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Engel-Rodriguez A, Tiru-Vega M, Merced-Roman J, Fonseca-Ferrer V, Engel-Rodriguez N, Otero-Dominguez Y, Rodriguez-Cintron W. Diagnosis and Management of a Massive Eight-Centimeter Acquired Tracheoesophageal Fistula. Cureus 2023; 15:e43689. [PMID: 37724200 PMCID: PMC10505277 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present the case of a 61-year-old veteran Hispanic male with recurrent aspiration pneumonitis, aerophagia, tympanic abdominal bloating, and a positive Ono's sign; symptoms present were secondary to diagnosed tracheoesophageal fistulas (TEFs). TEFs are abnormal connections between the esophagus and the trachea. In adult cases, several risk factors have been identified for acquired cases, which include infection, trauma, and cancer. Diagnosis of TEF can be challenging and, in most cases, requires high suspicion. Currently, there are no established guidelines for diagnosing and managing TEF. Clinical assessment and various imaging techniques are essential in the diagnostic process. This article will discuss the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and management options for acquired TEFs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marilee Tiru-Vega
- Internal Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Caribbean Healthcare Systems, San Juan, PRI
| | - Jesus Merced-Roman
- Internal Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Caribbean Healthcare Systems, San Juan, PRI
| | - Vanessa Fonseca-Ferrer
- Pulmonology and Critical Care, Veterans Affairs (VA) Caribbean Healthcare Systems, San Juan, PRI
| | | | - Yomayra Otero-Dominguez
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Caribbean Healthcare Systems, San Juan, PRI
| | - William Rodriguez-Cintron
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Caribbean Healthcare Systems, San Juan, PRI
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Ali O, Singh G, Kolachana S, Khan MA, Kesar V. Successful Closure of a Tracheoesophageal Fistula Using an Over-The-Scope Clip. Cureus 2023; 15:e37577. [PMID: 37193418 PMCID: PMC10183218 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is a pathological connection between the trachea and esophagus, which can either occur congenitally or be acquired. An acquired TEF may occur secondary to malignancy, chemoradiotherapy, infection, or trauma. Hallmark symptoms typically associated with TEF include choking with food intake, productive cough, pneumonia, or failure to thrive. The management of TEF has predominantly involved surgical or endoscopic intervention such as esophageal or airway stenting, suturing, or ablation. More recently, the endoscopic over-the-scope clip (OTSC) has emerged as an effective method of TEF management. The OTSC grasps the mucosa overlaying lesion and seals the defect, thus making it an effective treatment option for the endoscopic closure of various GI defects such as fistulas, bleeding ulcers, and perforations. We report a case of a TEF, acquired secondary to underlying malignancy, and its successful treatment with the use of an OTSC placement. A 79-year-old female with a significant history of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) currently undergoing chemotherapy was admitted to the hospital for aspiration pneumonia. She presented with persistent productive cough and subsequent limited oral intake ability while initially presenting for DLBCL six months prior with an enlarging right-sided neck mass. Her positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) imaging showed a cavitary lesion in the superior mediastinum with increased fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) lymphatic uptake. She had an esophagogram followed by an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), due to aspiration concerns, which demonstrated a fistula site with tracheal secretions about 20 cm from the incisors. An OTSC was used to close the esophageal opening and successful closure was confirmed using real-time fluoroscopic imaging by the unimpeded passage of contrast in the stomach without leakage. At follow-up, she was able to tolerate an oral diet without any significant difficulty or symptom recurrence. We present a case of successful endoscopic management of TEF with an OTSC that resulted in immediate fistula closure and improvement in the patient's quality of life. This particular case highlights the ability of OTSC to provide more durable and long-term closure than other management techniques due to its mechanism of grasping more tissue for approximation and its association with less morbidity compared to alternative surgical interventions. Although previous reports describing the technical feasibility and utility of OTSC in TEF repair support its use, there is still a paucity of data exploring the long-term efficacy of OTSC in TEF management; therefore, additional prospective studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Ali
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, USA
| | - Gurbani Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Sindhura Kolachana
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, USA
| | - Mohammed A Khan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Varun Kesar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, USA
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3
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Wang SY, Yuan WC, Wu EB. Airway management during left-sided gastrobronchial fistula repair after esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27133. [PMID: 34477161 PMCID: PMC8415952 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Gastrobronchial fistula (GBF) is a rare but life-threatening complication of esophagectomy with gastric conduit reconstruction, and airway management during fistula repair is challenging. Here, we describe airway management in a patient undergoing left-sided GBF repair using video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. PATIENT CONCERNS A 63-year-old man diagnosed with esophageal carcinoma underwent esophagectomy with reconstruction by gastric pull-up and tabularization of the gastric conduit. Subsequently, about 8 weeks later, the patient presented with repeated pneumonia and a 1-week history of cough with significant sputum, dysphagia, and repeated fever. DIAGNOSIS GBF, a rare postoperative complication, was located on the left main bronchus at 2 cm below the carina and was diagnosed based on findings from gastroscopy, flexible bronchoscopy, and thoracic computed tomography scan with contrast. INTERVENTIONS We performed left-sided one-lung ventilation (OLV) under total intravenous anesthesia instead of inhalational anesthetics. The left-sided OLV, with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and nasogastric tube decompression, generated positive pressure across the fistula. It prevented backflow into the left main bronchus. Total intravenous anesthesia preserved hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and prevented adverse effects associated with inhalational anesthetics. A right-sided, double-lumen endotracheal tube was inserted after anesthesia induction, and surgical repair was performed through a right-sided video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. OUTCOMES Intraoperative hemodynamics remained relatively stable, except for brief tachycardia at 113 beats/min. