Increasing evidence has shown that programmed cell death (PCD) plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. The components of PCD are complex and include various mechanisms such as apoptosis, necroptosis, alkaliptosis, oxeiptosis, and anoikis, all of which are interrelated in their functions and regulatory pathways. Given the significance of these processes, it is essential to conduct a comprehensive study on PCD to elucidate its multifaceted nature. Key signaling pathways, particularly the caspase signaling pathway, the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway, and the mTOR signaling pathway, are pivotal in regulating PCD and influencing tumor progression. In this review, we briefly describe the generation mechanisms of different PCD components and focus on the regulatory mechanisms of these three major signaling pathways within the context of global PCD. Furthermore, we discuss various tumor therapeutic compounds that target different signaling axes of these pathways, which may provide novel strategies for effective tumor therapy and help improve patient outcomes in cancer treatment.

This article is part of a themed issue Natural Products and Cancer: From Drug Discovery to Prevention and Therapy. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v182.10/issuetoc.

Although cancer chemopreventive agents have been confirmed to effectively protect high-risk populations from cancer invasion or recurrence, only over ten drugs have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Therefore, screening potent cancer chemopreventive agents is crucial to reduce the constantly increasing incidence and mortality rate of cancer. Considering the lengthy prevention process, an ideal chemopreventive agent should be nontoxic, inexpensive, and oral. Natural compounds have become a natural treasure reservoir for cancer chemoprevention because of their superior ease of availability, cost-effectiveness, and safety. The benefits of natural compounds as chemopreventive agents in cancer prevention have been confirmed in various studies. In light of this, the present review is intended to fully delineate the entire scope of cancer chemoprevention, and primarily focuses on various aspects of cancer chemoprevention based on natural compounds, specifically focusing on the mechanism of action of natural compounds in cancer prevention, and discussing in detail how they exert cancer prevention effects by affecting classical signaling pathways, immune checkpoints, and gut microbiome. We also introduce novel cancer chemoprevention strategies and summarize the role of natural compounds in improving chemotherapy regimens. Furthermore, we describe strategies for discovering anticancer compounds with low abundance and high activity, revealing the broad prospects of natural compounds in drug discovery for cancer chemoprevention. Moreover, we associate cancer chemoprevention with precision medicine, and discuss the challenges encountered in cancer chemoprevention. Finally, we emphasize the transformative potential of natural compounds in advancing the field of cancer chemoprevention and their ability to introduce more effective and less toxic preventive options for oncology.

Bladder cancer has a high incidence worldwide and is characterized by a high recurrence rate, metastatic potential, and a significant socioeconomic burden. Conventional treatment modalities usually exhibit serious adverse complications, which also negatively affect patients' quality of life. In the context of exploring new treatment approaches with fewer side effects, the utilization of natural compounds as alternative and/or complementary therapeutic options seems appealing. In the present study, the potential use and effects of various bioactive phytochemicals, including curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin, genistein, and several others, in bladder cancer treatment are thoroughly reviewed. A special focus is given to their potential to beneficially modulate important molecular signaling pathways and mechanisms affecting cell survival, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis, which play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer, such as the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Ras/Raf/MEK/MAPK, Wnt/β-Catenin, Notch, Hedgehog, Hippo, JAK2/STAT3, and PAF/PAF-receptor pathways. Nevertheless, most studies have been conducted in cell cultures and animal models. Due to differences in genetics and metabolism, more clinical trials are needed to ensure the bio-efficacy of these phytochemicals in humans.

