department of Clinical Research, Institute National du Cancer (French National Cancer Institute-INCa), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Caroline Dreuillet
- Department of Clinical Research, Institute National du Cancer (French National Cancer Institute-INCa), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Elise Courcault
- Department of Clinical Research, Institute National du Cancer (French National Cancer Institute-INCa), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Sampurna Chatterjee
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Lexington, MA, United States
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc., Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Julio Delgado
- Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Insitut de Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anne Galy
- Accelerator of Technological Research in Genomic Therapy (ART-TG), US35, Inserm, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Paul Franz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Anne Richter
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | | | - Maddalena Noviello
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Experimental Hematology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Tassi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Experimental Hematology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Sanges
- Lehrstuhl für Zelluläre Immuntherapie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maik Luu
- Lehrstuhl für Zelluläre Immuntherapie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hudecek
- Lehrstuhl für Zelluläre Immuntherapie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Kremer
- Information Technology for Translational Medicine S.A., Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Oncology-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Helene Negre
- Institut de Recherche et Développement Servier Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Concetta Quintarelli
- Department of Oncology-Haematology, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mougiakakos D, Meyer EH, Schett G. CAR T cells in autoimmunity: game changer or stepping stone? Blood 2025; 145:1841-1849. [PMID: 39700499 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2024025413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2024] [Revised: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/11/2024] [Indexed: 12/21/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The advent of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has revolutionized the treatment landscape for hematologic malignancies, and emerging evidence suggests their potential in autoimmune diseases (AIDs). This article evaluates the early successes and future implications of B-cell-targeting CAR T-cell therapy in AIDs. Initial applications, particularly in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus, have demonstrated significant and durable clinical remissions, with accompanying evaluation of the immune system suggesting a so-called "reset" of innate inflammation and adaptive autoimmunity. This has generated widespread interest in expanding this therapeutic approach. CAR T cells offer unique advantages over other treatment modalities, including very deep B-cell depletion and unique therapeutic activity within inflamed tissues and associated lymphoid structures. However, the field must address key concerns, including long-term toxicity, particularly the risk of secondary malignancies, and future accessibility given the higher prevalence of AIDs compared with malignancies. Technological advances in cell therapy, such as next-generation CAR T cells, allogeneic off-the-shelf products, and alternative cell types, such as regulatory CAR T cells, are being explored in AIDs to improve efficacy and safety. In addition, bispecific antibodies are emerging as potential alternatives or complements to CAR T cells, potentially offering comparable efficacy without the need for complex logistics, lymphodepletion, and the risk of insertional mutagenesis. As the field evolves, cellular therapists will play a critical role in the multidisciplinary teams managing these complex cases. The transformative potential of CAR T cells in AIDs is undeniable, but careful consideration of safety, efficacy, and implementation is essential as this novel therapeutic approach moves forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Everett H Meyer
- Cellular Immune Tolerance Program, Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Division, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gauthier J, Liang EC, Huang JJ, Kimble EL, Hirayama AV, Fiorenza S, Voutsinas JM, Wu Q(V, Jaeger-Ruckstuhl CA, Pender BS, Kirchmeier DR, Torkelson A, Braathen K, Basom R, Shadman M, Kopmar NE, Cassaday RD, Riddell SR, Maloney DG, Turtle CJ. Phase 1 study of CD19 CAR T-cell therapy harboring a fully human scFv in CAR-naïve adult patients with B-ALL. Blood Adv 2025; 9:1861-1872. [PMID: 39820359 PMCID: PMC12008683 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2024015314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2024] [Revised: 12/13/2024] [Accepted: 12/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2025] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor-engineered (CAR) T-cell therapy elicits high response rates but fails to induce durable responses in most adults with relapsed or refractory (R/R) B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). In a previous clinical trial, we observed anti-CAR immune responses associated with impaired in vivo CAR T-cell expansion after second infusions. Because these CD8+ T-cell responses were predominantly directed at peptides derived from the murine single-chain variable fragment (scFv) in the CAR, we conducted a clinical trial investigating the safety and efficacy of CD19 CAR T-cells engineered with a CAR incorporating a fully human scFv (JCAR021) in adults with R/R B-ALL (NCT03103971). Twenty-three patients received lymphodepletion chemotherapy and JCAR021 infusion. Nineteen patients developed cytokine release syndrome (any grade, 83%; grade 2, 61%) and 12 developed neurotoxicity (52%; grade ≥3, 35%). The overall response and complete response (CR)/CR with incomplete hematologic recovery (CRi) rates were 82% and 64%, respectively. We observed measurable residual disease-negative bone marrow (BM) responses in 82% of those with BM disease and extramedullary responses by positron emission tomography-computed tomography in 79% (CR, 50%) of those with measurable fluorodeoxyglucose-avid disease. The median duration of remission (DOR) was 10 months with a 4-year DOR probability of 29%. Four patients underwent allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation while in CR/CRi after JCAR021. Durable remissions were observed in patients with low BM disease burden. In contrast, the DOR was limited in those with high BM burden. We observed similar outcomes in CAR-naïve adult patients with B-ALL receiving CD19 CAR T cells expressing a fully human or murine scFv-containing CAR. This trial was registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov as #NCT03103971.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Gauthier
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Emily C. Liang
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jennifer J. Huang
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Erik L. Kimble
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Alexandre V. Hirayama
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Salvatore Fiorenza
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Qian (Vicky) Wu
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Barbara S. Pender
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Aiko Torkelson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Kristina Braathen
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Ryan Basom
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Mazyar Shadman
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Noam E. Kopmar
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ryan D. Cassaday
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Stanley R. Riddell
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - David G. Maloney
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Cameron J. Turtle