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed pH 7.17 and PaO2 89.1 mmHg upon 100% oxygenation, along with hypercapnia (PaCO2 77.1 mmHg), indicating respiratory acidosis. During OLV, pulse oximetry remained higher than 92%. The defect in the left main bronchus was successfully sutured after dissecting the fistula between the left main bronchus and the gastric conduit, and subsequently, OLV resulted in ideal ventilation. LESSONS A left-sided GBF could lead to leakage from the OLV during surgery. Possible aspiration or alveolar hypoventilation due to this leakage is a major concern during airway management before surgical repair of the main bronchus.
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Kim HS, Khemasuwan D, Diaz-Mendoza J, Mehta AC. Management of tracheo-oesophageal fistula in adults. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/158/200094. [PMID: 33153989 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0094-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) is a pathological connection between the trachea and the oesophagus that is associated with various underlying conditions including malignancies, infections, inhalation injuries and traumatic damage. As the condition spans multiple organ systems with varying aetiologies and acuities, TOF poses unique diagnostic and management challenges to pulmonologists, gastroenterologists and thoracic surgeons alike. Although stents have been a cornerstone in the management of TOF, there exists a large gap in our understanding of their efficacy and precise methodology, making stenting procedure both art and science. TOFs relating to underlying oesophageal or tracheal malignancies require advanced understanding of the airway and digestive tract anatomy, dimensions of the fistula, stent characteristics and types, and the interplay between the oesophageal stent and the airway stent if dual stenting procedure is elected. In this review article, we review the most up-to-date data on risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, management methods and prognosis. Consequently, this article serves to evaluate current therapeutic strategies and the future directions in the areas of 3D-printed stents, over-the-scope clipping systems, tissue matrices and atrial septal closure devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun S Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, St Elizabeth Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danai Khemasuwan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, St Elizabeth Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Javier Diaz-Mendoza
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital/Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Atul C Mehta
- Dept of Medicine, Lerner College of Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Baig SN, Herrera SJ, Makinde D, Abaleka FI, Akhter S. A Fatal, Post-Intubation, Tracheoesophageal Fistula. Cureus 2020; 12:e9014. [PMID: 32775094 PMCID: PMC7405977 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.9014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the use of safer tubes with high-volume, low-pressure cuffs, post-intubation injury is still the leading cause of benign, acquired, tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). Cuff pressure, which is their primary pathogenetic driver, is not routinely monitored as a quality metric. To highlight the devastating consequences, we report this case of a fatal, iatrogenic fistula in a 64-year-old Asian male. He had undergone tracheostomy due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and had a series of hospitalizations due to recurrent episodes of pneumonia. A TEF was eventually diagnosed to be the underlying cause. Esophageal stenting was ineffective. We intend to present teaching points aimed at reducing the risk of TEF in ventilator-dependent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher N Baig
- Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, USA
| | - Stefanie J Herrera
- Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, USA
| | - Deborah Makinde
- Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, USA
| | - Fuad I Abaleka
- Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, USA
| | - Shahnaz Akhter
- Research, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, USA
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Pausawasdi N, Angkurawaranon C, Chantarojanasiri T, Chang A, Wongkornrat W, Leelakusolvong S, Methasate A. Successful Closure of a Benign Refractory Tracheoesophageal Fistula Using an Over-the-Scope Clip after Failed Esophageal Stent Placement and Surgical Management. Clin Endosc 2020; 53:361-365. [PMID: 31657194 PMCID: PMC7280855 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2019.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tracheoesophageal fistulas (TEFs) have traditionally been managed surgically, but the endoscopic approach is widely performed as a less invasive alternative. Different closure techniques have been proposed with inconsistent results. An over-the-scope clip (OTSC) appears to be a reasonable option, but long-term results have not been well defined. We report the long-term outcomes of a complex case of successful closure of a benign refractory TEF using an OTSC after failed surgical management and esophageal stent placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonthalee Pausawasdi
- Vikit Viranuvatti Siriraj Endoscopy Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chotirot Angkurawaranon
- Vikit Viranuvatti Siriraj Endoscopy Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanyaporn Chantarojanasiri
- Vikit Viranuvatti Siriraj Endoscopy Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arunchai Chang
- Vikit Viranuvatti Siriraj Endoscopy Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Wongkornrat
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somchai Leelakusolvong
- Vikit Viranuvatti Siriraj Endoscopy Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Asada Methasate