Curcumin, a natural compound found in turmeric, has shown promise in treating brain-related diseases and conditions associated with aging. Curcumin has shown multiple anti-inflammatory and brain-protective effects, but its clinical use is limited by challenges like poor absorption, specificity and delivery to the right tissues. A range of contemporary approaches at the intersection with bioengineering and systems biology are being explored to address these challenges. Data from preclinical and human studies highlight various neuroprotective actions of curcumin, including the inhibition of neuroinflammation, modulation of critical cellular signaling pathways, promotion of neurogenesis, and regulation of dopamine levels. However, curcumin's multifaceted effects - such as its impact on microRNAs and senescence markers - suggest novel therapeutic targets in neurodegeneration. Tetrahydrocurcumin, a primary metabolite of curcumin, also shows potential due to its presence in circulation and its anti-inflammatory properties, although further research is needed to elucidate its neuroprotective mechanisms. Recent advancements in delivery systems, particularly brain-targeting nanocarriers like polymersomes, micelles, and liposomes, have shown promise in enhancing curcumin's bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy in animal models. Furthermore, the exploration of drug-laden scaffolds and dermal delivery may extend the pharmacological applications of curcumin. Studies reviewed here indicate that engineered dermal formulations and devices could serve as viable alternatives for neuroprotective treatments and to manage skin or musculoskeletal inflammation. This work highlights the need for carefully designed, long-term studies to better understand how curcumin and its bioactive metabolites work, their safety, and their effectiveness.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy are often associated with severe side effects and limited effectiveness. Curcumin, a polyphenol derived from Curcuma longa, has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. A systematic review of the recent scientific literature followed PRISMA guidelines to evaluate the benefits of a curcumin-enriched diet for adults with colorectal cancer. Articles published between 2018 and 2024 were retrieved from PubMed, SciELO, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria focused on curcumin, adults, and colorectal cancer outcomes. The administration of curcumin-containing products was associated with improved survival rates, enhanced quality of life, tumor reduction, and anti-inflammatory effects. A curcumin-enriched diet shows potential as an effective adjunct therapy for CRC patients, though its limited bioavailability and potential side effects, such as gastrointestinal discomfort, pose challenges. Addressing these limitations through larger cohorts, extended study durations, and improved formulations to enhance bioavailability is essential. Such efforts could enable the development of personalized dietary recommendations for CRC management.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) accounts for approximately 10% of all cancers worldwide with an incidence of approximately 60% in patients older than 70 years. In the elderly, the definition of a better therapeutic strategy depends on several factors including the patient's frailty and comorbidity status, life expectancy, and chemotherapy tolerance. In older patients, adverse drug reactions require a reduction in the dose of treatment, resulting in worse oncologic outcomes. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the potential effects of polyphenols on human health and their use in cancer therapy. In this comprehensive review, we searched the major databases and summarized experimental data of the most important polyphenols in the CRC chemoprevention, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms involved and the antitumor effects in the elderly population. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that polyphenols exert chemopreventive activity by modulating cell signaling, resulting in the inhibition of cancer development or progression. However, the efficacy seen in experimental studies has not been confirmed in clinical trials, mainly due to their low bioavailability and non-toxic doses. Further research is needed to increase polyphenol bioavailability and reduce side effects in order to suggest their possible use to increase the efficacy of chemotherapeutic treatment.

The Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulas (TCMFs) represent a distinctive medical approach to disease treatment and have been utilized in clinical practice for treating intestinal diseases for thousands of years. Recently, TCMFs have received increasing attention due to their advantages of high efficiency, safety, as well as low toxicity, providing promising strategies for preventing colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Nonetheless, the potential mechanism of TCMFs in preventing CRC has not been fully elucidated.

The literature from the past three years was reviewed to highlight the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of TCMFs in preventing CRC.

The keywords have been searched, including "traditional Chinese medicine formulas," "herb pairs," "Herbal plant-derived nanoparticles," et al. in "PubMed" and "China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI)," and screened published articles related to the treatment of intestinal precancerous lesions. This review primarily examined the effectiveness and mechanisms of TCMFs in treating intestinal precancerous lesions, highlighting their significant potential in preventing CRC.

Gegen Qinlian decoction, Shaoyao decoction, Wu Wei Wan, etc., exert substantial therapeutic effects on intestinal precancerous lesions. These therapeutic effects are demonstrated by a reduction in disease activity index scores, suppression of intestinal inflammation, and preservation of body weight and intestinal function, all of which contribute to the effective prevention of CRC. Besides, the classic Chinese herbal pairs and the extracellular vesicle-like nanoparticles of herbaceous plants have demonstrated superior efficacy in the treatment of intestinal precancerous lesions. Mechanistically, protecting the epithelial barrier, regulating gut microbiota as well as related metabolism, modulating macrophage polarization, and maintaining immune balance contribute to the role of TCMFs in CRC prevention.

This review demonstrates the great potential and mechanism of TCMFs in CRC prevention and provides a scientific basis for their utilization in CRC prevention.

Polyphenols are plant metabolites with potential anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects, which may be advantageous for disorders like colorectal cancer (CRC). Despite promising in vitro and in vivo evidence, human clinical trials have yielded mixed results. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical evidence of polyphenols for CRC prevention or treatment. A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA. Based on a PROSPERO registered protocol (CRD42024560044), online databases (PubMed and COCHRANE) were utilized for the literature search. A total of 100 studies articles were initially identified. After reviewing, 12 studies with a low risk of bias were selected, examining the effect of a variety of compounds. Curcumin demonstrated promise in various trials, mainly decreasing inflammatory cytokines, though results varied, and it did not lower intestinal adenomas or improve outcomes after chemotherapy. Neither epigallocatechin gallate nor artepillin C reduced the incidence of adenomas. Finally, fisetin seemed to improve the inflammatory status of patients under chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil). In summary, although certain polyphenols appear to exert some effect, their role in the prevention or treatment of CRC is inconclusive, and more clinical studies under more controlled conditions are needed.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) development and progression, one of the most common cancers globally, is supported by specific mechanisms to escape cell death despite chemotherapy, including cellular autophagy. Autophagy is an evolutionarily highly conserved degradation pathway involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and clearance of foreign bodies, and its imbalance is associated with many diseases. However, the role of autophagy in CRC progression remains controversial, as it has a dual function, affecting either cell death or survival, and is associated with cellular senescence in tumor therapy. Indeed, numerous data have been presented that autophagy in cancers serves as an alternative to cell apoptosis when the latter is ineffective or in apoptosis-resistant cells, which is why it is also referred to as programmed cell death type II. Curcumin, one of the active constituents of Curcuma longa, has great potential to combat CRC by influencing various cellular signaling pathways and epigenetic regulation in a safe and cost-effective approach. This review discusses the efficacy of curcumin against CRC in vitro and in vivo, particularly its modulation of autophagy and apoptosis in various cellular pathways. While clinical studies have assessed the potential of curcumin in cancer prevention and treatment, none have specifically examined its role in autophagy. Nonetheless, we offer an overview of potential correlations to support the use of this polyphenol as a prophylactic or co-therapeutic agent in CRC.

Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis often require prophylactic colectomy with IPAA to treat or reduce the risk of colorectal neoplasia. However, after surgery, patients are still at some risk of developing pouch polyps and even cancer in both handsewn and stapled anastomoses. Management relies mainly on endoscopic or surgical interventions, whereas chemopreventive agents have a limited role in the management and prevention of pouch neoplasia. Novel endoscopic techniques are evolving and may gradually overtake surgical intervention in selected cases. Because familial adenomatous polyposis is relatively rare, there is a scarcity of data regarding the natural history of pouch polyps and cancer in this population.

This systematic literature review aims to describe the evolution, characteristics, various treatment modalities and their outcomes, and recommended surveillance strategies of pouch neoplasia.

PubMed and Cochrane databases and the International Ileal Pouch Consortium (for expert opinion).

Studies published between 1990 and 2023 in English were included. Studies reporting neoplastic outcomes of only patients with IBD-related pouch neoplasia were excluded.

Incidence of pouch neoplasia and its outcomes (successful resections, surgical complications, and mortality).

Thirty-five studies were included.

Most studies focused on patients with IBD-related pouch neoplasia; there were scarce data regarding polyposis patients only. Most cohorts were small and retrospective. Data on interventions were mainly descriptive, and no randomized controlled trials were available.

Pouch adenomas are common and well managed by endoscopic resections because advanced endoscopic techniques are becoming more available. Additional data are required for defining updated recommendations for either endoscopic or surgical intervention. Pouch cancer is a very rare event and may arise despite surveillance. Continued endoscopic surveillance is key in cancer prevention and early detection. The outcome of cancer cases is poor, and management in a referral center should be advised with tumor board discussions. See video from symposium .

Hereditary adenomatous polyposis syndromes, including familial adenomatous polyposis and other rare adenomatous polyposis syndromes, increase the lifetime risk of colorectal and other cancers.

A team of 38 experts convened to update the 2008 European recommendations for the clinical management of patients with adenomatous polyposis syndromes. Additionally, other rare monogenic adenomatous polyposis syndromes were reviewed and added. Eighty-nine clinically relevant questions were answered after a systematic review of the existing literature with grading of the evidence according to Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology. Two levels of consensus were identified: consensus threshold (≥67% of voting guideline committee members voting either 'Strongly agree' or 'Agree' during the Delphi rounds) and high threshold (consensus ≥ 80%).

One hundred and forty statements reached a high level of consensus concerning the management of hereditary adenomatous polyposis syndromes.

These updated guidelines provide current, comprehensive, and evidence-based practical recommendations for the management of surveillance and treatment of familial adenomatous polyposis patients, encompassing additionally MUTYH-associated polyposis, gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach and other recently identified polyposis syndromes based on pathogenic variants in other genes than APC or MUTYH. Due to the rarity of these diseases, patients should be managed at specialized centres.

Cancer prevention in hereditary gastrointestinal predisposition syndromes relies primarily on intensive screening (e.g., colonoscopy) or prophylactic surgery (e.g., colectomy). The use of chemopreventive agents as an adjunct to these measures has long been studied both in the general population and in hereditary cancer patients, in whom the risk of malignancy, and therefore the potential risk reduction, is considerably greater. However, to date only few compounds have been found to be effective, safe, and tolerable for widespread use. Furthermore, many of the studies involving these rare syndromes suffer from small sample sizes, heterogeneous patient cohorts, short follow-up duration, and lack of standardized endpoints, creating challenges to draw generalizable conclusion regarding efficacy. The following review summarizes the current data on various chemopreventive compounds used in Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis in addition to several agents that are currently being investigated.

Cancer, a complex and multifactorial disease, presents a significant challenge to global health. Despite significant advances in surgical, radiotherapeutic and immunological approaches, which have improved cancer treatment outcomes, drug therapy continues to serve as a key therapeutic strategy. However, the clinical efficacy of drug therapy is often constrained by drug resistance and severe toxic side effects, and thus there remains a critical need to develop novel cancer therapeutics. One promising strategy that has received widespread attention in recent years is drug repurposing: the identification of new applications for existing, clinically approved drugs. Drug repurposing possesses several inherent advantages in the context of cancer treatment since repurposed drugs are typically cost-effective, proven to be safe, and can significantly expedite the drug development process due to their already established safety profiles. In light of this, the present review offers a comprehensive overview of the various methods employed in drug repurposing, specifically focusing on the repurposing of drugs to treat cancer. We describe the antitumor properties of candidate drugs, and discuss in detail how they target both the hallmarks of cancer in tumor cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment. In addition, we examine the innovative strategy of integrating drug repurposing with nanotechnology to enhance topical drug delivery. We also emphasize the critical role that repurposed drugs can play when used as part of a combination therapy regimen. To conclude, we outline the challenges associated with repurposing drugs and consider the future prospects of these repurposed drugs transitioning into clinical application.