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lei W, Liu H, Deng W, Chen W, Liang Y, Gao W, Yuan X, Guo S, Li P, Wang J, Tong X, Sun YE, Liang A, Qian W. Safety and feasibility of 4-1BB co-stimulated CD19-specific CAR-NK cell therapy in refractory/relapsed large B cell lymphoma: a phase 1 trial. NATURE CANCER 2025:10.1038/s43018-025-00940-3. [PMID: 40251398 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-025-00940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2025] [Indexed: 04/20/2025]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified NK (CAR-NK) cells are candidates for next-generation cancer immunotherapies. Here we generated CD19-specific CAR-NK cells with 4-1BB and CD3ζ signaling endo-domains (CD19-BBz CAR-NK) by transduction of cord blood-derived NK cells using baboon envelope pseudotyped lentiviral vectors and demonstrated their antitumor activity in preclinical B cell lymphoma models in female mice. We next conducted a phase 1 dose-escalation trial involving repetitive administration of CAR-NK cells in 8 patients with relapsed/refractory large B cell lymphoma (NCT05472558). Primary end points were safety, maximum tolerated dose, and overall response rate. Secondary end points included duration of response, overall survival, and progression-free survival. No dose-limiting toxicities occurred, and the maximum tolerated dose was not reached. No cases of cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity, or graft-versus-host disease were observed. Results showed an overall response rate of 62.5% at day 30, with 4 patients (50%) achieving complete response. The median progression-free survival was 9.5 months, and the median overall survival was not reached. A post hoc exploratory single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed molecular features of CAR-NK cells associated with therapeutic efficacy and efficacy-related immune cell interaction networks. This study met the pre-specified end points. In conclusion, CD19-BBz CAR-NK cells were feasible and therapeutically safe, capable of inducing durable response in patients with B cell lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lei
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education; Biotherapy Research Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenhai Deng
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Liang
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenxia Gao
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianggui Yuan
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmin Tong
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yi Eve Sun
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Aibin Liang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wenbin Qian
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education; Biotherapy Research Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shirzadian M, Moori S, Rabbani R, Rahbarizadeh F. SynNotch CAR-T cell, when synthetic biology and immunology meet again. Front Immunol 2025; 16:1545270. [PMID: 40308611 PMCID: PMC12040928 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1545270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has been transformed by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell treatment, which has shown groundbreaking results in hematological malignancies. However, its application in solid tumors remains a formidable challenge due to immune evasion, tumor heterogeneity, and safety concerns arising from off-target effects. A long-standing effort in this field has been the development of synthetic receptors to create new signaling pathways and rewire immune cells for the specific targeting of cancer cells, particularly in cell-based immunotherapy. This field has undergone a paradigm shift with the introduction of synthetic Notch (synNotch) receptors, which offer a highly versatile signaling platform modeled after natural receptor-ligand interactions. By functioning as molecular logic gates, synNotch receptors enable precise, multi-antigen regulation of T-cell activation, paving the way for enhanced specificity and control. This review explores the revolutionary integration of synNotch systems with CAR T-cell therapy, emphasizing cutting-edge strategies to overcome the inherent limitations of traditional approaches. We delve into the mechanisms of synNotch receptor design, focusing on their ability to discriminate between cancerous and normal cells through spatiotemporally controlled gene expression. Additionally, we highlight recent advancements to improve therapeutic efficacy, safety, and adaptability in treating solid tumors. This study highlights the potential of synNotch-based CAR-T cells to transform the field of targeted cancer therapy by resolving present challenges and shedding light on potential future paths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Shirzadian
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Moori
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Rabbani
- Department of Stem Cell Technology and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nguyen KA, Liu Z, Davies JS, McIntosh CP, Draper LM, Norberg SM, Rae Z, Achar SR, Altan-Bonnet G, Zhang L, Wu X, Meyer TJ, Kelly MC, Taylor N, Hinrichs CS, Ishii K. CD22 TCR-engineered T cells exert antileukemia cytotoxicity without causing inflammatory responses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2025; 11:eadq4297. [PMID: 40203088 PMCID: PMC11980841 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adq4297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2025] [Indexed: 04/11/2025]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells effectively treat B cell malignancies. However, CAR-T cells cause inflammatory toxicities such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS), which is in contrast to T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells against various antigens that historically have rarely been associated with CRS. To study whether and how differences in receptor types affect the propensity for eliciting inflammatory responses in a model system wherein TCR and CAR target equalized sources of clinically relevant antigen, we discovered a CD22-specific TCR and compared it to CD22 CAR. Both CD22 TCR-T and CD22 CAR-T cells eradicated leukemia in xenografts, but only CD22 CAR-T cells induced dose-dependent systemic inflammation. Compared to TCR-T cells, CAR-T cells disproportionately upregulated inflammatory pathways without concordant augmentation in pathways involved in direct cytotoxicity upon antigen engagement. These differences in antileukemia responses comparing TCR-T and CAR-T cells highlight the potential opportunity to improve therapeutic safety by using TCRs.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Humans
- Animals
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2/immunology
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2/genetics
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Mice
- Inflammation/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/adverse effects
- Leukemia/therapy
- Leukemia/immunology
- Leukemia/pathology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kilyna A. Nguyen
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John S. Davies
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Crystal P. McIntosh
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lindsey M. Draper
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Scott M. Norberg
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zachary Rae
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sooraj R. Achar
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Ling Zhang
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Naomi Taylor
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christian S. Hinrichs
- Duncan and Nancy MacMillan Center of Excellence in Cancer Immunotherapy and Metabolism, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kazusa Ishii