- Vikit Viranuvatti Siriraj Endoscopy Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Gabr A. Sealing the hole: endoscopic management of acute gastrointestinal perforations. Frontline Gastroenterol 2020; 11:55-61. [PMID: 31885841 PMCID: PMC6914298 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2018-101136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute perforations are one of the recognised complications of both diagnostic and therapeutic gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. The incidence rate varies according to the type of procedure and the anatomical location within the GI tract. For decades, surgical treatment has been the standard of care, but endoscopic closure has become a more popular approach, due to feasibility and the reduction of the burden of surgery. Various devices are available now such as through-the-scope clips, over-the-scope clips, endoscopic suturing devices, stents, bands and omental patch. All have been tested in studies done on humans or animal models, with a reasonable overall technical and clinical success rate, proving efficiency and feasibility of endoscopic closure. The choice of which device to use depends on the site and the size of the perforation. It also depends on availability of thee device and the endoscopist's experience. A number of factors that could predict success of endoscopic closure or favour surgical treatment have been suggested in different studies. After successful endoscopic closure, patients are usually kept nil by mouth and receive antibiotics for a duration that varied between different studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Gabr
- Gastroenterology, Palestine Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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8
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Sikka K, Singh CA, Agrawal R, Kumar R, Thakar A, Sharma SC. Acquired Non-malignant Cervical Trachea-Esophageal Fistula: A Case Series. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 71:286-290. [PMID: 31741974 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-018-1281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired non-malignant trachea-esophageal fistula (TEF) of cervical oesophagus is rare. Surgical closure of fistula is the standard treatment of choice. Our experience in management of such cases is presented. Five cases of acquired cervical TEF of varying etiology were retrospectively analysed. Two patients had history of migrated endoluminal stent. All the patients were treated by trans-cervical repair with muscle interposition. Tracheal Stenosis in two patients was managed concurrently. Successful repair was achieved in four cases. One patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and active leprosy has residual fistula. Of the two patients with tracheal stenosis correction one was decannulated 6 month later and second has stent in situ. Post-operative vocal cord palsy occurred in one patient. Transcervical repair with muscle interposition is treatment of choice in cases of acquired nonmalignant cervical tracheoesophageal fistulas. Endoluminal stents have high tendency to migrate and are not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Sikka
- 1Department of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chirom Amit Singh
- 1Department of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rakesh Kumar
- 1Department of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Thakar
- 1Department of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh C Sharma
- 1Department of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Siddiqi S, Schraufnagel DP, Siddiqui HU, Javorski MJ, Mace A, Elnaggar AS, Elgharably H, Vargo PR, Steffen R, Hasan SM, Raja S. Recent advancements in the minimally invasive management of esophageal perforation, leaks, and fistulae. Expert Rev Med Devices 2019; 16:197-209. [PMID: 30767693 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2019.1582329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Historically, the gold standard management of esophageal perforations, leaks, and fistulae has been traditional open surgery, but it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Minimally invasive approaches offer alternatives to surgery in treating hemodynamically stable patients with such defects. In this review article, we will discuss the recent advancements in the minimally invasive management of esophageal perforations, leaks, and fistulas. AREAS COVERED This review includes information from case reports, case series, and clinical trials on minimally invasive management of esophageal perforations, leaks, and fistulas. The focus is on the devices, outcomes, and application of the technology. EXPERT COMMENTARY Minimally invasive treatment represents significant progress in the management of esophageal perforations, leaks, and fistulas. Based on current evidence, it seems safe and effective but it is evolving and more studies are needed to help draw definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Siddiqi
- a Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery , Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Dean P Schraufnagel
- a Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery , Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Hafiz Umair Siddiqui
- a Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery , Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Michael J Javorski
- a Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery , Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Adam Mace
- a Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery , Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Abdulrhman S Elnaggar
- a Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery , Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Haytham Elgharably
- a Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery , Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Patrick R Vargo
- a Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery , Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Robert Steffen
- b Department of Cardiovascular Surgery , Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | - Saad M Hasan
- a Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery , Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Siva Raja
- a Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery , Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland , OH , USA
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10