The concept of green chemoprevention was introduced in 2012 by Drs. Jed Fahey and Thomas Kensler as whole-plant foods and/or extract-based interventions demonstrating cancer prevention activity. Refining concepts and research demonstrating proof-of-principle approaches are highlighted within this review. Early approaches included extensively investigated whole foods, including broccoli sprouts and black raspberries showing dose-responsive effects across a range of activities in both animals and humans with minimal or no apparent toxicity. A recent randomized crossover trial evaluating the detoxification of tobacco carcinogens by a broccoli seed and sprout extract in the high-risk cohort of current smokers highlights the use of a dietary supplement as a potential next-generation green chemoprevention or green cancer prevention approach. Challenges are addressed, including the selection of dose, duration and mode of delivery, choice of control group, and standardization of the plant food or extract. Identification and characterization of molecular targets and careful selection of high-risk cohorts for study are additional important considerations when designing studies. Goals for precision green cancer prevention include acquiring robust evidence from carefully controlled human studies linking plant foods, extracts, and compounds to modulation of targets for cancer risk reduction in individual cancer types.

This paper delves into the diverse and significant roles of curcumin, a polyphenolic compound from the Curcuma longa plant, in the context of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Distinguished by its unique molecular structure, curcumin exhibits potent biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and potential anticancer effects. The research comprehensively investigates curcumin's molecular interactions with key proteins involved in cancer progression and the inflammatory response, primarily through molecular docking studies. In cancer, curcumin's effectiveness is determined by examining its interaction with pivotal proteins like CDK2, CK2α, GSK3β, DYRK2, and EGFR, among others. These interactions suggest curcumin's potential role in impeding cancer cell proliferation and survival. Additionally, the paper highlights curcumin's impact on inflammation by examining its influence on proteins such as COX-2, CRP, PDE4, and MD-2, which are central to the inflammatory pathway. In vitro and clinical studies are extensively reviewed, shedding light on curcumin's binding mechanisms, pharmacological impacts, and therapeutic application in various cancers and inflammatory conditions. These studies are pivotal in understanding curcumin's functionality and its potential as a therapeutic agent. Conclusively, this review emphasizes the therapeutic promise of curcumin in treating a wide range of health issues, attributed to its complex chemistry and broad pharmacological properties. The research points towards curcumin's growing importance as a multi-faceted natural compound in the medical and scientific community.

Despite substantial advancements in curative modern medicine in the last few decades, cancer risk and casualty rates have continued to mount globally. The exact reason for cancer's onset and progression is still unknown. However, skeletal and functional abnormalities in the genetic code are assumed to be the primary cause of cancer. Many lines of evidence reported that some medicinal plants can be utilized to curb cancer cell proliferation with a safe, fruitful, and cost-efficient perspective. Curcuminoid, isolated from Curcuma longa, have gotten a lot of focus due to their anticancer potential as they reduce tumor progression, invasion, and dissemination. Further, they modulated signal transduction routes like MAPK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, JAK/STAT, and Wnt/β-catenin, etc., and triggered apoptosis as well as actuated autophagy in malignant cells without altering the normal cells, thus preventing cancer progression. Besides, Curcuminoid also regulate the function and expression of anti-tumor and carcinogenic miRNAs. Clinical studies also reported the therapeutic effect of Curcuminoid against various cancer through decreasing specific biomarkers like TNF-α, Bcl-2, COX-2, PGE2, VEGF, IκKβ, and various cytokines like IL-12p70, IL-10, IL-2, IFN-γ levels and increasing in p53 and Bax levels. Thus, in the present review, we abridged the modulation of several signal transduction routes by Curcuminoids in various malignancies, and its modulatory role in the initiation of tumor-suppressive miRNAs and suppression of the oncogenic miRNAs are explored. Additionally, various pharmacokinetic approaches have been projected to address the Curcuminoids bioavailability like the use of piperine as an adjuvant; nanotechnology- based Curcuminoids preparations utilizing Curcuminoids analogues are also discussed.

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an inherited disorder. At present, an increasing number of medications are being employed to treat FAP; however, only a few have been assessed for their efficacy and safety. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct a network meta-analysis to compare the therapeutic outcomes and adverse drug reactions of all FAP-associated medications.

Six relevant databases were searched to identify pertinent randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and information on the dosage and frequency of various drugs was extracted. Additionally, data on changes in polyp counts and dimensions, as well as treatment-related adverse reactions for different medications were collected. The Bayesian method was employed to directly or indirectly compare the impact of different treatment regimens on changes in polyp numbers and diameters, and the safety of the drugs was investigated.