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shahid S, Prockop SE, Flynn GC, Mauguen A, White CO, Bieler J, McAvoy D, Hosszu K, Cancio MI, Jakubowski AA, Scaradavou A, Boelens JJ, Sauter CS, Perales MA, Giralt SA, Taylor C, Chaudhari J, Wang X, Rivière I, Sadelain M, Brentjens RJ, Kernan NA, O'Reilly RJ, Curran KJ. Allogeneic off-the-shelf CAR T-cell therapy for relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies. Blood Adv 2025; 9:1644-1657. [PMID: 39908482 PMCID: PMC11995077 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2024015157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2024] [Revised: 12/10/2024] [Accepted: 12/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2025] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Despite clinical benefit with the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, the need to manufacture patient-specific products limits its clinical utility. To overcome this barrier, we developed an allogeneic "off-the-shelf" CAR T-cell product using Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific T cells (EBV-VSTs) genetically modified with a CD19-specific CAR (19-28z). Patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) B-cell malignancies were stratified into 3 treatment cohorts: cohort 1 (n = 8; disease recurrence after allogeneic or autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation [HCT]), cohort 2 (n = 6; consolidative therapy after autologous HCT), or cohort 3 (n = 2; consolidative therapy after allogeneic HCT). The primary objective of this trial was to determine the safety of multiple CAR EBV-VST infusions. Most patients (n = 12/16) received multiple doses (overall median, 2.5 [range, 1-3]) with 3 × 106 T cells per kg determined to be the optimal dose enabling multiple treatments per manufactured cell line. Severe cytokine release syndrome or neurotoxicity did not occur after infusion, and no dose-limiting toxicity was observed in the trial. Median follow-up was 48 months (range, 4-135) with 4 deaths due to disease progression. Overall survival of all patients was 81% at 12 months and 75% at 36 months. Postinfusion expansion and persistence were limited, and CAR EBV-VSTs demonstrated a unique T-cell phenotype compared with autologous 19-28z CAR T cells. Our study demonstrates the feasibility and safety of an allogeneic "off-the-shelf" CAR EBV-VST product with favorable outcomes for patients with CD19+ R/R B-cell malignancies. This trial was registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov as #NCT01430390.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Shahid
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Susan E. Prockop
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA
| | - Georgia C. Flynn
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Audrey Mauguen
- Department of Epidemiology-Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Charlie O. White
- Department of Epidemiology-Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jennifer Bieler
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Devin McAvoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Kinga Hosszu
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Maria I. Cancio
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ann A. Jakubowski
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Jaap Jan Boelens
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Craig S. Sauter
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Sergio A. Giralt
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Clare Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jagrutiben Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmacology, Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Xiuyan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Isabelle Rivière
- Department of Pharmacology, Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Department of Pharmacology, Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Renier J. Brentjens
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Nancy A. Kernan
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Richard J. O'Reilly
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Kevin J. Curran
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Badar T, Luger SM, Litzow MR. Incorporation of immunotherapy into frontline treatment for adults with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2025; 145:1475-1484. [PMID: 39236292 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023022921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Although complete remission rates in adults with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) have improved over the last 2 decades, it is still inferior to that of the pediatric population, and once in remission, the risk of relapse is still high. Furthermore, although pediatric-inspired chemotherapy regimens have improved long-term outcomes for adolescents and young adults, these intensive chemotherapy regimens are not well tolerated in older patients and are associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Immunotherapeutic agents offer a potential opportunity to improve response and decrease relapse without increasing toxicity. The incorporation of rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) into chemotherapy regimens has been shown to improve outcomes. The treatment of BCP-ALL in adults has been transformed with the approval of inotuzumab ozogamicin (anti-CD22 antibody-drug conjugate), blinatumomab (CD3/CD19 bispecific antibody construct), and chimeric antigen receptor T cells for relapsed or refractory disease and of blinatumomab for measurable residual disease (MRD)-positive remission. More recently, studies of inotuzumab and blinatumomab have shown promising results when used up front either with or without multiagent chemotherapy. Blinatumomab has also been shown in a randomized trial to provide a survival benefit in patients with MRD-negative first remission when added to chemotherapy, which recently led to its additional US Food and Drug Administration approval for use in consolidation. In this review, we highlight the evolution of chemoimmunotherapy-based treatment approaches in the management of treatment-naïve BCP-ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talha Badar
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Selina M Luger
- Abramson Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lussana F, Magnani CF, Galimberti S, Gritti G, Gaipa G, Belotti D, Cabiati B, Napolitano S, Ferrari S, Moretti A, Buracchi C, Borleri GM, Rambaldi B, Rizzuto G, Grassi A, Paganessi M, Meli C, Tettamanti S, Risca G, Pais G, Spinozzi G, Benedicenti F, Cazzaniga G, Capelli C, Gotti E, Introna M, Golay J, Montini E, Balduzzi A, Valsecchi MG, Dastoli G, Rambaldi A, Biondi A. Donor-derived CARCIK-CD19 cells engineered with Sleeping Beauty transposon in acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapsed after allogeneic transplantation. Blood Cancer J 2025; 15:54. [PMID: 40180925 PMCID: PMC11968829 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-025-01260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2025] [Revised: 02/26/2025] [Accepted: 03/19/2025] [Indexed: 04/05/2025] Open
Abstract
Non-viral engineering can ease CAR-T cell production and reduce regulatory and cost requirements. We utilized Sleeping Beauty transposon to engineer donor-derived anti-CD19.CD28.OX40.CD3zeta T cells differentiated in cytokine-induced killer (CARCIK-CD19) for B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) patients relapsed after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT). We report the results of CARCIK-CD19 observed in 36 patients (4 children and 32 adults) treated according to the final recommended dose. Cytokine release syndrome of grade 2 or lower occurred in 15 patients, ICANS grade 2 in 1 patient, and late-onset peripheral neurotoxicity of grade 3 in 2 patients. GVHD never occurred after treatment with allogeneic CARCIK-CD19. Complete remission was achieved by 30 out of 36 patients (83.3%), with MRD negativity in 89% of responders. With a median follow-up of 2.2 years, the 1-year overall survival was 57.0%, and event-free survival was 32.0%. The median duration of response at 1 year was 38.6%. CAR-T cells expanded rapidly after infusion and remained detectable for over 2 years. Integration site analysis after infusion showed a high clonal diversity. These data demonstrated that SB-engineered CAR-T cells are safe and induce durable remission in heavily pretreated patients with BCP-ALL relapsed after alloHSCT. Trial registration: The phase 1/2 and phase II trials are registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT#03389035 and NCT#05252403.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Lussana
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara F Magnani
- Tettamanti Center, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Galimberti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Bicocca Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Bioimaging Centre B4, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gritti
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gaipa
- Tettamanti Center, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
- Laboratorio di Terapia Cellulare e Genica Stefano Verri, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Daniela Belotti
- Tettamanti Center, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
- Laboratorio di Terapia Cellulare e Genica Stefano Verri, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cabiati
- Tettamanti Center, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
- Laboratorio di Terapia Cellulare e Genica Stefano Verri, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Sara Napolitano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Silvia Ferrari
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Alex Moretti
