Despite the functions of TLRs in the parasitic infections have been extensively reported, few studies have addressed the role of TLR3 in the immune response to Schistosoma japonicum infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the properties of TLR3 in the liver of C57BL/6 mice infected by S. japonicum.

The production of TLR3+ cells in CD4+T cells (CD4+CD3+), CD8+T cells (CD8+CD3+), γδT cells (γδTCR+CD3+), NKT cells (NK1.1+CD3+), B cells (CD19+CD3-), NK (NK1.1-CD3+) cells, MDSC (CD11b+Gr1+), macrophages (CD11b+F4/80+), DCs (CD11c+CD11b+) and neutrophils (CD11b+ Ly6g+) were assessed by flow cytometry. Sections of the liver were examined by haematoxylin and eosin staining in order to measure the area of granulomas. Hematological parameters including white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), platelet (PLT) and hemoglobin (HGB) were analyzed. The levels of ALT and AST in the serum were measured using biochemical kits. The relative titers of anti-SEA IgG and anti-SEA IgM in the serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CD25, CD69, CD314 and CD94 molecules were detected by flow cytometry.

Flow cytometry results showed that the expression of TLR3 increased significantly after S. japonicum infection (P < 0.05). Hepatic myeloid and lymphoid cells could express TLR3, and the percentages of TLR3-expressing MDSC, macrophages and neutrophils were increased after infection. Knocking out TLR3 ameliorated the damage and decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells in infected C57BL/6 mouse livers.,The number of WBC was significantly reduced in TLR3 KO-infected mice compared to WT-infected mice (P < 0.01), but the levels of RBC, platelet and HGB were significantly increased in KO infected mice. Moreover, the relative titers of anti-SEA IgG and anti-SEA IgM in the serum of infected KO mice were statistically decreased compared with the infected WT mice. We also compared the activation-associated molecules expression between S.japonicum-infected WT and TLR3 KO mice.

Taken together, our data indicated that TLR3 played potential roles in the context of S. japonicum infection and it may accelerate the progression of S. japonicum-associated liver pathology.

The cultured Lota lota can meet the market demand in the context of the decline of wild resources, but the disease in the high-density culture process also deserves attention. Therefore, understanding the immune regulation mechanisms of L. lota will be the basis for obtaining high benefits in artificial culture.

To explore the viral response mechanism of L. lota, RNA-seq was applied to identify the transcriptomic changes of the liver and spleen in L. lota by poly (I:C) stress.

The DEGs (liver: 2186 to 3123; spleen 1542 to 2622) and up-regulated genes (liver: 1231 to 1776; spleen 769 to 1502) in the liver and spleen increased with the prolongation (12h to 48h) of poly (I:C)-stimulation time. This means L. lota needs to mobilize more functional genes in response to longer periods of poly (I:C)-stimulation. Despite the responses of L. lota to poly (I:C) showed tissue-specificity, we hypothesized that both liver and spleen of L. lota can respond to poly (I:C) challenge may be through promoting apoptosis of DNA-damaged cells, increasing the activity of immune-enhancing enzymes, and increasing energy supply based on DEGs annotation information.

Our results demonstrate the transcriptional responses of L. lota to poly (I:C)-stimulation, and these data provide the first resource on the genetic regulation mechanisms of L. lota against viruses. Furthermore, the present study can provide basic information for the prevention of viral diseases in L. lota artificial culture process.

One of the most significant barriers to the clinical transformation of nanomedicines is low drug distribution in solid tumors due to quick clearance of nanomedicine after injection. Studies have revealed that the distribution of nanomedicine in tumor sites can be considerably improved when the number of nanoparticles supplied in a short period surpasses the threshold. Most routinely employed nanomaterials have dose-related safety concerns. To resolve this problem, we use highly biocompatible albumin to construct blank nanoparticles and doxorubicin loading nanoparticles. Under the guidance of the threshold theory, when the quantity of drug loading nanoparticles is constant, the drug delivery effectiveness improves with the addition of blank nanoparticles. This enhanced impact was verified both in vitro and in vivo. The area under the curve of the high dose group (19.5 × 10¹¹) is 2.5 times higher than that of the low dose group (6.5 × 10¹¹). In addition, the drug distribution of the high dose group at the tumor site was also improved by 1.5 times compared with the low dose group. The results of histopathological sections also showed that the administration of excess blank nanoparticles within 24 h has no damage to the animals. This study contributes to the clinical transition of nanomedicine by providing fresh ideas for anticancer nanomedicine research.

The aim of the study was to compare differences between lymphoma and inflammation as indicated by high diffuse uptake of F-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG) in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow without increased F-FDG uptake in the lymph nodes and without enlarged peripheral lymph nodes.Eighteen lymphoma patients and 14 inflammation patients were examined with F-FDG positron emission tomography-computer tomography (PET-CT). All patients displayed high diffuse uptake of F-FDG in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow without increased F-FDG uptake in the lymph nodes and without enlarged peripheral lymph nodes. Our analyses compared the maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) of F-FDG uptake ratios between the spleen/liver, the spleen/bone marrow, and the liver/bone marrow and further compared spleen sizes between lymphoma and inflammation patients.Using Student t test, no significant differences were found in the SUVmax ratios of spleen/liver and liver/bone marrow between the lymphoma and inflammation patients (t = 0.853, P = 0.401 > 0.05; t = 1.622, P = 0.115 > 0.05). However, the SUVmax ratio of the spleen/bone marrow of the lymphoma patients was significantly different from that of the inflammation patients (t = 2.426, P = 0.021 < 0.05). The spleen size between the lymphoma and inflammation patients was also significantly different (t = 2.911, P = 0.007 < 0.05).As indicated by F-FDG PET-CT, our study demonstrated that lymphoma and inflammation patients displayed a few differences despite both having high diffuse uptake of F-FDG in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow without enlarged peripheral lymph nodes and without increased F-FDG uptake in lymph nodes.