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Mosquera Klinger G, Holguín-Cardona A. Endoscopic closure of tracheoesophageal fistula for tuberculosis with an over-the-scope-clip. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2019; 110:594-596. [PMID: 29931992 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2018.5563/2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Surgical management has been the main approach for enteral fistulae. This approach is usually complex due to comorbidities, a wasted nutritional state and anatomical difficulties related to prior multiple interventions. Therefore, endoscopic methods such as clips, self-expanding metal stent (SEMS) and recently, the over scope clip (OTSC®) are increasing in popularity and use. Herein, we present the case of a patient with a HIV infection who was admitted due to respiratory symptoms. Radiological and microbiological studies documented a tracheoesophageal fistula due to tuberculosis (TB) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Therefore, an esophageal fully-covered stent was placed, which migrated into the stomach. The thoracic surgeons considered an esophagectomy with gastric ascent and muscle patch in the trachea. However, due to his poor nutritional status and comorbidity, an OTSC was placed to treat the fistulae. The patient also received medical treatment with anti-tuberculotics and anti-retrovirals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Holguín-Cardona
- Unidad de gastroenterología y endoscopia digestiva, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe , Colombia
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11
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Gong W, Li J. Combat with esophagojejunal anastomotic leakage after total gastrectomy for gastric cancer: A critical review of the literature. Int J Surg 2017; 47:18-24. [PMID: 28935529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Esophagojejunal anastomotic leakage (EJAL) is considered to be one of the most serious complications after total gastrectomy (TG), despite improvements in surgical instruments and technique. The occurrence of EJAL would cause poorer quality of life, prolonged hospital stay, and increased surgery-related costs and mortality. Although there is ever-increasing knowledge about EJAL, the optimal management is controversial. In the present review, we aim to demonstrate the effective management by focus on the possible risk factors, potentially useful preventive strategies, and several kinds of treatments in esophagojejunal anastomotic leakage after total gastrectomy for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Gong
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Junsheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
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12
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Abstract
Tracheoesophageal fistulas (TEFs) often occur with esophageal or bronchial carcinoma. Currently, we rely on implantation of delicate devices, such as self-expanding and silicone stents, in the esophagus or trachea to cover the fistula and expand the stenosis in order to relieve patient pain. However, because each case is different, our approach may not be effective for every patient. Consequently, new devices and technology have emerged to address these situations, such as degradable stents, Amplatzer® devices, endobronchial one-way umbrella-shaped valves, and transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells. Although some studies have shown such alternatives can be reasonable solutions in special cases, further development of other new and effectual techniques is of utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhi Zhou
- Department of Respiratory, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Respiratory, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Shengli Street No. 26, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Respiratory, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Yin
- Department of Respiratory, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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13
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Nasa M, Sharma ZD, Choudhary NS, Patil G, Puri R, Sud R. Over-the-scope clip placement for closure of gastrointestinal fistula, postoperative leaks and refractory gastrointestinal bleed. Indian J Gastroenterol 2016; 35:361-365. [PMID: 27638706 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-016-0690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The over-the-scope clip (OTSC) has been successfully used in the closure of fistula, perforation, dehiscence, and endoscopic hemostasis. We describe our experience with the OTSC application. METHODS Between April 2014 and April 2015, seven patients underwent OTSC application. In four patients, OTSC was applied for the closure of esophageal fistula, one had OTSC closure of persistent gastrocutaneous fistula after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy removal, and OTSC was applied in duodenum in two patients, for duodenal Dieulafoy's lesion after failed conventional endotherapy and massive rebleed in one and duodenal perforation in another. RESULTS All procedures had technical success with no immediate complication related to OTSC application. Patients were followed up for every month with mean duration of follow up 10.2 months. One patient with bronchoesophageal fistula had development of another fistulous opening above the site of OTSC placement, which was successfully closed with another OTSC. One patient had superficial esophageal wall ulcer opposite the OTSC but it healed spontaneously. CONCLUSION OTSC provided safe and successful closure in a number of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Nasa
- Institute of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Sciences, Medanta The Medicity, CH. Baktawar Singh Road, Sector 38, Near Rajiv Chowk, Islampur Colony, Gurgaon, 122 001, India
| | - Zubin Dev Sharma
- Institute of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Sciences, Medanta The Medicity, CH. Baktawar Singh Road, Sector 38, Near Rajiv Chowk, Islampur Colony, Gurgaon, 122 001, India
| | - Narendra S Choudhary
- Institute of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Sciences, Medanta The Medicity, CH. Baktawar Singh Road, Sector 38, Near Rajiv Chowk, Islampur Colony, Gurgaon, 122 001, India
| | - Gaurav Patil
- Institute of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Sciences, Medanta The Medicity, CH. Baktawar Singh Road, Sector 38, Near Rajiv Chowk, Islampur Colony, Gurgaon, 122 001, India
| | - Rajesh Puri
- Institute of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Sciences, Medanta The Medicity, CH. Baktawar Singh Road, Sector 38, Near Rajiv Chowk, Islampur Colony, Gurgaon, 122 001, India.