- Tettamanti Center, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Chiara Buracchi
- Tettamanti Center, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Borleri
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Benedetta Rambaldi
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuliana Rizzuto
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Grassi
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Muriel Paganessi
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Cristian Meli
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Sarah Tettamanti
- Tettamanti Center, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Giulia Risca
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Giulia Pais
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Spinozzi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Benedicenti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cazzaniga
- Tettamanti Center, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Chiara Capelli
- USS Centro di Terapia Cellulare "G. Lanzani", Bergamo, Italy
| | - Elisa Gotti
- USS Centro di Terapia Cellulare "G. Lanzani", Bergamo, Italy
| | - Martino Introna
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- USS Centro di Terapia Cellulare "G. Lanzani", Bergamo, Italy
| | - Josée Golay
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- USS Centro di Terapia Cellulare "G. Lanzani", Bergamo, Italy
| | - Eugenio Montini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Balduzzi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Valsecchi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Bicocca Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Bioimaging Centre B4, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Dastoli
- Tettamanti Center, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rambaldi
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Tettamanti Center, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rampotas A, Roddie C. The present and future of CAR T-cell therapy for adult B-cell ALL. Blood 2025; 145:1485-1497. [PMID: 39316713 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023022922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T) targeting CD19 has transformed the management of relapsed/refractory (R/R) B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), with the US Food and Drug Administration approval of tisagenlecleucel for pediatric/young adult patients and brexucabtagene autoleucel for adults. Efficacy is contingent upon several factors including disease burden. Emerging data suggest that bridging therapy, lymphodepletion, and, for some patients, consolidation therapy have an important role in the success of treatment. Furthermore, strategies to define and manage immunotoxic side effects including hematotoxicity is critical to safe delivery. Advancements in CAR-T design beyond CD19 represent an ongoing therapeutic evolution. Overall, CAR-T signifies a paradigm shift in B-ALL management, with the potential for improved remission and survival in a historically challenging patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Rampotas
- Department of Haematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University College London Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Roddie
- Department of Haematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University College London Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wachsmann TLA, Poortvliet T, Meeuwsen MH, Remst DFG, Toes MF, Wouters AK, Hagedoorn RS, Falkenburg JHF, Heemskerk MHM. CAR-mediated target recognition limits TCR-mediated target recognition of TCR- and CAR-dual-receptor-edited T cells. Mol Ther 2025; 33:1642-1658. [PMID: 40022447 PMCID: PMC11997489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 01/10/2025] [Accepted: 02/25/2025] [Indexed: 03/03/2025] Open
Abstract
Antigen escape can compromise the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor- (CAR-) or T cell receptor- (TCR-) engineered T cells. Targeting multiple antigens can effectively limit antigen escape, and combining CAR-with TCR-mediated targeting can significantly broaden the spectrum of targetable antigens. Here, we explored whether dual-antigen specificity can be installed on T cells using combined TCR and CAR engineering to prevent antigen escape of multiple myeloma (MM). We report the generation of CD8 T cells that were transduced to express a transgenic TCR, targeting a peptide derived from transcriptional coactivator BOB1 in the context of HLA-B∗07:02, alongside a BCMA-targeting CAR. Those T cells, called TRaCR T cells, efficiently recognized target cells that were resistant to either BOB1 TCR or BCMA CAR T cells, illustrating general dual specificity. In the presence of both antigens, however, target cell recognition was preferentially conferred via the CAR, compromising TCR-mediated target cell recognition. Importantly, this resulted in a survival advantage for tumor cells lacking expression of BCMA in an in vivo model of heterogeneous MM. In conclusion, we demonstrate general dual specificity of TRaCR T cells but advise caution when using TRaCR T cells as a strategy to target heterogeneous tumors.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Animals
- Mice
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Multiple Myeloma/immunology
- Multiple Myeloma/therapy
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- Multiple Myeloma/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- B-Cell Maturation Antigen/genetics
- B-Cell Maturation Antigen/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tassilo L A Wachsmann
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Teuntje Poortvliet
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Miranda H Meeuwsen
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis F G Remst
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke F Toes
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anne K Wouters
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Renate S Hagedoorn
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mirjam H M Heemskerk
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cheng Y, Zhang J, Mu W, Ye S, Cheng J, Zhu L, Wang G, Cao Y, Li D, Hu G, Huang L, Wang J, Zhou J. Dasatinib-resistant universal CAR-T cells proliferate in the presence of host immune cells and exhibit antitumor activity. Mol Ther 2025; 33:1535-1551. [PMID: 39935177 PMCID: PMC11997472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 12/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2025] [Indexed: 02/13/2025] Open
Abstract
The universal chimeric antigen receptor T cell (UCAR-T) immunotherapy derived from healthy donors holds great promise in pan-cancer treatment. However, UCAR-T cell therapy faces a challenge in the rapid elimination of allogeneic cells by the host immune system. To address this, we introduced a T316I mutation in the leukocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) locus in CAR-T cells using the cytosine base editor (CBE) system. Concurrently, we disrupted endogenous T cell receptor alpha chain (TRAC) and beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) with the CRISPR-Cas9 system, along with dasatinib to overcome host immune rejection, an Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitor. The resulting LCK mutated UCAR-T (KM UCAR-T) cells exhibited normal phenotypes in activation, proliferation, differentiation, and tumor cytotoxicity in vitro. Moreover, KM UCAR-T cells demonstrated sustained expansion in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) when incubated with T cells or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HLA-mismatched donors upon dasatinib treatment. Additionally, we illustrated that KM UCAR-T cells displayed antitumor activity in a xenograft murine model and verified the expansion and cytotoxicity of KM UCAR-T over traditional UCAR-T in the presence of allogeneic PBMCs when treated with dasatinib in vivo. These findings offer a novel strategy for UCAR-T cells to resist host immune rejection and achieve sustained expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Cheng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jiayuan Zhang
- Nanjing IASO Biotherapeutics Co., Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Wei Mu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Shanwei Ye
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Gaoxiang Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Dengju Li
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Guang Hu
- Nanjing IASO Biotherapeutics Co., Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China.
| | - Liang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China; Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Tianjin 301600, China.