CXB at 16 mg/kg/day significantly reduced polyp numbers. Celecoxib at 8 mg/kg/day and sulindac (150 mg twice daily) plus erlotinib (75 mg/day) were effective for tolerant FAP patients. Additionally, EPAFFA 2 g daily and sulindac (150 mg twice daily) plus erlotinib (75 mg/day) emerged as the most effective for reducing polyp size.

The most effective treatment for reducing the number of colorectal polyps is celecoxib 16 mg/kg/day. On the other hand, a daily dosage of 2 g EPA-FFA demonstrates the best results in terms of decreasing colorectal polyp diameter.

Despite the advancement of new screening strategies and the advances in pharmacological therapies, the cancerization rates of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) are stable and even increased in the last years. Therefore, it necessitates additional research to characterize and understand the underlying mechanisms of FAP.

To determine the genes that drive the pathogenesis of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).

We performed on a cohort (GSE111156) gene profile, which consist of four group of gene expressions (the gene expressions of cancer, adenoma and normal tissue of duodenal cancer from patients with FAP were defined as Case N, Case A and Case C respectively, while that of adenoma tissue from patients with FAP who did not have duodenal cancer was Ctrl A). Tracking Tumor Immunophenotype (TIP) website was applied to reveal immune infiltration profile and signature genes of FAP. We merged the genes of key module (pink and midnight module) with signature genes to obtained the biomarkers related with FAP pathogenesis. The expression of these five biomarkers in FAP intratumoral region (IT) and tumor rim (TR) was detected with Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR).

In total, 220, 23 and 63 DEGs were determined in Cases C, A and N, in comparison to Ctrl A. In total, 196 and 10 DEGs were determined in Cases C and A, separately, as compared to Case N. A total of four biomarkers including CCL5, CD3G, CD2 and TLR3 were finally identified associated with pink module, while only one biomarker (KLF2) associated with midnight module was identified. All biomarkers were evidently raised in FAP IT tissues utilizing qRT-PCR.

We identified five potential biomarkers for pathogenesis of FAP to understand the fundamental mechanisms of FAP progression and revealed some probable targets for the diagnosis or treatment of FAP.

The onset of colorectal adenomas (CRAs) is significantly associated with colorectal cancer. The preventive effects of chemical drugs on the recurrence of CRAs have been evaluated in a large number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, there are still uncertainties about the relative effectiveness of such chemical drugs.

We searched relevant RCTs published in six databases up to February 2023. The quality of the included studies was assessed by using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool and Review Manager 5.4. Pairwise comparison and network meta-analysis (NMA) were conducted using RStudio to compare the effects of chemical drugs on the recurrence of CRAs.

Forty-five high-quality RCTs were included. A total of 35 590 (test group: 20 822; control group: 14 768) subjects with a history of CRAs have been enrolled and randomized to receive placebo treatment or one of 24 interventions. Based on surface under the cumulative ranking values and NMA results, difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) + Sulindac significantly reduced the recurrence of CRAs, followed by berberine and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

DFMO + Sulindac is more effective in reducing the recurrence of CRAs but has a high risk of adverse events. Considering drug safety, tolerance, and compliance, berberine has a brighter prospect of clinical development. However, further studies are needed to verify our findings.

Hereditary syndromes, such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), MUTYH polyposis or Lynch syndrome, are particularly predisposing to the development of colorectal cancer. These situations have necessitated the development of adapted prevention strategies based largely on reinforced endoscopic surveillance and the search for complementary prevention strategies. This is the case for chemoprevention, which is the long-term administration of chemical agents limiting carcinogenesis, used as primary or secondary prophylaxis. The aim of this review is to present the available literature and the latest advances in chemoprevention in patients with FAP or MUTYH and other polyposis as well as in patients with Lynch syndrome. The main conclusions of the few available guidelines in these situations are also discussed.

The main purpose of this review, mainly based on preclinical studies, is to summarize the pharmacological and biochemical evidence regarding natural polyphenols against colorectal cancer and highlight areas that require future research.

Typically, colorectal cancer is a potentially preventable and curable cancer arising from benign precancerous polyps found in the colon's inner lining. Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer, with a lifetime risk of approximately 4 to 5%. Genetic background and environmental factors play major roles in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Theoretically, a multistep process of colorectal carcinogenesis provides enough time for anti-tumor pharmacotherapy of colorectal cancer. Chronic colonic inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota imbalance have been found to increase the risk for colorectal cancer development by creating genotoxic stress within the intestinal environment to generate genetic mutations and epigenetic modifications. Currently, numerous natural polyphenols have shown anti-tumor properties against colorectal cancer in preclinical research, especially in colorectal cancer cell lines. In this review, the current literature regarding the etiology and epidemiology of colorectal cancer is briefly outlined. We highlight the findings of natural polyphenols in colorectal cancer from in vitro and in vivo studies. The scarcity of human trials data undermines the clinical use of natural polyphenols as anti-colorectal cancer agents, which should be undertaken in the future.