| | - Randhir Sud
- Institute of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Sciences, Medanta The Medicity, CH. Baktawar Singh Road, Sector 38, Near Rajiv Chowk, Islampur Colony, Gurgaon, 122 001, India
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14
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Lázár G, Paszt A, Mán E. Role of endoscopic clipping in the treatment of oesophageal perforations. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 8:13-22. [PMID: 26788259 PMCID: PMC4707319 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v8.i1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With advances in endoscopic technologies, endoscopic clips have been used widely and successfully in the treatment of various types of oesophageal perforations, anastomosis leakages and fistulas. Our aim was to summarize the experience with two types of clips: The through-the-scope (TTS) clip and the over-the-scope clip (OTSC). We summarized the results of oesophageal perforation closure with endoscopic clips. We processed the data from 38 articles and 127 patients using PubMed search. Based on evidence thus far, it can be stated that both clips can be used in the treatment of early (< 24 h), iatrogenic, spontaneous oesophageal perforations in the case of limited injury or contamination. TTS clips are efficacious in the treatment of 10 mm lesions, while bigger (< 20 mm) lesions can be treated successfully with OTSC clips, whose effectiveness is similar to that of surgical treatment. However, the clinical success rate is significantly lower in the case of fistulas and in the treatment of anastomosis insufficiency. Tough prospective randomized multicentre trials, which produce the largest amount of evidence, are still missing. Based on experience so far, endoscopic clips represent a possible therapeutic alternative to surgery in the treatment of oesophageal perforations under well-defined conditions.
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“Rendez-vous” over-the-scope endoclipping for tracheoesophageal fistula: case report and review of the literature. Eur Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10353-015-0324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Singhal S, Changela K, Culliford A, Duddempudi S, Krishnaiah M, Anand S. Endoscopic closure of persistent gastrocutaneous fistulae, after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement, using the over-the-scope-clip system. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2015; 8:182-8. [PMID: 26136836 PMCID: PMC4480569 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x15578603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Over-The-Scope-Clip (OTSC) has had an evolving role in endoscopic closure of gastrointestinal wall defects, in hemostasis of primary or postinterventional bleeding, and approximation of postbariatric surgery defects. Rapid and effective closure of gastrocutaneous (GC) fistulae using this device has been recently described in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility, efficacy and safety of OTSC as an effective tool in the management of persistent GC fistulae secondary to a complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement. METHOD In this multicenter prospective observational study, we describe our experience with OTSC in the closure of persistent GC fistulas secondary to PEG tube placement. Patients with GC fistulas were sequentially enrolled with a mean age of 84 years. Primary treatment outcome was the immediate successful closure of GC fistula and resolution of leak. Secondary outcome was no recurrence of the fistula and leaks on follow up. RESULTS A total of 10 patients were enrolled over the study period. Mean age was 84.4 ± 8.75 years. The primary treatment outcome was achieved in all the patients undergoing this intervention. Secondary outcome was observed in 9/10 (90%) subjects. No procedural complications were reported. Larger fistulae (>2.5 cm) and those with significant fibrosis were more difficult to close with the OTSC system. The mean follow-up time after OTSC application was 43.7 ± 20.57 days. A limitation of this study was that there was no control group. CONCLUSIONS OTSC application is a safe and effective endoscopic approach for the closure of persistent GC fistulae secondary to a complication of PEG tube placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashideep Singhal
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, New York Presbyterian Healthcare System, 121 Dekalb Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Kinesh Changela
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, New York Presbyterian Healthcare System, Brooklyn NY, USA
| | - Andrea Culliford
- Division of Gastroenterology, St Barnabas Hospital, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sushil Duddempudi
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, New York Presbyterian Healthcare System, Brooklyn NY, USA
| | - Mahesh Krishnaiah
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, New York Presbyterian Healthcare System, Brooklyn NY, USA
| | - Sury Anand
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, New York Presbyterian Healthcare System, Brooklyn NY, USA
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17
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Bechara R, Inoue H. Recent advancement of therapeutic endoscopy in the esophageal benign diseases. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 7:481-495. [PMID: 25992187 PMCID: PMC4436916 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v7.i5.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, the field of endoscopy has witnessed several advances. With the advent of endoscopic mucosal resection, removal of large mucosal lesions have become possible. Thereafter, endoscopic submucosal resection was refined, permitting en bloc removal of large superficial neoplasms. Such techniques have facilitated the development of antireflux mucosectomy, a promising novel treatment for gastroesophageal reflux. The introduction and use of over the scope clips has allowed for endoscopic closure of defects in the gastrointestinal tract, which were traditionally treated with surgical intervention. With the development of per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM), the treatment of achalasia and spastic disorders of the esophagus have been revolutionized. From the submucosal tunnelling technique developed for POEM, Per oral endoscopic tumor resection of subepithelial tumors was made possible. Simultaneously, advances in biotechnology have expanded esophageal stenting capabilities with the introduction of fully covered metal and plastic stents, as well as biodegradable stents. Once deemed a primarily diagnostic tool, endoscopy has quickly transcended to a minimally invasive intervention and therapeutic tool. These techniques are reviewed with regards to their application to benign disease of the esophagus.