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ikeda S, Hasegawa K, Kogue Y, Arimori T, Kawamoto R, Wibowo T, Yaga M, Inada Y, Uehara H, Matsubara M, Tachikawa M, Suga M, Kida S, Shibata K, Tsutsumi K, Fukushima K, Fujita J, Ueda T, Kusakabe S, Hino A, Ichii M, Hirose A, Nakamae H, Hino M, Nakao T, Inoue M, Yoshihara K, Yoshihara S, Ueda S, Tachi T, Kuroda H, Murakami K, Kijima N, Kishima H, Igashira E, Murakami M, Takiuchi T, Kimura T, Hiroshima T, Kimura T, Shintani Y, Imai C, Yusa K, Mori R, Ogino T, Eguchi H, Takeda K, Oji Y, Kumanogoh A, Takagi J, Hosen N. CAR T or NK cells targeting mismatched HLA-DR molecules in acute myeloid leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. NATURE CANCER 2025; 6:595-611. [PMID: 40128569 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-025-00934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2025] [Indexed: 03/26/2025]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-specific target antigens are difficult to identify. Here we demonstrate that HLA-DRB1 can serve as a leukemia-specific target of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in patients with AML after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT). We identified KG2032 as a monoclonal antibody specifically bound to AML cells in about half of patients, but not to normal leukocytes other than B lymphocytes. KG2032 reacted with a subset of HLA-DRB1 molecules, specifically those in which the 86th amino acid was not aspartic acid. KG2032 reacted minimally with nonhematopoietic tissues. These results indicate that KG2032 reactivity is highly specific for AML cells in patients who carry KG2032-reactive HLA-DRB1 alleles and who received allo-HCT from a donor carrying KG2032-nonreactive HLA-DRB1 alleles. KG2032-derived CAR T or natural killer cells showed significant anti-leukemic activity in preclinical models in female mice, suggesting that they may cure patients with AML who are incurable with allo-HCT.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
- Animals
- Humans
- Mice
- Female
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- HLA-DRB1 Chains/immunology
- HLA-DRB1 Chains/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Male
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Adult
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Ikeda
- World Premier Interenational Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kana Hasegawa
- World Premier Interenational Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yosuke Kogue
- Osaka Research Center for Drug Discovery, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Company, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Arimori
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Kawamoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tansri Wibowo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Moto Yaga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuri Inada
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Uehara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miwa Matsubara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mana Tachikawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makiko Suga
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kumi Shibata
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tsutsumi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Fukushima
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jiro Fujita
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ueda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kusakabe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihisa Hino
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michiko Ichii
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Asao Hirose
- Department of Hematology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Nakamae
- Department of Hematology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hino
- Department of Hematology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Nakao
- Department of Hematology, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Megumu Inoue
- Department of Hematology, Itami City Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Yoshihara
- Department of Hematology, Hyogo Medical University Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yoshihara
- Department of Hematology, Hyogo Medical University Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shuji Ueda
- Department of Hematology, Hyogo Prefectural Nishinomiya Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Tachi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Kuroda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koki Murakami
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kijima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kishima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eri Igashira
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mari Murakami
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takiuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Hiroshima
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shintani
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chihaya Imai
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yusa
- Stem Cell Genetics, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryota Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ogino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- World Premier Interenational Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Oji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- World Premier Interenational Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosen
- World Premier Interenational Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhou Z, Chen Y, Ba Y, Xu H, Zuo A, Liu S, Zhang Y, Weng S, Ren Y, Luo P, Cheng Q, Zuo L, Zhu S, Zhou X, Zhang C, Chen Y, Han X, Pan T, Liu Z. Revolutionising Cancer Immunotherapy: Advancements and Prospects in Non-Viral CAR-NK Cell Engineering. Cell Prolif 2025; 58:e13791. [PMID: 39731215 PMCID: PMC11969250 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 10/14/2024] [Accepted: 11/28/2024] [Indexed: 12/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent advancements in cancer immunotherapy have spotlighted the potential of natural killer (NK) cells, particularly chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-transduced NK cells. These cells, pivotal in innate immunity, offer a rapid and potent response against cancer cells and pathogens without the need for prior sensitization or recognition of peptide antigens. Although NK cell genetic modification is evolving, the viral transduction method continues to be inefficient and fraught with risks, often resulting in cytotoxic outcomes and the possibility of insertional mutagenesis. Consequently, there has been a surge in the development of non-viral transfection technologies to overcome these challenges in NK cell engineering. Non-viral approaches for CAR-NK cell generation are becoming increasingly essential. Cutting-edge techniques such as trogocytosis, electroporation, lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) gene editing and transposons not only enhance the efficiency and safety of CAR-NK cell engineering but also open new avenues for novel therapeutic possibilities. Additionally, the infusion of technologies already successful in CAR T-cell therapy into the CAR-NK paradigm holds immense potential for further advancements. In this review, we present an overview of the potential of NK cells in cancer immunotherapies, as well as non-viral transfection technologies for engineering NK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaokai Zhou
- Department of Interventional RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yifeng Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yuhao Ba
- Department of Interventional RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Interventional RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Anning Zuo
- Department of Interventional RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Shutong Liu
- Department of Interventional RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yuyuan Zhang
- Department of Interventional RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Siyuan Weng
- Department of Interventional RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yuqing Ren
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Peng Luo
- The Department of OncologyZhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Lulu Zuo
- Center of Reproductive MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Chuhan Zhang
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yukang Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Interventional Treatment and Clinical Research Center of Henan ProvinceZhengzhouChina