Curcumin, a natural polyphenol, derived from Curcuma longa L. is extensively studied by various researchers across the globe and has established its immense potential in the management of several disorders at clinical level. The underlying mechanism of curcumin involves regulation of various molecular targets, namely, inflammatory cytokines, transcription factor, apoptotic genes, growth factors, oxidative stress biomarkers, and protein kinases. In clinical trials, curcumin as an adjuvant has significantly boost-up the efficacy of many proven drugs in the management of arthritis, neurodegenerative disorder, oral infection, and gastrointestinal disorders. Moreover, clinical studies have suggested curcumin as an appropriate candidate for the prevention and/or management of various cancers via regulation of signaling molecules including NF-kB, cytokines, C-reactive protein, prostaglandin E2, Nrf2, HO-1, ALT, AST, kinases, and blood profiles. This article highlights plethora of clinical trials that have been conducted on curcumin and its derivatives in the management of several ailments. Besides, it provides recent updates to the investigators for conducting future research to fulfill the current gaps to expedite the curcumin utility in clinical subjects bearing different pathological states.

The gut-brain axis describes the bidirectional communication between the gut, the enteric nervous system, and the central nervous system. The gut-brain axis has attracted increasing attention owing to its regulatory effect on dysbiosis and a wide range of related diseases. Several types of nutrients, such as curcumin, have been proposed as regulators of the dysbiotic state, and preclinical experiments have suggested that curcumin is not only beneficial but also safe. This review focuses on the interplay between curcumin and the gut microbiota. Moreover, it provides a comprehensive review of the crosstalk between the gut-brain axis and disease, whilst also discussing curcumin-mediated gut-brain axis-dependent and -independent signaling about modulation of gut microbiota dysbiosis. This will help to define the utility of curcumin as a novel therapeutic agent to regulate intestinal microflora dysbiosis.

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant syndrome predisposing affected individuals to gastrointestinal (GI) cancers through a high burden of polyposis. Colorectal cancer rates reach 100% by the age of 45, making early colectomy a mainstay of treatment. While most patients undergo colectomy at an early age, ongoing screening and surveillance of the upper gastrointestinal tract and rectal pouch must continue throughout adulthood. Endoscopic therapy of gastric, duodenal, ampullary and rectal pouch polyps is critical to reduce morbidity and cancer related mortality. Management of these lesions is not uniform, and is dependent on their location, size, histology, and risk of malignant potential. Medical therapies targeting pathways that reduce the malignant progression of pre-cancerous lesions have been studied for many years. While studies on the use of aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) in chemoprevention have shown encouraging results in Lynch syndrome and primary colorectal cancer, the potential benefits of these medications have not been duplicated in FAP cohorts. While data remains limited on chemoprevention in FAP, a number of randomized trials are currently underway examining targeted therapies with the potential to slow the progression of the disease. This review aims to provide an in-depth review of the literature on current endoscopic options and chemopreventive therapies targeting FAP. While the endoscopic management has robust data for its use, chemoprevention in FAP is still in its infancy. The complementary use of chemopreventive agents and endoscopic therapy for FAP patients is quickly becoming a growing and exciting area of research.

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant cancer predisposition syndrome marked by extensive colorectal polyposis and a high risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Having access to screening and enrollment programs can improve survival for patients with FAP by enabling them to undergo surgery before the development of colorectal cancer. Provided that there are a variety of surgical options available to treat colorectal polyps in patients with adenomatous polyposis, the appropriate surgical option for each patient should be considered. The gold-standard treatment to reduce this risk is prophylactic colectomy, typically by the age of 40. However, colectomy is linked to morbidity and constitutes an ineffective way at preventing extra-colonic disease manifestations, such as desmoid disease, thyroid malignancy, duodenal polyposis, and cancer. Moreover, extensive studies have been conducted into the use of chemopreventive agents to prevent disease progression and delay the necessity for a colectomy as well as the onset of extracolonic disease. The ideal chemoprevention agent should demonstrate a biologically plausible mechanism of action and provide safety, easy tolerance over an extended period of time and a lasting and clinically meaningful effect. Although many pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical products have been tested through the years, there has not yet been a chemoprevention agent that meets these criteria. Thus, it is necessary to develop new FAP agents that target novel pathways, such as the mTOR pathway. The aim of this article is to review the prior literature on FAP in order to concentrate the current and future perspectives of diagnosis and treatment. In conclusion, we will provide an update on the diagnostic and therapeutic options, surgical or pharmaceutical, while focusing on the potential treatment strategies that could further reduce the risk of CRC.

In the USA, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 2nd leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Certain groups in the USA are at an increased risk of developing CRC, including those with a genetic risk and family history. The purpose of this project was to synthesize primary and secondary prevention interventions for individuals who are at high risk of CRC due to family history or genetic predisposition. This study systematically reviewed articles from PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCO using specific search terms to find relevant articles. Sixteen articles were identified for full-text review, which were categorized as non-drug interventions (n = 7) and drug interventions (n = 9). Non-drug interventions focused primarily on increasing screening in those with a first-degree relative (FDR) with CRC or those with Lynch syndrome (LS). Interventions that increased CRC screening often had a tailored component and were otherwise varied in study designs and intervention type. Drug interventions focused on the use of NSAIDs on patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Studies showed very little racial and ethnic diversity. Findings suggest that tailored interventions are particularly effective in increasing CRC screening, and greater diversity of sample is needed with respect to race and ethnicity.