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18
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Sharata A, Bhayani NH, Dunst CM, Kurian AA, Reavis KM, Swanström LL. Gastro-bronchial fistula closed by endoscopic fistula plug (with video). Surg Endosc 2014; 28:3500-4. [PMID: 24993168 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-014-3631-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fistulae between the tracheobronchial tree and the gastric conduit post-esophagectomy are a rare but sometimes fatal complication. Clinical presentation can range from asymptomatic to acute pulmonary decompensation. Traditional management options, such as esophageal exclusion alone or combined with transthoracic fistula division, and closure (with tissue interposition), are highly invasive, technically difficult, and associated with variable success rates. This video presents closure of highly complex, chronic esophagobronchial fistula (EBF) using simultaneous bronchoscopic and upper endoscopic techniques. METHODS Diagnostic bronchoscopy and upper endoscopy are performed to assess the size and location of fistulae. Fistulae with sufficient luminal size to accommodate a biologic plug were selected for treatment. Steps of EBF plug insertion. (1) Wire across fistula with ends exposed through the mouth. (2) Delivery sheath passed across wire from bronchial side to esophageal side (3) Plug loaded on the esophageal side of the sheath. (4) Plug pulled into position across the fistula from esophageal to bronchial side. (5) Delivery sheath released from bronchial side. RESULTS Two of four fistulae were suitable for plug therapy. A temporary covered-stent was placed to help maintain the plugs in place. Endoscopy at 1 month showed healing of the plugged fistula following stent removal. Respiratory symptoms were improved with no further episodes of pneumonia. Over course of 2 years, the patient has required three additional endoscopic procedures to control new fistulae from this broad area of exposed lung paranchyma, but the initial fistula plug repair is durable. CONCLUSION Post-esophagectomy fistula is a morbid complication and the surgical treatments available are highly morbid and have variable success rates. Due to the development of new endoscopic technologies, the endotherapy has assumed new prominence for treatment of enteric fistula. This complex case illustrates feasibility of endoscopic fistula treatment using dual scope, biologic plug application which effectively controlled this patient's EBF symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Sharata
- Providence Portland Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, #6N60, Portland, OR, 97213, USA,
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19
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Zhang J, Samarasena JB, Milliken J, Lee JG. Large esophageal fistula closure using an over-the-scope clip: two unique cases. Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 96:2214-6. [PMID: 24296187 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.04.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Surgical repair of esophageal fistulas is complex and carries a high degree of morbidity. Endoscopic management is preferred but has been limited to closure of small fistulas in the past. The over-the-scope clip system has been used as an effective method for closure of gastrointestinal perforations. Only a few reports have shown the successful use of the over-the-scope clip system for closure of fistulas. The following are 2 unique cases of successful endoscopic esophageal fistula closure using the over-the-scope clip system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California Irvine, Orange, California
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20
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Nishiyama N, Mori H, Kobara H, Rafiq K, Fujihara S, Kobayashi M, Oryu M, Masaki T. Efficacy and safety of over-the-scope clip: Including complications after endoscopic submucosal dissection. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:2752-2760. [PMID: 23687412 PMCID: PMC3653149 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i18.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To retrospectively review the results of over-the-scope clip (OTSC) use in our hospital and to examine the feasibility of using the OTSC to treat perforations after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD).
METHODS: We enrolled 23 patients who presented with gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, fistulae and perforations and were treated with OTSCs (Ovesco Endoscopy GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany) between November 2011 and September 2012. Maximum lesion size was defined as lesion diameter. The number of OTSCs to be used per patient was not decided until the lesion was completely closed. We used a twin grasper (Ovesco Endoscopy GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany) as a grasping device for all the patients. A 9 mm OTSC was chosen for use in the esophagus and colon, and a 10 mm device was used for the stomach, duodenum and rectum. The overall success rate and complications were evaluated, with a particular emphasis on patients who had undergone ESD due to adenocarcinoma. In technical successful cases we included not only complete closing by using OTSCs, but also partial closing where complete closure with OTSCs is almost difficult. In overall clinical successful cases we included only complete closing by using only OTSCs perfectly. All the OTSCs were placed by 2 experienced endoscopists. The sites closed after ESD included not only the perforation site but also all defective ulcers sites.