| | - Teng Pan
- Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College)ShenzhenChina
| | - Zaoqu Liu
- Department of Interventional RadiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Interventional Treatment and Clinical Research Center of Henan ProvinceZhengzhouChina
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Daoudlarian D, Segot A, Latifyan S, Bartolini R, Joo V, Mederos N, Bouchaab H, Demicheli R, Abdelhamid K, Ferahta N, Doms J, Stalder G, Noto A, Mencarelli L, Mosimann V, Berthold D, Stravodimou A, Sartori C, Shabafrouz K, Thompson JA, Wang Y, Peters S, Pantaleo G, Obeid M. Tocilizumab and immune signatures for targeted management of cytokine release syndrome in immune checkpoint therapy. Ann Oncol 2025; 36:444-459. [PMID: 39701282 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2024.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2024] [Revised: 11/26/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to identify specific biomarkers in oncology patients experiencing immune-related cytokine release syndrome (irCRS)-like symptoms during immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, including severe cases like hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (irHLH), and to distinguish these from sepsis. A secondary objective was to retrospectively analyze the efficacy of tocilizumab (TCZ) in treating corticosteroid (CS)-refractory high-grade irCRS. PATIENTS AND METHODS A cohort of 35 patients presenting with irCRS-like symptoms was studied, including 9 with irHLH-like manifestations and 8 with sepsis. Immune profiling was carried out using 48 mass cytometry markers, along with an analysis of 45 serum biomarkers, including 27 cytokines and 18 additional markers from the HScore. Twelve patients with high-grade irCRS refractory to CS were treated with TCZ. RESULTS Twenty-four biomarkers significantly distinguished between irHLH and grade 3 irCRS (P = 0.0027-0.0455). Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and ferritin had superior predictive values compared with the traditional HScore, both with a positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 100%. CXCL9 differentiated irHLH from grade 3 irCRS and predicted the need for TCZ treatment intensification (PPV = 90%, NPV = 100%). Additional biomarkers, including leukocyte count, neutrophils, ferritin, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-7, epidermal growth factor, fibrinogen, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), discriminated sepsis from high-grade irCRS (PPV = 75%-80%, NPV = 100%). Elevated frequencies of CXCR5+ or CCR4+ CD8 memory cells, CD38+ intermediate monocytes, and CD62L+ neutrophils were observed in high-grade irCRS compared with sepsis. All 12 patients with high-grade irCRS refractory to CS treated with TCZ experienced complete resolution. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of specific immunologic biomarkers in determining irCRS severity, predicting outcomes, and distinguishing between irHLH, irCRS, and sepsis. It also demonstrates the efficacy of TCZ in managing high-grade irCRS, underscoring the need for personalized therapeutic strategies based on these biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Daoudlarian
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Medicine, Immunology and Allergy Service, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Segot
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Oncology, Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Latifyan
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology Service, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R Bartolini
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Medicine, Immunology and Allergy Service, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - V Joo
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Medicine, Immunology and Allergy Service, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N Mederos
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology Service, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - H Bouchaab
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology Service, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R Demicheli
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology Service, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Abdelhamid
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology Service, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N Ferahta
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology Service, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Doms
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Medicine, Immunology and Allergy Service, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Stalder
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Oncology, Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Hematology, Institut Central des Hôpitaux, Hôpital du Valais, Sion, Switzerland
| | - A Noto
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Medicine, Immunology and Allergy Service, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Mencarelli
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Medicine, Immunology and Allergy Service, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - V Mosimann
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology Service, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Berthold
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology Service, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Stravodimou
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology Service, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Sartori
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine Service, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Shabafrouz
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology Service, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J A Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - S Peters
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology Service, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Pantaleo
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Medicine, Immunology and Allergy Service, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Obeid
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Department of Medicine, Immunology and Allergy Service, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mousavi S, Khazaee-Nasirabadi MH, Seyedmehdi MS, Bazi A, Mirzaee Khalilabadi R. Natural killer cells: a new promising source for developing chimeric antigen receptor anti-cancer cells in hematological malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2025; 66:594-616. [PMID: 39656564 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2024.2438802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 11/18/2024] [Accepted: 12/01/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2024]
Abstract
In recent times, the application of CAR-T cell treatment has significantly progressed, showing auspicious treatment outcomes in hematologic malignancies. However, along with these advances, certain limitations and challenges hurdle the widespread utilization of this technology. Recently, CAR-NK cells have gained attention in cancer treatment, as this approach has an important advantage over CART therapy (i.e. no need for HLA matching) for targeting foreign cells. This review aims to explore the benefits of CAR NK cell therapy, and generation strategies, as well as the challenges and limitations hindering the application of CAR NK cells in experimental studies and trials on hematologic malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Mousavi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Sadat Seyedmehdi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ali Bazi
- Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Roohollah Mirzaee Khalilabadi
- Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhang Q, Dai J, Liu T, Rao W, Li D, Gu Z, Huang L, Wang J, Hou X. Targeting cardiac fibrosis with Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Engineered Cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2025; 480:2103-2116. [PMID: 39460827 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-05134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 10/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis poses a significant challenge in cardiovascular diseases due to its intricate pathogenesis, and there is currently no standardized and effective treatment approach. The fibrotic process entails the involvement of various cell types and molecular mechanisms, such as fibroblast activation and proliferation, increased collagen synthesis, and extracellular matrix rearrangement. Traditional therapies often fall short in efficacy or carry substantial side effects. However, recent studies have shown that Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) cells can selectively target and eliminate activated cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) in mice, leading to reduced cardiac fibrosis and improved myocardial tissue compliance. This breakthrough presents a new and promising avenue for treating cardiac fibrosis. Currently, CAR-T cell-based therapy for cardiac fibrosis is undergoing animal experimentation, indicating ample scope for enhancement. Future investigations could explore the application of CAR cell therapy in cardiac fibrosis treatment, including the potential of CAR-natural killer (CAR-NK) cells and CAR macrophages (CAR-M), offering novel insights and strategies for combating cardiac fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghang Zhang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jinjie Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Tianbao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Wutian Rao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhengying Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Shanghai Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Shanghai Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Shanghai Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xumin Hou
- Hospital's Office, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Grady CB, Li Y, Maude SL, Hexner EO, Frey NV, Porter DL, Hwang WT. Inconsistent Reporting and Definitions of Time-to-Event Endpoints in CAR T Clinical Trials: A Review. Transplant Cell Ther 2025; 31:271.e1-271.e13. [PMID: 39603418 PMCID: PMC11957941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2024.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2024] [Revised: 11/05/2024] [Accepted: 11/17/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
Clinical trials evaluating chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR T) commonly report time-to-event (TTE) endpoints. However, definitions are not necessarily comparable across studies and variability can lead to misinterpretation of results or inappropriate comparisons across products and studies. Amid the rapidly increasing number of published CAR T trials-many of which were used for regulatory approval-this study aims to summarize the variation in the use and reporting of TTE endpoints in CAR T trials. We include CAR T trials published January 2008 to January 2023 on PubMed that reported at least one of these TTE endpoints: overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), duration of response/remission (DOR), disease-free survival, event-free survival (EFS), relapse-free survival (RFS), time to relapse, time to progression, or time to treatment failure. We abstracted and summarized endpoint definitions, including the time origin, events, competing events, and censoring. We assessed the completeness of endpoint reporting, overall and by subgroups such as study phase, publication year, and the journal's impact factor. We included 116 publications in the analysis. The most frequently reported TTEs were OS (83%,), PFS (56%), DOR (55%), and EFS (23%). Complete reporting of endpoints was poor overall: 32%, 24%, 25%, and 56% for OS, PFS, DOR, and EFS respectively. Complete reporting was lower in articles published before 2018, in lower impact factor journals, and in phase I trials. There was also a large variability in TTE definitions among those reported. For example, among 64 studies reporting DOR, 48% used the date of response as the time origin while 20% used the date of infusion, and 31% did not report a time origin. There is substantial heterogeneity and incompleteness of TTE endpoint definitions in CAR T trials that could impact the interpretation of the study results. Improving TTE reporting, by stating the time origin, event(s) of interest, competing event(s) if any, and censoring, is required to ensure valid assessment of clinical benefit and cross-trial comparison.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connor B Grady
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yimei Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shannon L Maude
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth O Hexner
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine and the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Noelle V Frey
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine and the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David L Porter
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine and the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wei-Ting Hwang
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Davila M, Lee SB, Kang YP, Boucher J, Mandula J, Roselli E, Chang D, Jimenez R, Kotani H, Reid K, Vazquez-Martinez J, Beatty N, Goala P, Sierra-Mondragon R, Liu M, Koomen J, Nguyen J, Hussaini M, Shaw T, Wang X, Faramand R, Jain M, Locke F, Rodriguez P, Sailer C, McSain S, Hamid S, Tariq M, Wang J, Abraham-Miranda J. CAR T cell-driven induction of iNOS in tumor-associated macrophages promotes CAR T cell resistance in B cell lymphoma. RESEARCH SQUARE 2025:rs.3.rs-3481746. [PMID: 40235478 PMCID: PMC11998770 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3481746/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2025]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies have revolutionized B cell malignancy treatment, but subsets of patients with large B cell lymphoma (LBCL) experience primary resistance or relapse after CAR T cell treatment. To uncover tumor microenvironment (TME)-induced resistance mechanisms, we examined patients' intratumoral immune infiltrates and observed that elevated levels of immunoregulatory macrophages in pre-infusion tumor biopsies are correlated with poor clinical responses. CAR T cell-produced interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) promotes the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS, NOS2) in immunoregulatory macrophages, impairing CAR T cell function. Mechanistically, iNOS-expressing macrophages upregulated the p53 pathway, mediating apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in CAR T cells, while downregulating the MYC pathway involved in ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis. Furthermore, CAR T cell metabolism is compromised by depletion of glycolytic intermediates and rewiring of the TCA cycle. Pharmacological inhibition of iNOS enhances the CAR T cell treatment efficacy in B cell tumor-bearing mice. Notably, elevated levels of iNOS+CD14+ monocytes were observed in leukaphereses of patients with non-durable response to CAR T cell therapy. These findings suggest that mitigating iNOS in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) by blocking IFN-γ secretion from CAR T cells will improve outcomes for LBCL patients.
Collapse
|
46
|
Bours B, Masouridi-Levrat S. Is There (Still) a Place for Sequential Conditioning? Curr Oncol 2025; 32:196. [PMID: 40277753 PMCID: PMC12025471 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol32040196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2025] [Revised: 03/21/2025] [Accepted: 03/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
There is still an unmet need for the treatment of high-risk hematological malignancies. To date, allogeneic stem cell transplantation remains the only chance of cure. Most patients suffering from high-risk hematological malignancies are of an older age and often present with comorbidities. Moreover, patients achieving remission often suffer from early relapse. Amongst the different treatment options, sequential conditioning has yet to prove its value against other conditioning regimens. Sequential conditioning relies on a short course of intensive chemotherapy that is quickly followed by immunosuppressive conditioning before allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Here, we will try to determine which patients can benefit from sequential conditioning. Amongst the different sequential regimens, we will also try to assess if one regimen is better than all the others. Despite the several studies conducted on sequential conditioning, very few are prospective work and head-to-head comparisons are almost inexistant. Sequential conditioning also relies on the use of prophylactic donor lymphocyte infusion post-transplantation. Hence, limiting non-relapse complications is of primary importance to the allow administration of post-transplant treatment. In the era of new targeting therapies, is there still a place for sequential conditioning? Can patients benefit from an association of new therapeutic agents and sequential conditioning?