The diarylheptanoid curcumin [(1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione] is one of the phenolic pigments responsible for the yellow colour of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). This phytochemical has gained much attention in recent years due to its therapeutic potential in cancer. A range of drug delivery approaches have been developed to optimise the pharmacokinetic profile of curcumin and ensure that it reaches its target sites. Curcumin exhibits numerous biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, and anti-aging activities. It has also been extensively studied for its role as a cancer chemopreventive and anticancer agent. This review focusses on the role of curcumin in targeting the cell signalling pathways involved in cancer, particularly via modulation of growth factors, transcription factors, kinases and other enzymes, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins. It is hoped that this study will help future work on the potential of curcumin to fight cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest forms of cancer worldwide. CRC development occurs mainly through the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, which can last decades, giving the opportunity for primary prevention and early detection. CRC prevention involves different approaches, ranging from fecal occult blood testing and colonoscopy screening to chemoprevention. In this review, we discuss the main findings gathered in the field of CRC chemoprevention, focusing on different target populations and on various precancerous lesions that can be used as efficacy evaluation endpoints for chemoprevention. The ideal chemopreventive agent should be well tolerated and easy to administer, with low side effects. Moreover, it should be readily available at a low cost. These properties are crucial because these compounds are meant to be used for a long time in populations with different CRC risk profiles. Several agents have been investigated so far, some of which are currently used in clinical practice. However, further investigation is needed to devise a comprehensive and effective chemoprevention strategy for CRC.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) has been used for thousands of years for the prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases. Curcumin is just one of >200 ingredients in turmeric. Almost 7000 scientific papers on turmeric and almost 20,000 on curcumin have been published in PubMed. Scientific reports based on cell culture or animal studies are often not reproducible in humans. Therefore, human clinical trials are the best indicators for the prevention and treatment of a disease using a given agent/drug. Herein, we conducted an extensive literature survey on PubMed and Scopus following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The keywords "turmeric and clinical trials" and "curcumin and clinical trials" were considered for data mining. A total of 148 references were found to be relevant for the key term "turmeric and clinical trials", of which 70 were common in both PubMed and Scopus, 44 were unique to PubMed, and 34 were unique to Scopus. Similarly, for the search term "curcumin and clinical trials", 440 references were found to be relevant, of which 70 were unique to PubMed, 110 were unique to Scopus, and 260 were common to both databases. These studies show that the golden spice has enormous health and medicinal benefits for humans. This Review will extract and summarize the lessons learned about turmeric and curcumin in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases based on clinical trials.

Medicinal properties of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), a plant used for centuries as an anti-inflammatory, are attributed to its polyphenolic curcuminoids, where curcumin predominates. Although "curcumin" supplements are a top-selling botanical with promising pre-clinical effects, questions remain regarding biological activity in humans. To address this, a scoping review was conducted to assess human clinical trials reporting oral curcumin effects on disease outcomes. Eight databases were searched using established guidelines, yielding 389 citations (from 9528 initial) that met inclusion criteria. Half focused on obesity-associated metabolic disorders (29%) or musculoskeletal disorders (17%), where inflammation is a key driver, and beneficial effects on clinical outcomes and/or biomarkers were reported for most citations (75%) in studies that were primarily double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled trials (77%, D-RCT). Citations for the next most studied disease categories (neurocognitive [11%] or gastrointestinal disorders [10%], or cancer [9%]), were far fewer in number and yielded mixed results depending on study quality and condition studied. Although additional research is needed, including systematic evaluation of diverse curcumin formulations and doses in larger D-RCT studies, the preponderance of current evidence for several highly studied diseases (e.g., metabolic syndrome, osteoarthritis), which are also clinically common, are suggestive of clinical benefits.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal illness characterized by progressive motor neuron degeneration. Conventional therapies for ALS are based on treatment of symptoms, and the disease remains incurable. Molecular mechanisms are unclear, but studies have been pointing to involvement of glia, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and glutamate excitotoxicity as a key factor. Nowadays, we have few treatments for this disease that only delays death, but also does not stop the neurodegenerative process. These treatments are based on glutamate blockage (riluzole), tyrosine kinase inhibition (masitinib), and antioxidant activity (edaravone). In the past few years, plant-derived compounds have been studied for neurodegenerative disorder therapies based on neuroprotection and glial cell response. In this review, we describe mechanisms of action of natural compounds associated with neuroprotective effects, and the possibilities for new therapeutic strategies in ALS.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Hereditary CRC syndromes account for approximately 5-10% of all CRC, with a lifetime risk of CRC that approaches 50-80% in the absence of endoscopic or surgical treatment. Hereditary CRC syndromes can be phenotypically divided into polyposis and non-polyposis syndrome, mainly according to the conditions of polyps. The typical representatives are familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Lynch syndromes (LS), respectively. Over the past few decades, molecular genetics enhanced the discovery of cancer-predisposing genes and revolutionized the field of clinical oncology. Hereditary CRC syndromes have been a key part of this effort, with data showing that pathogenic variants are present in up to 10% of cases. Molecular phenotypes of tumors can not only help identify individuals with genetic susceptibility to CRC but also guide the precision prevention and treatment for the development of CRC. This review emphasizes the molecular basis and prevention strategies for hereditary CRC syndromes.