RESULTS: A total of 23 patients [mean age 77 years (range 64-98 years)] underwent OTSC placement during the study period. The indications for OTSC placement were GI bleeding (n = 9), perforation (n = 10), fistula (n = 4) and the prevention of post-ESD duodenal artificial ulcer perforation (n = 1). One patient had a perforation caused by a glycerin enema, after which a fistula formed. Lesion closure using the OTSC alone was successful in 19 out of 23 patients, and overall success rate was 82.6%. A large lesion size (greater than 20 mm) and a delayed diagnosis (more than 1 wk) were the major contributing factors for the overall unsuccessful clinical cases. The location of the unsuccessful lesion was in the stomach. The median operation time in the successful cases was 18 min, and the average observation time was 67 d. During the observation period, none of the patients experienced any complications associated with OTSC placement. In addition, we successfully used the OTSC to close the perforation site after ESD in 6 patients. This was a single-center, retrospective study with a small sample size.
CONCLUSION: The OTSC is effective for treating GI bleeding, fistulae as well as perforations, and the OTSC technique proofed effective treatment for perforation after ESD.
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21
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Esophagobronchial fistula closure using a novel endoscopic over-the-scope-clip. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 94:e69-70. [PMID: 22916783 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report on a patient who presented with a symptomatic esophagobronchial fistula arising from an esophageal diverticulum with recurrent pulmonary infections despite prophylactic antibiotics. She was not an optimal candidate for esophageal stenting, bronchial stenting, or surgery and had refused a gastrostomy tube placement. We performed a successful endoscopic fistula closure using a novel endoscopic over-the-scope-clip device providing an effective seal of the fistula with durable resolution of symptoms.
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22
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Hagel AF, Naegel A, Lindner AS, Kessler H, Matzel K, Dauth W, Neurath MF, Raithel M. Over-the-scope clip application yields a high rate of closure in gastrointestinal perforations and may reduce emergency surgery. J Gastrointest Surg 2012; 16:2132-8. [PMID: 22903364 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-012-1983-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perforation of the gastrointestinal tract may cause various complications and may require emergency surgery, even in patients with significant comorbidities. METHODS Seventeen consecutive patients with indication for surgery due to a visible gastrointestinal perforation were treated with OTSC application. In this study, cause of perforation, estimated size, location, rate of perforation closure, outcome and complications were reported. RESULTS In 11 of 17 patients (64.7 %), OTSC application resulted in permanent closure of perforations, thus avoiding surgery. All 11 successful cases had smaller perforation lengths (5.5 ± 1.9 mm, p < 0.02), widths (3.7 ± 0.9 mm) or area (21.1 ± 9.1 mm(2)), had vital margins of perforations and 1.1 ± 0.3 OTSC per patient were necessary. The six unsuccessful cases (35.3 %) showed larger perforation lengths (13.4 ± 8.8 mm, p < 0.02), widths (5 ± 4.5 mm) and area (97.6 ± 149 mm(2)), had necrotic or soft inflammatory margins and significantly more OTSC (2.3 ± 0.5, p = 0.018) were tried. CONCLUSIONS OTSC application yields a high rate of endoscopic perforation closure in patients with macroscopic gastrointestinal perforation, even in an emergency setting, representing an alternative to surgery, especially when the size of the lesion is not too large and when vital or solid perforation margins are expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fritzkarl Hagel
- Department of Medicine I, Gastroenterology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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23
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Galizia G, Napolitano V, Castellano P, Pinto M, Zamboli A, Schettino P, Orditura M, De Vita F, Auricchio A, Mabilia A, Pezzullo A, Lieto E. The Over-The-Scope-Clip (OTSC) system is effective in the treatment of chronic esophagojejunal anastomotic leakage. J Gastrointest Surg 2012; 16:1585-9. [PMID: 22396090 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-012-1862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Management of postoperative esophagojejunal anastomotic leakage after total gastrectomy represents a very challenging event. Surgical repair is difficult, and conservative treatment can predispose to more severe complications. Endoclips and self-expanding stents are useful endoscopic therapeutic options but present some drawbacks. The Over-The-Scope-Clip (OTSC) system has been shown to be appropriate to close acute small gastrointestinal perforations, but its use in the treatment of chronic leakage remains controversial. CASE SERIES The present series reports three consecutive chronic esophagojejunal anastomotic leaks successfully treated with OTSC. In all cases, clip application was simple, safe and effective, without early and late complications. DISCUSSION The OTSC system may represent a new therapeutic option in the management of postoperative esophagojejunal anastomotic leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Galizia
- Division of Surgical Oncology-"F. Magrassi-A. Lanzara" Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Second University of Naples School of Medicine, c/o II Policlinico, Edificio 17, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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24