Collapse
|
47
|
Saxena K, Hung SH, Ryu E, Singh S, Zhang Tatarata Q, Zeng Z, Wang Z, Konopleva MY, Yee C. BH3 mimetics augment cytotoxic T cell killing of acute myeloid leukemia via mitochondrial apoptotic mechanism. Cell Death Discov 2025; 11:120. [PMID: 40140361 PMCID: PMC11947210 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-025-02375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2025] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 03/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) can address an unmet clinical need for patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but its effect is often modest in the setting of high tumor burden. In this study, we postulated that strategies to lower the AML apoptotic threshold will augment T cell killing of AML cells. BH3 mimetics, such as venetoclax, are a clinically approved class of compounds that predispose cells to intrinsic apoptosis by inhibiting anti-apoptotic mitochondrial proteins. We explored the anti-leukemic efficacy of BH3 mimetics combined with WT1-specific CD8+ T cells on AML cell lines and primary samples from patients with a diverse array of disease characteristics to evaluate if lowering the cellular apoptotic threshold via inhibition of anti-apoptotic mitochondrial proteins can increase leukemic cell sensitivity to T cell therapy. We found that the combination approach of BH3 mimetic and CD8+ T cells led to significantly increased killing of established AML lines as well as of adverse-risk primary AML leukemic blast cells. In contrast to the hypothesis that enhanced killing would be due to combined activation of the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways, our data suggests that CTL-mediated killing of AML cells was accomplished primarily through activation of the intrinsic/mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. This highly effective combinatorial activity due to convergence on the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway was conserved across multiple AML cell lines and primary samples, suggesting that mitochondrial priming may represent a novel mechanism of optimizing adoptive cell therapy for AML patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Saxena
- Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Shao-Hsi Hung
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Esther Ryu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shailbala Singh
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qi Zhang Tatarata
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Zhihong Zeng
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marina Y Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Cassian Yee
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yassin AAK, Banerji R, Bhattacharya B, Radinsky O, Hadad U, Kaufman B, Porgador A. Enhancing the Efficacy of CAR-T Cell Production Using BX795 and Rosuvastatin in a Serum-Free Medium. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:2988. [PMID: 40243610 PMCID: PMC11988885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26072988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2025] [Revised: 03/12/2025] [Accepted: 03/20/2025] [Indexed: 04/18/2025] Open
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has emerged as a transformative approach for cancer treatment, demonstrating remarkable success in patients with relapsed and refractory hematological malignancies. However, challenges persist in optimizing CAR-T cell production and improving therapeutic outcomes. One of the major hurdles is the efficiency of retroviral or lentiviral transduction during CAR-T cell manufacturing. Additionally, the heterogeneity of T-cell populations isolated from patients can impact CAR-T cell effectiveness and persistence in vivo. This article explores a novel strategy to address these challenges by focusing on serum-free medium and additive optimization. We propose a unique approach that incorporates the culturing of T cells in Nutri-T medium, along with 24 h of exposure to combined low concentrations of BX795 and rosuvastatin, to enhance the transduction efficacy and functionality of CAR-T cells. The results presented here provide promising insights into the potential of this strategy to produce more effective CAR-T cells for immunotherapy, ultimately advancing the field and benefiting cancer patients worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abed Al-Kader Yassin
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (A.A.-K.Y.); (R.B.); (B.B.); (O.R.); (B.K.)
| | - Rajashri Banerji
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (A.A.-K.Y.); (R.B.); (B.B.); (O.R.); (B.K.)
| | - Baisali Bhattacharya
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (A.A.-K.Y.); (R.B.); (B.B.); (O.R.); (B.K.)
| | - Olga Radinsky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (A.A.-K.Y.); (R.B.); (B.B.); (O.R.); (B.K.)
| | - Uzi Hadad
- The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Marcus Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel;
| | - Bar Kaufman
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (A.A.-K.Y.); (R.B.); (B.B.); (O.R.); (B.K.)
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (A.A.-K.Y.); (R.B.); (B.B.); (O.R.); (B.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Short NJ, Aldoss I, DeAngelo DJ, Konopleva M, Leonard J, Logan AC, Park J, Shah B, Stock W, Jabbour E. Clinical use of measurable residual disease in adult ALL: recommendations from a panel of US experts. Blood Adv 2025; 9:1442-1451. [PMID: 39853316 PMCID: PMC11960638 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2024015441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2024] [Revised: 01/09/2025] [Accepted: 01/09/2025] [Indexed: 01/26/2025] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Measurable residual disease (MRD) is a powerful predictor of clinical outcomes in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In addition to its clear prognostic importance, MRD information is increasingly used in clinical decision algorithms to guide therapeutic interventions. Although it is well established that achievement of MRD-negative remission is an important end point of ALL therapy, the prognostic and therapeutic implications of MRD in an individual patient are influenced by both disease-related factors (eg, cytomolecular risk) and assay-related factors (eg, sensitivity, specimen source, and timing of assessment), which add complexity to MRD-guided treatment decisions. In this review, we discuss the data supporting the use of MRD assessment in adult ALL and how this information can rationally inform clinical decisions, including selection of patients for MRD-directed therapies or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We also discuss important interpretative challenges related to novel high sensitivity next-generation sequencing-based MRD assays, which are becoming increasingly used in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Short
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ibrahim Aldoss
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Daniel J. DeAngelo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Jessica Leonard
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Aaron C. Logan
- Division of Hematology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jae Park
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Bijal Shah
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Wendy Stock
- Department of Medicine Section of Hematology-Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Elias Jabbour
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Huang Y, Wang H. Tonic signaling in CAR-T therapy: the lever long enough to move the planet. Front Med 2025:10.1007/s11684-025-1130-x. [PMID: 40117019 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-025-1130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2025]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has shown remarkable efficacy in treating hematological malignancies and is expanding into other indications such as autoimmune diseases, fibrosis, aging and viral infection. However, clinical challenges persist in treating solid tumors, including physical barriers, tumor heterogeneity, poor in vivo persistence, and T-cell exhaustion, all of which hinder therapeutic efficacy. This review focuses on the critical role of tonic signaling in CAR-T therapy. Tonic signaling is a low-level constitutive signaling occurring in both natural and engineered antigen receptors without antigen stimulation. It plays a pivotal role in regulating immune cell homeostasis, exhaustion, persistence, and effector functions. The "Peak Theory" suggests an optimal level of tonic signaling for CAR-T function: while weak tonic signaling may result in poor proliferation and persistence, excessively strong signaling can cause T cell exhaustion. This review also summarizes the recent progress in mechanisms underlying the tonic signaling and strategies to fine-tune the CAR tonic signaling. By understanding and precisely modulating tonic signaling, the efficacy of CAR-T therapies can be further optimized, offering new avenues for treatment across a broader spectrum of diseases. These findings have implications beyond CAR-T cells, potentially impacting other engineered immune cell therapies such as CAR-NK and CAR-M.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Haopeng Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| |
Collapse
|