Hepatoblastoma is a malignant embryonal tumor with multiple differentiation modes and is the clearest liver malignancy in children. However, little is known about genetic and epigenetic events in Hepatoblastoma. Increased research has recently demonstrated, unique genetic and epigenetic events in Hepatoblastoma, providing insights into its origin and precise treatment. Some genetic disorders and congenital factors are associated with the risk of Hepatoblastoma development, such as the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Familial Adenomatous polyposis, and Hemihypertrophy. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA modifications, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA regulation are also essential in the development of Hepatoblastoma. Herein, we reviewed genetic and epigenetic events in Hepatoblastoma, focusing on the relationship between these events and cancer susceptibility, tumor growth, and prognosis. By deciphering the genetic and epigenetic associations in Hepatoblastoma, tumor pathogenesis can be clarified, and guide the development of new anti-cancer drugs and prevention strategies.

Several studies have demonstrated that curcumin can cause the regression of polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), while others have shown negative results. Wholistic turmeric (WT) containing curcumin and additional bioactive compounds may contribute to this effect. We performed a double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial to assess the efficacy of WT in FAP patients. Ten FAP patients were randomly assigned to receive either WT or placebo for 6 months. Colonoscopies were performed at baseline and after 6 months. The polyp number and size, as well as the cumulative polyp burden, were assessed. No differences were noted between the groups in terms of changes from the baseline's polyp number, size, or burden. However, stratifying the data according to the right vs. left colon indicated a decrease in the median polyp number (from 5.5 to 1.5, p = 0.06) and polyp burden (from 24.25 mm to 11.5 mm, p = 0.028) in the left colon of the patients in the WT group. The adjusted left polyp number and burden in the WT arm were lower by 5.39 (p = 0.034) and 14.68 mm (p = 0.059), respectively. Whether WT can be used to reduce the polyp burden of patients with predominantly left-sided polyps remains to be seen; thus, further larger prospective trials are required.

M1 phenotype macrophages have anticancer characteristics, whereas M2 phenotype macrophages promote tumor growth and metastasis. A higher M1/M2 ratio, therefore, has a beneficial effect on the tumor immune microenvironment, thereby inhibiting tumor growth. The natural alkaloid curcumin is found to have anticancer properties. However, the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, a cell co-culture system and M2 macrophage model were used to evaluate the effects of curcumin on tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) phenotypes. Our results demonstrate that curcumin reprogrammed the M2 macrophages by reducing the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β, Arg-1, and IL-10) and an M2 surface marker (CD206) induced by Cal27 cells or IL-4, as well as upregulating proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, iNOS, and IL-6) and an M1 surface marker (CD86). The in vitro assays suggested that curcumin treatment suppressed the migration and invasion of the Cal27 cells induced by the M2-like macrophages. Mechanistically, the repolarization of TAMs may be attributed to the inhibition of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A)/STAT6 signaling after curcumin treatment. Collectively, our results show that the anticancer effects of curcumin could be explained by reprogramming TAMs from a protumor phenotype towards an antitumor phenotype.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common type of malignant digestive tract tumor with a high incidence rate worldwide. Currently, the clinical treatment of CRC predominantly include surgical resection, postoperative chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, these treatments contain severe limitations such as drug side effects, the risk of recurrence and drug resistance. Some natural compounds found in plants, fungi, marine animals, and bacteria have been shown to inhibit the occurrence and development of CRC. Although the explicit molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of these compounds on CRC are not clear, classical signaling transduction pathways such as NF-kB and Wnt/β-catenin are extensively regulated. In this review, we have summarized the specific mechanisms regulating the inhibition and development of CRC by various types of natural compounds through nine signaling pathways, and explored the potential therapeutic values of these natural compounds in the clinical treatment of CRC.

Surveillance pouchoscopy is recommended for patients with restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in ulcerative colitis or familial adenomatous polyposis, with the surveillance interval depending on the risk of neoplasia. Neoplasia in patients with ileal pouches mainly have a glandular source and less often are of squamous cell origin. Various grades of neoplasia can occur in the prepouch ileum, pouch body, rectal cuff, anal transition zone, anus, or perianal skin. The main treatment modalities are endoscopic polypectomy, endoscopic ablation, endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection, surgical local excision, surgical circumferential resection and re-anastomosis, and pouch excision. The choice of the treatment modality is determined by the grade, location, size, and features of neoplastic lesions, along with patients' risk of neoplasia and comorbidities, and local endoscopic and surgical expertise.

The traditional approach of one-size-fits-all for colorectal cancer has been replaced by personalized interventions to an individual's unique genetic, molecular, and environmental profile, seeking to identify high-risk individuals who would benefit from individualized screening and surveillance. This change in approach is due, in part, to emerging technologies, such as next-generation DNA sequencing.