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Baron TH, Song LMWK, Ross A, Tokar JL, Irani S, Kozarek RA. Use of an over-the-scope clipping device: multicenter retrospective results of the first U.S. experience (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 76:202-8. [PMID: 22726484 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.03.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd H Baron
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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25
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Weiland T, Fehlker M, Gottwald T, Schurr MO. Performance of the OTSC System in the endoscopic closure of gastrointestinal fistulae--a meta-analysis. MINIM INVASIV THER 2012; 21:249-58. [PMID: 22694247 DOI: 10.3109/13645706.2012.694367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional endoscopic treatment options for closure of gastrointestinal fistulae are impaired by several limitations and therefore yield high rates of recurrence. Aim of the study is the evaluation of the primary-technical and secondary-clinical success rates in closure of gastrointestinal fistulae by means of the OTSC System. DESIGN/METHODS The database Medline was systematically searched for primary research on the evaluation of the OTSC System in closure of gastrointestinal fistulae. Appraisal of studies for inclusion and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers using an a priori determined data extraction grid. RESULTS A total of 19 primary research articles were identified. The examined studies comprised case reports as well as case series and clinical single-arm studies (n = 7) with a limited number of participants. Reviewed studies revealed a high rate of procedural success (mean 84.6%; 95% confidence interval 66.6 to 93.8%) and durable clinical success (mean 69.0%; 95% confidence interval 51.8 to 82.2%). Failed attempts and incomplete closures were mainly ascribed to the challenging effort of treating highly fibrotic chronic fistulae. CONCLUSION Endoscopic closure of gastrointestinal fistulae by means of the OTSC System is a safe and effective method.
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26
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Albert JG, Friedrich-Rust M, Woeste G, Strey C, Bechstein WO, Zeuzem S, Sarrazin C. Benefit of a clipping device in use in intestinal bleeding and intestinal leakage. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74:389-97. [PMID: 21612776 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.03.1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The over-the-scope clip (OTSC) system was first used to close the access route in natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery and is increasingly used for other indications. OBJECTIVE We analyzed the use of the OTSC in intestinal bleeding and in closure of GI tract leaks. DESIGN Analysis of a consecutive series of patients. SETTING University hospital. PATIENTS Nineteen patients (group A: closure of GI leak site, n = 12; group B: complex GI bleeding, n = 7) were retrospectively enrolled in this study. We analyzed outcome and follow-up (6-68 weeks; group A: mean 37 weeks, standard deviation 24) in terms of treatment success (closure of the GI tract leak/durable hemostasis). INTERVENTION Endoscopic application of OTSCs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Resolution of leaks, closure of fistula (group A), or stopping bleeding (group B). RESULTS In group A, durable closure was achieved in 8 of 12 patients. Sealing a postoperative/postinterventional leak was successful in 6 patients and failed in 3. A gastrocutaneous fistula was primarily closed successfully in 2 patients, but recurred in 1 of these patients. A gastric wall dehiscence in necrotizing pancreatitis was successfully closed in another patient. Group B patients had previous endoscopic treatment failure in 4 of 7 patients (through-the-scope clips, injection of Suprarenin or fibrin glue, others) and were deemed not treatable by through-the-scope clips in 3 of 7 patients. The primary success rate was 100% (7 of 7 patients); durable hemostasis was achieved in 4 of 7 patients, whereas surgery or angiography was necessary in the remaining patients. LIMITATIONS Retrospective analysis. CONCLUSIONS Leaks and fistulae are reliably closed with OTSCs in tissue flexible enough to be sucked into the attached cap (eg, in lesions caused <1 week before). GI bleeding may be stopped by OTSCs with reliable transient hemostasis, but durable hemostasis is less frequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg G Albert
- Department of Medicine I, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Hospital and Clinics, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Endoscopic treatment of a gastrocutaneous fistula using the over-the-scope-clip system: a case report. DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC ENDOSCOPY 2011; 2011:384143. [PMID: 21747650 PMCID: PMC3123845 DOI: 10.1155/2011/384143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The over-the-scope-clip (OTSC; Ovesco Endoscopy GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany) system is a newly designed method for the mechanical compression of large areas in the gastrointestinal tract. So far, indications for OTSC application are hemostasis of primary or postinterventional bleeding, closure of iatrogenic full-thickness or covered perforations. Recently closure of gastrointestinal tract fistulas using this device has been described. A 44-year-old man developed a gastrocutaneous fistula after surgical treatment for a perforated gastric ulcer. We describe the successful endoscopic closure of the fistula using the OTSC system. The patient's clinical followup was uneventful. Fistula closure was successfully implemented as it was documented by imaging and endoscopic examinations performed on the 2nd day and 6th week after the application of the clip. Endoscopic application of the OTSC device was safe and effective for the treatment of a gastrocutaneous fistula.
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